Les bases moléculaires des réponses aux excès de lumière chez les organismes photosynthétiques appartenant à des lignées évolutives distinctes ne sont toujours pas complètement caractérisées. Par conséquent, j'ai caractérisé des antennes photoprotectrices dans les algues vertes, les mousses et les diatomées et j'ai exploré la fonction de deux cycles de xanthophylles chez les diatomées.J'ai étudié les protéines Light Harvesting Complex Stress-Related (LHCSR) dans tous ces organismes. Chez l'algue verte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, j’ai identifié par mutagénèse dirigée, complémentation fonctionnelle et par une approche biochimique les acides aminés responsables de l'activation de LHCSR3, une protéine importante pour le NPQ.Dans le modèle de mousse Physcomitrella patens, j'ai etudié in vitro les caractéristiques spectroscopique ainsi que le quenching de différents mutants de liaison de pigment sur la protéine LHCSR1.Les protéines LHCSR dans les diatomées sont nommées LHCXs, et dans Phaeodactylum tricornutum j'ai montré que l'expansion de la famille des gènes LHCX reflète une diversification fonctionnelle de ces protéines permettant de répondre à des environnements marins très variables.L'autre acteur principal de la photoprotection dans les diatomées est le cycle des xanthophylles. J’ai trouvé que l'accumulation d'une grande quantité de viola- et zéaxanthin a un effet négatif sur le NPQ montrant que la zéaxanthin ne participe pas au NPQ chez diatomées.Grâce à ces études effectuées, nous avons acquis une connaissance plus approfondie sur les caractéristiques communes et les spécificités de la photoprotection.chez différents organismes. / The molecular bases of responses to light excess in photosynthetic organisms having different evolutionary histories and belonging to different lineages are still not completely characterized. Therefore I explored the functions of photoprotective antennae in green algae, mosses and diatoms, together with the role of the two xanthophyll cycles present in diatoms.I studied the Light Harvesting Complex Stress-Related (LHCSR) proteins in different organisms. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, LHCSR3 is a protein important for photoprotection. I used site-specific mutagenesis in vivo and in vitro and identified three residues of LHCSR3 that are responsible for its activation.With the moss Physcomitrella patens I studied the in vitro spectroscopic and quenching characteristics of different pigment-binding mutants of the protein LHCSR1, focusing in particular on chlorophylls A2 and A5.LHCSRs in diatoms are named LHCXs, and in Phaeodactylum tricornutum I found that multiple abiotic stress signals converge to regulate the LHCX content of cells, providing a way to fine-tune light harvesting and photoprotection.The other main driver of photoprotection in diatoms is the xanthophyll cycle. Here I found that the accumulation of viola- and zeaxanthin in P. tricornutum have a negative effect in the development of NPQ, showing that zeaxanthin does not participate in the enhancing of NPQ in diatoms.Thanks to these studies done on different organisms, we gained a deeper knowledge on the shared characteristics and on the peculiar features about photoprotection in green algae, mosses and diatoms.

