Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2005. / Supervisor: Jack C. Lee. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisors: Sanjay K. Banerjee and Supratik Guha. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 2006. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-133).

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια μελέτης των φαινομένων διάσπασης στερεών μονωτικών υλικών και προσπαθεί να δώσει μια σαφή εικόνα των διαδικασιών που λαμβάνουν χώρα μέχρι την κατάρρευση της μόνωσης. Πέρα από την θεωρητική προσέγγιση γίνεται και μια προσπάθεια παρακολούθησης του φαινομένου μέσα από πειράματα που αφορούν την διάσπαση μονωτικού χαρτιού εμποτισμένου σε μονωτικό λάδι, μέσω μια γεννήτριας εναλλασόμενης τάσης. Οι μηχανισμοί στους οποίους υπόκειται ένα μονωτικό υλικό μέχρι την απώλεια των μονωτικών ιδιοτήτων είναι διάφοροι, γι αυτόν τον λόγο γίνεται και μια προσπάθεια μελέτης τους από διάφορες σκοπιές. Πιο συγκεκριμένα η παρούσα εργασία αποτελείται από έξι κεφάλαια. Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο αποτελεί την εισαγωγή της εργασίας όπου δίνεται στον αναγνώστη η δυνατότητα να κατανοήσει τη σπουδαιότητα των μονωτικών υλικών στην επιστήμη των υψηλών τάσεων. Ακόμα γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή των υλικών που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν κατά καιρούς στα δίκτυα υψηλών τάσεων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια αναφορά των κυριοτέρων στερεών διηλεκτρικών, όπως είναι το γυαλί, το καουτσούκ και τα κεραμικά και δίνονται παραδείγματα εφαρμογής τους. Στην συνέχεια αναφέρονται τα βασικά κριτήρια αξιολόγησης μια μόνωσης και γίνεται μια προσπάθεια ανάλυσης τους μέσα από διάφορα στοιχεία που έχουν βρεθεί. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο εμβαθύνει στην θεωρία διάσπασης των στερεών διηλεκτρικών αφού πρώτα γίνεται μια συντομή αναφορά σε μηχανισμούς διάσπασης των αέριων μονωτικών που ουσιαστικά συνυπάρχουν στο εσωτερικό κάθε στερεού υλικού. Αναφέρονται φαινόμενα όπως η εγγενής διάσπαση, η ηλεκτρομηχανική διάσπαση, η θερμική καθώς και η ηλεκτροχημική διάσπαση και αναλυόνται όσο το δυνατόν περισσότερο. Ακόμα μελετώνται φαινόμενα όπως η διάσπαση στις άκρες των ηλεκτροδίων και στην επιφάνεια της μόνωσης ενώ δίνεται ιδιαίτερη προσοχή στην διάσπαση των μονωτικών μέσω εσωτερικών εκκενώσεων. Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφει αναλυτικά τις μερικές εκκενώσεις, αναφέρεται στους τρόπους δημιουργίας τους, τα αίτια που τους προκαλούν και τα αποτελέσματα που έχουν. Μέσα από το κεφάλαιο αυτό ο αναγνώστης αποκτά μια σφαιρική εικόνα του φαινομένου, ενώ στην συνέχεια δίνονται τα δυο σπουδαιότερα μοντέλα προσομοίωσης των μερικών εκκενώσεων, των μερικών χωρητικοτήτων και το μοντέλο του Pedersen. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου γίνεται μια σύνδεση με το φαινόμενο των ηλεκτρικών δενδριτών και γίνεται μια γενικότερη επισκόπιση του φαινομένου αυτού. Το πέμπτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στα σύνθετα μονωτικά υλικά ώστε να έχουμε μια καλύτερη εικόνα τους για την πειραματική εκτέλεση της εργασίας και δίνονται κάποια παραδείγματα για την καλύτερη κατανόηση τους. Το έκτο κεφάλαιο αφορά τα πειράματα που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο εργαστήριο με μονωτικό χαρτί εμποτισμένο σε λάδι ώστε να έχουμε μια εικόνα όσων αναφέραμε. Δίνονται αναλυτικά τα βήματα της πειραματικής διαδικασίας με όλα τα αποτέλεσματα σε πίνακες. Στο τέλος υπάρχουν τα συμπεράσματα που κατέληξε η πειραματική διαδικασία. / The following thesis is an attempt to study the phenomenon of solid insulators’ breakdown and tries to give a clear picture of the procedures that take place until the insulation’s breakdown. Beyond the theoretical approach an effort is being made in order to observe the above phenomenon through experiments regarding the breaking down of transformerboard soaked in oil through an AC generator. There are several procedures in which an insulator is being submitted to until the loss of its mechanical characteristics so an attempt is made to study them from several different perspectives. More specifically this paper consists of six chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of the paper where the reader can understand the importance of insulators in High Voltage Science. Moreover the materials that have been used from time to time in high voltage networks are being described. The second chapter describes the most important solid dielectric materials such as glass, rubber and ceramics and gives examples of their