Les interactions allélopathiques sont définies comme la libération par un organisme de composés chimiques inhibant les compétiteurs. Dans les milieux aquatiques, elles sont reconnues comme un facteur de la dynamique des communautés de phytoplancton. Malgré les conditions favorables créées par l'organisation des microorganismes en biofilms, l'allélopathie a été beaucoup moins étudiée dans les communautés de microorganismes phototrophes benthiques. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier des interactions allélopathiques, au travers d'un cas particulier, entre les microorganismes dans les biofilms phototrophes d'eau douce. Ainsi le travail s'est focalisé sur les effets allélopathiques d'une algue verte filamenteuse, Uronema confervicolum Lagerheim, sur des diatomées benthiques. L'hypothèse principale est que, dans certaines conditions, U. confervicolum libère suffisamment de composés allélopathiques pour inhiber significativement le développement des diatomées épiphytes. Cette hypothèse soulève trois questions (i) quels sont les composés allélopathiques, (ii) leur production dépend-elle des conditions environnementales et (iii) quel est l'effet des composés allélopathiques produits sur les diatomées ? Cette interaction a été étudiée au travers de multiples approches. L'activité d'extraits de biomasse algale et de filtrat de culture a été testée sur la croissance, la photosynthèse, l'adhésion et la motilité des diatomées. Les techniques de fractionnement guidé par bioessais et de profilage métabolomique ont été utilisées pour identifier les composés allélopathiques produits. Les effets des facteurs environnementaux (limitations en nutriment, apports de lumière et de gaz) et de la phase de croissance sur la production et la libération de différents composés allélopathiques ont également été étudiés. Une étude approfondie de l'effet sur les diatomées des composés allélopathiques anti-adhésion a été réalisée en combinant le profilage métabolomique, la transcriptomique et la microscopie électronique à balayage. Les extraits d'U. confervicolum ont montré un effet négatif sur la croissance, la photosynthèse, l'adhésion et la motilité des diatomées. Deux acides gras polyinsaturés (acides linoléique et a-linolénique) ont été identifiés comme des composés allélopathiques inhibant la croissance et la photosynthèse des diatomées. L'inhibition de l'adhésion des diatomées est, par contre, causée par d'autres composés allélopathiques non identifiés. L'augmentation de l'intensité lumineuse a accru la production de composés allélopathiques, à l'instar des composés défensifs des plantes. Cependant, aucune des théories classiques sur les défenses chimiques des plantes n'a permis d'expliquer l'ensemble des résultats obtenus sur les questions de régulation. En plus de l'inhibition de l'adhésion, le filtrat d'U. confervicolum inhibe la formation de la matrice constituée de substances polymériques extracellulaires, impacte le métabolisme énergétique et induit une modification globale du transcriptome et du métabolome des diatomées. Une partie des gènes et métabolites les plus fortement impliqués dans la réponse des diatomées à l'inhibition de l'adhésion ont été identifiés. Ce travail a permis de mieux évaluer l'activité allélopathique de l'algue verte filamenteuse U. confervicolum et son impact potentiel sur la structure et le fonctionnement des biofilms phototrophes. D'autres approches seront nécessaires, à l'avenir, pour mieux comprendre le rôle global de l'allélopathie dans des biofilms phototrophes complexes. / Allelopathic interactions are defined as the release, by an organism, of chemicals that inhibit competitors. In aquatic environments, they are recognised as a driver of phytoplankton community dynamics. Despite the favourable conditions created by the organisation of microorganisms in biofilms, allelopathy has been much less studied in benthic phototrophic microorganism communities. The objective of this thesis was to increase our comprehension of allelopathic interactions amongst phototrophic microorganisms in biofilms by analysing several aspects of a specific allelopathic interaction. The model chosen was the allelopathic effect of Uronema confervicolum Lagerheim, a filamentous green alga isolated from river biofilms, on diatoms from the same environment. The main hypothesis was that, at least in specific environmental conditions, U. confervicolum produce and release sufficiently large amounts of allelopathic compounds to inhibit significantly the development of epiphytic diatoms. Three questions arised from this hypothesis: (i) what are the allelopathic compounds implied, (ii) do their production and release depend on environmental factors and (iii) what is the effect of these compounds on epiphytic diatoms? This interaction has been studied using multiple approaches. Activity of algal biomass extracts and culture filtrates have been tested on diatom growth, photosynthesis, adhesion and motility. Bioassay-guided fractionation and metabolomic profiling have been used to identify the allelopathic compounds produced. The effect of environmental factors (nutrient limitation, light and gas supply) and growth phase on the production and release of the different allelopathic compounds have also been studied. In-depth study of the effect of anti-adhesion allelochemicals on diatom by combining metabolomic profiling, transcriptomics and scanning electron microscopy have been carried out. The extracts of U. confervicolum exhibited negative effects on diatoms growth, photosynthesis, adhesion and motility in bioassays. Two polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and a-linolenic acids) have been identified as allelopathic compounds affecting growth and photosynthesis but not adhesion ability of diatoms. The inhibition of diatom adhesion was caused by other allelopathic compounds, unidentified so far. Increasing light intensity enhanced the production of U. confervicolum allelopathic compounds as predicted by plant defence theories, but the regulation of allelopathic activity was not completely explainable by any classic plant defence theory. Finally, beside an inhibition of diatom adhesion U. confervicolum filtrate was also found to inhibit the formation of diatom extracellular polymeric substances matrix, affect energy metabolism and induce global modification of diatom transcriptome and metabolome. Some of the genes and metabolites implied in the response of diatoms to adhesion inhibition have been identified. These results indicate the strong potential of the filamentous green alga U. confervicolum to impact biofilm community by its allelopathic activity. Results on the allelopathic activity of this alga and the effect on diatoms in laboratory experiments provide the basis for further experiments to access the role of allelopathy in complex biofilms. These findings will encourage researchers working on biofilms to consider allelopathy when phototrophic biofilm ecology is studied.

The assembly mechanisms underlying microbial community abundance, biotic interactions, and diversity over space and time are unresolved, particularly in benthic microbial mats distributed along environmental gradients. Experimental enrichment of nutrient-limited microbial mats from the Florida Everglades along a nutrient subsidy-salinity stress gradient stimulated autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism, growth, and diversity independent of autotroph-heterotroph interactions across treatments and space. These results suggest spatial segregation of autotrophic and heterotrophic components within mats. Considering only the diatom component of Everglades mats over space and time, the subsidy-stress gradient controlled diatom compositional turnover at broad spatial scales while environmental and dispersal-based processes structured diatom communities at the regional scale and environmental processes independent of the environmental gradient at the temporal scale. These results indicate environmental gradients may not necessarily increase connectivity and dispersal across space, and temporal microbial diversity is driven at the local and regional scales by environmental heterogeneity in benthic microbial communities.

Phytoplankton dynamics and chemical characteristics of the euphotic zone were measured from 1998-2000 (an El Niño/La Niña cycle) at the 5 major stations along Line P. Near-shelf and offshore stations exhibited low seasonality in chlorophyll and moderate seasonality in particulate organic carbon (POC) production. During the 1998 El Niño, June was characterized by low chlorophyll and POC productivity due to nitrate depletion. In contrast, during the 1999 La Niña, and in 2000, higher POC productivity and nitrate occurred in June. During 1999, chlorophyll and POC productivity were similar to 1998 in late summer. Near-shelf biomass was highest in June and lowest in Feb. for the near-shelf stations. High nitrate, low chlorophyll (HNLC) stations had the highest chlorophyll in Feb. followed by June. The coccolithophore assemblage was usually numerically dominated by Emiliania huxleyi, particularly in June. Along the transect, coccolithophore abundance was much higher in June during the 1998 El Niño than in the 1999 La Niña, with Aug./Sept. abundance of both years being very low. Higher abundances were measured along the transect in June and the late summer of 2000 with sporadic ‘blooms’ of >1000 cells ml⁻¹ at some stations. Particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) production was high along the transect during June 1998, and low during both winters, June 1999 and during late summers of 1998 and 1999. There was an increase in diatom biomass and >20 µm POC production during the 1998 El Niño, specifically in the farthest offshore HNLC stations, yet diatoms were rarely found to dominate total phytoplankton biomass or production. However, there were some sporadic examples of anomalously high diatom biomass (carbon and abundance) as well as >20 µm POC production, specifically at P12 in Aug./Sept 2000. The same major diatom species were found throughout Line P (near-shelf, P16, and HNLC). Integrated silica production measured by ³²Si ranged from 0.2 to 4.7 mmol Si m⁻² d⁻¹ between 1999-2000. Silicic acid and nitrate were never limiting at all stations in Feb. and generally increased in concentration along Line P during all seasons. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

The mid-Holocene climactic eruption of Mount Mazama in Oregon, USA (Volcanic Explosivity Index, VEI-7) was among the largest eruptions globally during the Holocene. Despite evidence for possible hemispheric climatic impacts, the age of the eruption is not well-constrained and little is known about the environmental impacts of distal tephra deposition with previous studies showing no clear consensus. Further, the eruption occurred during a time of global climatic warming, raising questions about the impacts of tephra deposition in the context of longer-term change. Thus the aim of this thesis is to investigate the terrestrial and aquatic impacts of distal tephra deposition from the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama approximately 7700 years ago, and to reconstruct Holocene environmental change in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The Mazama tephra forms an important isochronous marker horizon. A refined age of 7682-7584 cal. years BP (95.4% probability range) for the eruption was acquired through Bayesian statistical modelling of 81 previously published radiocarbon age estimations. Through high resolution palaeoecological and statistical analyses (stratigraphy, tephra geochemistry, radiocarbon dating, pollen, diatoms and ordination) the aquatic and terrestrial impacts of tephra deposition are assessed. Records were examined from the centre and fringe of Moss Lake, Washington to elucidate regional and local effects on vegetation and to determine whether the observed aquatic impacts were consistent throughout the lake, or whether