utilization. Additionally it contains the basic evaluation criteria of an insulation and their analysis. The third chapter focuses on the breaking down of solid dielectric materials on a theoretical level after having first made a brief reference to the mechanisms of gas insulators’ breakdown that actually exist inside every solid material. Phenomenon such as the intrinsic breakdown, the electronic breakdown as well as the thermal and electrochemical breakdown are quoted and analyzed as much as possible. Furthermore phenomenon such as splitting the edges of electrodes and the surface of the insulation are studied while particular attention is given to the insulators’ breakdown by internal discharges. The fourth chapter describes thoroughly the partial discharges, the way and the reasons they are created as well as their effects. Through this chapter the reader can have an overview of the phenomenon and then the two most important partial discharge simulation models, partial capacity models and Pedersen’s model are being described. At the end of the chapter the partial discharges are being correlated with the phenomenon of electrical trees and the latter is being overviewed. The fifth chapter refers to composite insulation materials so to obtain a better image of them in order to be assisted for the experimental part of this thesis. Moreover examples are given to better understand their use. The sixth chapter refers to the experiments that were conducted in the laboratory using transformerboard soaked in oil in order to understand what was previously described in the theoretical part. It also contains in detail all the steps of the experiment along with the results that emerged in boards. Finally the conclusions of this experiment are being quoted.

PAIVA, Denis Valony Martins. Desenvolvimento do compósito magneto-dielétrico de Y3Fe5O12/CaTiO3 para uso em dispositivos que operem micro-ondas. 2014. 66 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em química)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-10-04T17:44:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_dvmpaiva.pdf: 6405696 bytes, checksum: 73e94ab28e5653553f90e8b61bfed8d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-10T19:50:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_dvmpaiva.pdf: 6405696 bytes, checksum: 73e94ab28e5653553f90e8b61bfed8d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T19:50:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_dvmpaiva.pdf: 6405696 bytes, checksum: 73e94ab28e5653553f90e8b61bfed8d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / With the development of wireless technology, many electronic devices require high integration and materials with multifunctional properties. In such a case, magneto-dielectric composites have attracted much attention because they have both magnetic and dielectric properties. In this sense, research on composites is employed to search for new materials. The calcium titanate and yttrium iron garnet possess excellent dielectric properties and ferrimagnetic, respectively. This paper presents the preparation of ferrimagnetic composite, comprising the steps Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) and CaTiO3 (CTO) by the solid state synthetic route with the use of high energy mechanical grinding. The phases of the ceramics were sintered at 1200 ° C for 5 h. The X-ray diffraction, Raman and Mössbauer Spectroscopy were used to elucidade structural properties of the composites. The morphological characteristics of the samples were elucidated by Scanning Electron Microscopy and supported by Pycnometry to analyze the densification of the material. Furthermore, experiments to evaluate the electrical and magnetic behavior of composites in the range of radiofrequency and microwave were performed and finally an appropriate technological application was suggested. The results obtained by X-Ray Diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirm that the synthesis of YIG was successfully obtained. The structural characterization of pure and composite samples was performed successfully and the formation of ionic phase in composites YIG-CTO was found, being in the same family of oxide in which the CTO is inserted. Qualitative analysis of the Mössbauer spectra showed good agreement with the results reported by x-ray diffraction. The dielectric permittivity composites showed almost constant in the range of 50 MHz to 1.5 GHz. Evaluating the increasing and decreasing in mass concentration of CTO and YIG, respectively and it was realized that the values of εr increased. Two profiles was noticed in the compositional series, it can be inferred that the possibility of the reaction of YIG and CTO products may be interfering with the proper measurements. / Com o desenvolvimento da tecnologia sem fio, muitos dispositivos eletrônicos exigem alta integração e que possuam propriedades multifuncionais. Em tal caso, compósitos magneto-dielétricos têm atraído muita atenção devido as suas propriedades. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa sobre compósitos é empregada para a busca de novos materiais. O titanato de cálcio (CaTiO3 - CTO) e a granada de ítrio e ferro (Y3Fe5O12 - YIG) possuem excelentes propriedades dielétricas e ferrimagnéticas, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta a obtenção do compósito ferrimagnético, constituído pelas fases YIG e CTO, através da rota sintética no estado sólido com a utilização de moagem mecânica de alta energia. As fases das cerâmicas foram sinterizadas a 1200ºC/5h. A Difração de Raios-X, a Espectroscopia Raman e Mössbauer foram essenciais para caracterização estrutural dos compósitos. A morfologia das amostras foi elucidada pela Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e auxiliada pela Picnometria a fim de avaliar a densificação do material. Adicionalmente, foram realizados experimentos para se avaliar o comportamento elétrico e magnético dos compósitos na faixa de radiofrequência e de micro-ondas, para depois sugerir uma aplicação tecnológica cabível. Os resultados obtidos pela Difração de Raio X e da Espectroscopia Raman confirmaram que a síntese das fases foi realizada de forma satisfatória. As análises qualitativas dos espectros Mössbauer mostraram boa concordância com os resultados apresentados pela Difração de raios-x. Os compósitos apresentaram permissividade dielétrica praticamente constante na faixa de 50 MHz a 1,5 GHz. Ao analisar o aumento e a diminuição da concentração em massa de CTO e YIG, respectivamente, foi percebido que os valores de εr aumentaram. A partir dos valores obtidos, pode-se sugerir que o compósito sintetizado possui potencial para ser utilizado em dispositivos de micro-ondas, tais como para antenas monopolo.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Bueno / Banca: Marcelo Mulato / Banca: Dulcina Maria Pinatti Ferreira da Souza / Resumo: Neste trabalho buscou-se estabelecer uma correlação entre as propriedades nãoôhmicas e dielétricas do CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) considerando a influência da microestrutura obtida pela variação do tempo de sinterização (3, 12, 24, 48 ou 72 h). Em virtude dos modelos descritos na literatura não contemplarem todas as características elétricas apresentadas pelo CCTO, um modelo chamado NBLC (Nanosized Barrier Layer Capacitor) foi delineado, discutido e aplicado sobre os resultados obtidos. Além disso, a adição de SnO2 no CCTO foi realizada para validar o modelo NBLC. As medidas de difração de raios-X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) mostraram que as medidas elétricas não possuem relação com a formação de precipitados ou fase secundária dentro do limite das técnicas. A diminuição do campo elétrico de ruptura r E e do coeficiente de não linearidade a , além do aumento da corrente de fuga f I , exibiram a degradação da propriedade não-ôhmica com o aumento do tempo de sinterização que foram relatados a dessorção de oxigênio. Como consequência, as resistências do grão e do contorno de grão diminuíram, assim como a quantidade de cargas no contorno de grão. Para verificar a origem da constante dielétrica, foram analisados os processos de relaxação dielétrica e condutiva que apresentaram 3 processos: cargas espaciais no contorno de grão (baixa frequência), cargas espaciais nas nanobarreiras capacitivas (frequência intermediária) e polarização hopping de polarons (alta frequência). A energia de ativação para o fenômeno em alta frequência foi calculada, indicando a presença de polarons na estrutura. Para estabelecer a relação entre tempo de sinterização e quantidade de defeitos no material, medidas de colorimetria foram efetuadas. O modelo NBLC conciliou a elevada constante dielétrica com baixa resistência que, a princípio... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The goal of this work was established a correlation between non-ohmic and dielectric behavior in CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) polycrystalline ceramics in that was verified the influence of microstructure obtained in several sintering time (3, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h). The NBLC model (Nanosized Barrier Layer Capacitor) was described and applied over the results obtained here. This model showed to be better than the literature models because can join high dielectric constant and low resistivity. The CCTO ceramics was doping by SnO2 to valid NBLC model. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) measurements showed that secondary phase or precipitated has no relation with electrical behavior. Switch electric field r E and nonlinear coefficient a increased while leakage current f I diminished function of sintering time. These facts were related of oxygen desorption and as a consequence the grain and grain boundary resistivity decreased. The origin of dielectric behavior was discussed based on relaxation process amount, obtained 3 processes: space charge in grain boundary (low frequency), space charge in nanosized barriers (medium frequency) and hopping polarization of polaron (high frequency). Activation energy of the high frequency phenomenon was a clue of polaron existence. To establish a relationship between sintering time and defect amount in the material, colorimetric measurements were carried out. The incoherencies of CCTO electrical features present in the literature were explained by NBLC model. The SnO2 doping CCTO was carried out to support NBLC model. Thus, the non-ohmic property improved when no stacking faults had. The grain and grain boundary resistivity increased and dielectric constant diminished two fold orders. The defect amount control is important to point the better application: high frequency dielectric or varistor device / Mestre

Nesta dissertação apresentamos os conceitos e ferramentas necessárias para análise do comportamento da função resposta dielétrica de meios dielétricos, levando em conta efeitos da temperatura. Nos primeiros capítulos apresentamos uma breve revisão da literatura especializada, expondo alguns modelos que foram propostos para a descrição da função resposta dielétrica. A seguir apresentamos alguns modelos teóricos encontrados na literatura que incorporam efeitos da temperatura à resposta dielétrica. Considerando o modelo proposto por Dissado-Hill, mostramos que os efeitos da temperatura podem ser incorporados aos parâmetros (m) e (n) que caracterizam o modelo. / In this work we present the concepts and tools required to analyze the behavior of the dielectric response function of dielectric media, taking into account the effects of temperature. In the early chapters, we present a brief review of the literature, exposing some models that have been proposed to describe the dielectric response function, then we include the presentation of some models found in the literature that incorporate the effects of temperature to dielectric response for some materials. In order to include the effects of temperature in the dielectric response of interest materials for electronic (such as ceramics), we assuming the Dissado-Hill model, and show that the effects of temperature may be included in the parameters (m) and (n) that characterizing the model.

Nesta dissertação apresentamos os conceitos e ferramentas necessárias para análise do comportamento da função resposta dielétrica de meios dielétricos, levando em conta efeitos da temperatura. Nos primeiros capítulos apresentamos uma breve revisão da literatura especializada, expondo alguns modelos que foram propostos para a descrição da função resposta dielétrica. A seguir apresentamos alguns modelos teóricos encontrados na literatura que incorporam efeitos da temperatura à resposta dielétrica. Considerando o modelo proposto por Dissado-Hill, mostramos que os efeitos da temperatura podem ser incorporados aos parâmetros (m) e (n) que caracterizam o modelo. / In this work we present the concepts and tools required to analyze the behavior of the dielectric response function of dielectric media, taking into account the effects of temperature. In the early chapters, we present a brief review of the literature, exposing some models that have been proposed to describe the dielectric response function, then we include the presentation of some models found in the literature that incorporate the effects of temperature to dielectric response for some materials. In order to include the effects of temperature in the dielectric response of interest materials for electronic (such as ceramics), we assuming the Dissado-Hill model, and show that the effects of temperature may be included in the parameters (m) and (n) that characterizing the model.