the diatoms were responding to other factors, such as climate or catchment changes. Tephra deposition from the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama caused a statistically significant local terrestrial impact with changes to open habitat vegetation (Cyperaceae and Poaceae) and changes in aquatic macrophytes (Myriophyllum spicatum, Equisetum) and alga (Pediastrum), but there was no significant regional impact of distal tephra deposition. Statistical testing suggests the regional changes observed were climate-driven, evidenced by longer-term, underlying environmental change. Tephra deposition had a statistically significant impact on the aquatic system with decreases of epiphytic taxa (Fragilaria brevistriata and Staurosira venter) and increases of epipelic (Brachysira brebissonii) and tychoplanktonic taxa (Aulacoseira sp.) indicating a change in habitat and an increase of the Si:P ratio, lasting approximately 150 years. Variance partitioning demonstrated tephra to be a significant environmental variable; however, directional change exerted most influence and interactions between variables are evident. This study clearly demonstrates that there are complex interactions between drivers of change which is evidenced through time series analysis of the diatom Holocene record, revealing periodicities of approximately 2000 years, 1300 years, and 450 years attributed to solar variation and ocean-atmosphere interactions. Overall, tephra had a significant local effect on the environment, but no significant impact on the region independent of underlying environmental changes. More studies of similar nature are needed to evaluate the wider regional significance of the localised impacts shown at Moss Lake.

Lake Hayq is a closed, freshwater basin on the eastern margin of the north-central highlands, Ethiopia. Using a sediment core extracted from the northern basin, this thesis aims to provide a high-resolution, detailed palaeolimnological reconstruction of changes to the environment and climate in the region since the late Pleistocene. A multi-proxy approach was applied, utilising diatoms, photosynthetic pigments and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Lithological and chronological analyses were also performed, as well as the development of a transfer function to model diatom-inferred conductivity, and other quantitative analyses. Between ~ 15.6 15.1 cal kyr BP, Lake Hayq experienced a lowstand, synchronous with the timing of Heinrich Event 1 and an intense drought across East Africa. At ~ 15.1 cal kyr BP a lake began to develop at the core site in response to wetter, more humid conditions, most likely caused by the reactivation of the African-Indian monsoonal circulation. This was abruptly ended however at ~ 14.7 cal kyr BP, as the climate shifted back towards aridity and Lake Hayq shallowed, in contrast to the majority of other East African lakes, which continued to refill. This most likely reflects changes to the Indian Ocean monsoon system caused by variability in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at this time, in conjunction with site-specific mechanisms affecting the delivery of precipitation to Lake Hayq. At ~ 12.3 cal kyr BP the African Humid Period resumed over Lake Hayq and the lake refilled, reaching maximum water depth between ~ 12.0 10.0 cal kyr BP. The lake was dominated by planktonic diatom taxa and photosynthetic pigments indicate it was meromictic. Lake level gradually declined throughout the Holocene, culminating in the termination of the African Humid Period. A high-resolution study of the period tentatively suggests that climate flickering , in the form of oscillations between dominant diatom taxa, occurred in the build up to the major climatic shift. The termination spanned ~ 600 cal years between ~ 5.2 4.6 cal kyr BP. A lowstand occurred between ~ 3.9 2.2 cal kyr BP, during which the lake became occasionally subsaline. In the late Holocene, ~ 2.2 1.3 cal kyr BP, Lake Hayq became deep and fresh again, although there is evidence of lake level variability. The palaeo-record from Lake Hayq indicates that it broadly experienced the same high-latitude, glacial-interglacial dynamics and sub-millennial shifts in climate found in other palaeolimnological records from across East Africa. The precise timing and expression of these climatic events is not always synchronous between Lake Hayq and other East African waterbodies however, most likely caused by local, site-specific positive feedback mechanisms and variability in lake morphometry. This highlights the heterogeneous pattern of climate across the region and the significance of regional drivers. This palaeo-record, spanning the late Quaternary, will help bridge gaps in current knowledge and understanding of the underrepresented, climatically sensitive and vulnerable north Ethiopian highlands. This is vital for future climate change modelling and regional downscaling, and may also inform ethnographic-archaeological research in a region considered to be the cradle of humankind.

Les diatomées sont des micro-algues qui participent à hauteur de 35 à 75 % à la production primaire océanique et qui sont les acteurs majeurs du cycle biogéochimique du silicium (Si) dans l’océan. Comprendre les mécanismes qui affectent la dissolution de la silice biogénique (bSiO2) constituant le frustule des diatomées est nécessaire afin d’améliorer la compréhension du cycle océanique du Si. En période estivale, la majorité de l’océan ouvert est limitée par de faibles disponibilités en éléments nutritifs. Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse ont donc pour objectif majeur d’étudier l’effet de l’environnement nutritionnel des diatomées sur la dissolution et l’export de silice biogénique (bSiO2). Cette étude s’est focalisée sur les limitations en fer (Fe), en Si et en azote (N), c'est-à-dire sur les éléments nutritifs dont les faibles concentrations en période estivale limitent la production de diatomées dans une grande majorité de l’océan mondial. Une des originalités de cette thèse consiste en l’étude de la limitation en cuivre (Cu), dont les impacts sur la composition élémentaire et la dissolution des diatomées ont été peu étudiés. Les effets des conditions limitantes en micronutriments ont été étudiés sur la diatomée pennée Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima tandis que les limitations en macronutriments ont été étudiées sur la diatomée centrique Thalassiosira weissflogii. La première étape de ce travail a consisté en l'étude de l'effet de conditions nutritives limitantes sur deux échelles du frustule des diatomées : celle de la cellule, avec l’étude du degré de silicification des diatomées, et celle du frustule, avec l’étude de sa structure et sa composition fine, au moyen de la spectroscopie InfraRouge à Transformée de Fourier (IRTF). La seconde étape de ce travail a consisté en l’étude du devenir post-mortem de ces cellules à travers l’étude de la cinétique de dissolution de la bSiO2 constituant leur frustule. Les résultats obtenus par IRTF indiquent clairement qu’à la plasticité du contenu global en bSiO2 du frustule des diatomées, s’ajoute la plasticité du frustule à l’échelle moléculaire, en fonction des conditions de croissance. Le degré d’organisation et le degré de réactivité du réseau siliceux sont tous deux affectés par l’environnement nutritif des diatomées. La quantité relative de matière organique associée au frustule varie également avec la disponibilité des éléments nutritifs. A travers ces changements, l’environnement nutritionnel affecte la dissolution du frustule des diatomées qui, dans les six expériences de dissolution, se déroulent en deux étapes, illustrant la composition biphasique du frustule. Les résultats indiquent que les conditions de croissance vont affecter la proportion et les vitesses de dissolution de la bSiO2 de ces phases. Par la modification des propriétés intrinsèques des phases de bSiO2, le frustule des diatomées limitées en nutriments auront une propension à la dissolution moins importante que celle des diatomées non-limitées. De ce fait, l’environnement nutritif des diatomées affecte l’export de bSiO2. Pour P. delicatissima, seuls 9 % de la bSiO2 initiale des cellules non limitées sont préservés après 22 jours de dissolution, tandis qu’environ 25 % sont préservés en cas de carence stricte en Cu ou de limitation en Fe durant la croissance. Les frustules de T. weissflogii limitées en macronutriment sont également mieux préservés après un mois de dissolution, avec 41 % et 51 % de la bSiO2 initiale restante pour les cellules majoritairement limitées en Si ou en N, respectivement, comparés au 20 % de préservation pour les cellules non-limitées. Ces résultats suggèrent que la dissolution de la silice dans les modèles globaux de l’océan pourrait être mieux paramétrée en tenant compte (i) de la cinétique de dissolution des deux phases de silice biogénique et (ii) de la meilleure préservation de la bSiO2 des cellules limitées en nutriments. / Diatoms are microalgae that contribute up to 75% of oceanic primary production and are major players in the oceanic biogeochemical silicon (Si) cycle. Understanding the mechanisms affecting the biogenic silica (bSiO2), constituting the diatom frustule, is necessary to improve the understanding of oceanic Si cycling. In summer, most of the open ocean is limited by low nutrient availability. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to study the effect of diatom nutritional environment on biogenic silica (bSiO2) dissolution and export. This study focused on iron (Fe), Si and nitrogen (N) limitations, i.e. nutrients whose low concentrations during summer limit diatom production in the majority of the world ocean. One originality of this thesis is to study the copper (Cu) limitation, whose impact on the elemental composition and dissolution of diatoms has rarely been studied. The effects of micronutrient limiting conditions were studied on the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima while macronutrient limiting conditions were studied on the centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. The first stage of this work was to study the effect of nutrient limiting conditions at two different scales of diatoms frustule: the cell scale, with the study of the silicification degree of diatoms, and the frustule scale, with the study of its structure and composition using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR). The second stage of this work consisted of the study of the diatom post-mortem fate through the study of the dissolution kinetics of bSiO2 from diatom frustule. The FTIR results clearly indicate that, in addition to the plasticity of global bSiO2 content, diatom frustule also has plasticity at the molecular scale, depending on growth conditions. The organization degree and the reactivity degree of the silica lattice are both affected by diatom nutritional environment. The relative amount of organic matter associated with frustule is also affected by nutrient availability. Through these changes, the nutritional environment affects the dissolution of diatom frustules, which showed a two-stage dissolution in all six dissolution experiments, illustrating the biphasic composition of the frustule. The results indicate that the growth conditions affect both the proportion and the dissolution rates of these bSiO2 phases. By changing the intrinsic properties of the bSiO2 phases, nutrient limited-frustules will be dissolving less than non-limited diatom frustule. Therefore, the diatom nutrient environment affects bSiO2 export. In P. delicatissima, only 9 % of the initial bSiO2 remained from replete cells at the end of the twenty-two days dissolution experiment, while about 25 % remained from Cu-starved and Fe-limited cells. Macronutrient-limited T. weissflogii were also more preserved after one month of dissolution with 41 % and 51 % of the initial bSiO2 remaining for cells predominantly Si- or N-limited, respectively, whereas 20% of the initial bSiO2 was preserved in replete cells. These results suggest that the biogenic silica dissolution in global ocean models could be better parameterized taking into account (i) the dissolution kinetics of the two bSiO2 phases and (ii) an enhanced bSiO2 preservation of nutrient-limited cells.

The purpose of the study was to examine the distributional patterns of diatoms in the surface sediments of ten southern British Columbia inlets with respect to oceanographic and hydrographic setting, and phytoplankton distribution and productivity. The study area was divided on the basis of inlet type (high, medium, and low runoff), within-inlet gradients, and zones (northern, central, and southern). A small group of species dominated the 95 sediment assemblages. There was a fairly good correlation between the biocoenoses and the thanatocoenoses in the sense that most of those species reported as dominants in the phytoplankton were also dominants in the sediment assemblages. However, there were discrepancies and these could not be explained on the basis of the relative silicification of the diatom valves. Skeletonema costatum, usually considered a weakly-silicified, dissolution-sensitive species, was abundant in British Columbia sediments. Both the pacifica and the aestivalis forms of Thalassiosira aestivalis were abundant in the phytoplankton, but only the pacifica form was preserved well in the sediments. Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, which is found in other sediment assemblages, was rare in most British Columbia sediments. The distributional patterns of freshwater and marine littoral species appeared to be indicative of river sources entering the estuarine system. The absolute abundance of diatoms in the sediment assemblages increased from the northern to the southern zone. Within the inlets, both absolute abundance and primary productivity increased toward the mouth. Estuarine circulation did not appear to alter substantially the spatial relationship between the biocoenoses and the thanatocoenoses. In general, individual species and species-groups often exhibited distinct distributional patterns which could be related to inlet type, zonal, and within-inlet patterns. In particular, the principal coordinate analysis showed a zonal correlation between the dominant species in the sediment assemblages, and primary productivity, salinity, and temperature in the surface waters. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Varved, anoxic sediments in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, are formed by the annual cycle of summer deposition of diatom frustules and winter inputs of terrigenous material derived from land runoff. The objective of this study was to sample the varve record in order to develop a palaeoceanographic history of the Inlet. Box-cores of varved sediments were collected from Finlayson Arm, Saanich Inlet. The cores were quick, frozen upon recovery, to preserve the laminae, were subsequently sectioned and X-radiographs of the sections prepared. The varves were individually sampled and analysed for their diatom assemblages together with carbon, carbonate, major and minor element concentrations and ²¹⁰Pb activity. The chronology of a representative core determined by ²¹⁰Pb was inconsistent with that determined by varve counting. The geochemical data indicated that the upper 15cm of the core had a distinct elemental composition and a lower porosity that indicated a changed sedimentation rate. It also appeared that around 20 years of sediment had been lost from the core-top. The upper sediment contains a carbonate increase linked to a dust dump from a local cement plant which occurred between 1960-1963. In the lower section of the core, both the diatom and the geochemical data indicate seasonal variation expected from the formation of annual varves. However, a well constrained chronology cannot be obtained for this core because of the non-steady state sedimentation. This makes the interpretation of inter-varve variations in the light of regional climatic records impossible. Nevertheless, a change in production on a cycle of approximately 10-15 years is evident and this study provides conclusions that will be useful to future palaeoceanographic investigations on longer cores from a part of the Inlet where sedimentation is more constant. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Diatoms are microscopic algae found in almost all aquatic environments. They are habitat specific and have silica frustules which preserve well in sediments. They have been used extensively to provide a multitude of palaeoecological data relating to pH, nutrient loads and water levels. Here, the diatoms in a lake sediment core from Hluhluwe-Imfolozi, South Africa, are analysed to show fluctuations in littoral to benthic taxa, and brackish to freshwater taxa as indicators of lake level changes over time. Changes in lake level act as a proxy for warm/dry or cold/wet periods over time. During the last 240 years lake levels have remained consistently low but nevertheless indicate four alternating periods of cold/wet and warm/dry climate. From c. A.D. 1770 (the last few decades of the Little Ice Age) to the c. A.D. 1840 the climate was cool and wet, but nonetheless gradually warmed up and became drier. From c. A.D. 1840 through to c. A.D. 1920 a there was a gradual increase in temperature and corresponding decrease in rainfall. Then, from c. A.D. 1920 till c. A.D. 1980 there was another colder, wetter period. Finally, very recently, from around c. A.D. 1980 till the present day, Hluhluwe-Imfolozi has experienced warmer, drier conditions once. Pollution-tolerant diatoms increase during the last 100 years and indicate eutrophication of the lake, a consequence of anthropogenic activity in the region. The diatom sequence from Phindiswene provides a high resolution climatic proxy for the critical period covering the latter stages of the Little Ice Age (LIA), post LIA warming, and recent increasing anthropogenic impacts.