No description available.

U.S. Federal regulations requiring on-board diagnostics of diesel particulate filters have created a demand for compact, inexpensive, fast, and accurate sensors for measuring the particulate matter (PM) content of diesel exhaust. An electronic sensor capable of measuring the carbonaceous fraction (soot) of PM has been developed at The University of Texas at Austin. The behavior and performance of this sensor was characterized in both an older style non-emission controlled diesel engine and a modern heavy-duty diesel certified in 2008 to meet current federal emissions standards. The ability of the sensor to detect particulates at the regulated level of 15 mg/bhp-hr downstream of a leaking particulate filter was demonstrated. Under optimal conditions, the sensor was shown to have a resolution of 0.003 mg/bhp-hr, or 0.005 mg/m3. The sensor operated by measuring the flux of charged particles, ions, and electrons to an electrode immersed in an exhaust gas flow. Two distinct modes of operation were demonstrated. In the first, the sensor detected particles carrying residual charge from the combustion process. In this mode, the sensor was shown to be relatively insensitive to particle morphology and to be sensitive to exhaust gas velocity. In the second, charge carriers (particles, electrons, and ions) were created in the strong electric field produced by a second electrode at high voltage. In this mode, the sensor was found to be relatively insensitive to exhaust gas velocity, but quite sensitive to the orientation of the sensor in the exhaust flow. The size and number density of the particles was found to have a strong influence on the sensor sensitivity: as number density increased with increasing load or decreasing EGR rate, so did sensor sensitivity. Thus, as changes in engine operating condition affect particle morphology, the behavior of the sensor changes. A numerical model of the discharge mechanism in the form of an atmospheric pressure glow discharge was implemented to model the charge creation and transport. The model accurately predicted the nanoamp-level electrode currents produced in a real sensor to within a half order of magnitude with no empirical fits. The model tended to over-predict the sensitivity of sensor output to applied voltage but matched the observed sensitivity within an order of magnitude. Due to the lack of modeling flow field effects it predicted a 250% increase in sensitivity for a gap width reduced by 50% where a comparison of real sensors showed a decrease in sensitivity of 25% with a 50% reduction in gap width. / text

The objective of this study was onboard testing of a mixed metal oxide diesel soot oxidation catalyst composing of oxides of lead and cobalt previously developed in our lab, by mounting a diesel particulate filter (DPF), which is coated with this catalyst, to the exhaust stream of a diesel vehicle. Commercial wall flow type DPF&rsquo / s (Corning EX-80) were coated with the catalyst by a slurry wash-coating procedure and then mounted on the exhaust stream of a diesel light duty vehicle (LDV) provided by TOFAS (FIAT Doblo 1.9 JTD). These vehicles were driven on the rollers of the chassis dynamometer at constant speed and gear for two different loading conditions and on a standard driving cycle (NEDC) in the Test and Emission Laboratory of TOFAS-FIAT. The exhaust gases were analyzed for NOx, CO, CO2, THC and PM. The pressure drop caused by the filter was monitored during these tests as an indication of soot accumulation on the filter with the help of pressure sensors placed before and after the filter. Also temperatures before, inside and after the filter were monitored by means of thermocouples. Three different filters were tested in this manner: (1) Monocoated (CoOx), (2) Sequential PbOx coated over CoOx (PbOx/CoOx), (3) Simultaneously coated (PbCoOx). Also tests with the uncoated filter were performed to determine the pressure drops as a result of non-catalytic soot oxidation. The performances of the catalytic filters were evaluated by determining the temperature at which the soot oxidation rate on the filter equals the soot production rate in the engine (balance point temperature-Tbal). This temperature was used for comparing the catalytic activity of the supported catalyst with that of the powder form tested in the laboratory, i. e. Tpeak. The results of the onboard test were in parallel with the previous laboratory studies with similar catalytic activity temperatures. The continuous regeneration temperatures (Tbal) obtained in onboard tests with PbOx/CoOx and PbCoOx filters of about 370oC, which was close to the values attained in the lab study with the same mixed metal oxide catalyst having a Tpeak value of 385oC. Also the PM emissions during the tests were complying with the current EURO-IV emission limits.

No description available.

Les filtres céramiques représentent une solution efficace pour capturer et retenir les particules carbonées émises par les moteurs automobiles Diesel. En cas de choc thermique dû à une régénération sévère, la résistance thermomécanique de ces filtres est primordiale pour assurer une bonne efficacité de filtration pendant toute la durée de vie du véhicule. Pour cette raison, la conception de filtres à particules Diesel à base de titanate d'aluminium est une innovation prometteuse au sein de la gamme du groupe Saint-Gobain. A température ambiante comme à haute température, les caractérisations des comportements mécaniques et à la propagation de fissure du titanate d'aluminium sont les objectifs principaux de ces travaux de thèse. Basée sur différents essais mécaniques analysés par corrélation d'images 2D et 3D, une méthodologie d'identification est ainsi développée et appliquée sur la céramique à base de titanate d'aluminium pour les filtres à particules. Tout d'abord, des essais de flexion effectués à température ambiante mettent en évidence le comportement endommageable de cette céramique microfissurée fortement poreuse. Des fonctions de forme spécifiques à la flexion quatre points sont construites pour mesurer, par corrélation d'images 2D, la cinématique globale et la position de l'axe neutre. Une loi d'endommagement est identifiée pour représenter la dissymétrie entre les comportements en traction et en compression. Cette approche d'identification est appliquée à haute température, où le comportement mécanique du matériau est non-linéaire en raison du réseau de microfissures et de la viscosité de la phase secondaire. Une seconde approche de corrélation d'images 2D, basée sur les séries de Williams, est appliquée pour analyser des essais de flexion entaillée et étudie la fissuration quasi-fragile du matériau à température ambiante. Les différents modes d'endommagement sont quantifiés énergétiquement à travers l'application d'une méthode de corrélation d'images, basée sur la méthode de l'écart à l'équilibre. A haute température, la propagation de fissure apparaît également comme quasi-fragile, entre autres en raison d'importants mécanismes de renforcements vers 800°C. Parallèlement, l'essai de double-torsion est analysé car il permet de contrôler la propagation de fissures sur de longues distances. Un prototype est conçu pour réaliser des essais in situ dans un tomographe. Par corrélation d'images 3D, l'évolution du front curviligne de la fissure est observée dans l'épaisseur du matériau. Avec une simulation X-FEM, la répartition des facteurs d'intensité des contraintes le long du front de fissure est calculée pour en expliquer sa propagation. Ces travaux ont permis de caractériser les fortes déformabilité et résistance à la propagation de fissure du matériau à haute température. Ces propriétés jouent un rôle clef dans la résistance thermomécanique des filtres à particules Diesel à base de titanate d'aluminium. / Ceramic filters are an efficient solution to capture and retain the carbon particulates that are emitted by Diesel engines. In case of thermal shock due to a severe regeneration, the thermomechanical resistance of these filters is essential to ensure high filtration efficiency during the whole life time of the vehicle. For this reason, the conception of filters made of aluminium titanate is a promising innovation for the group Saint-Gobain. The main objective of this thesis is the characterization of mechanical and fracture behaviours, at both room and high temperature. To reach these goals, integrated techniques of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) present a strong potential to measure displacement fields, analyze tests and identify mechanical properties. Based on different mechanical tests analyzed by 2D and 3D-DIC, an identification methodology is developed and applied on the porous ceramic made of aluminium titanate for Diesel particulate filters. First, bending tests at room temperature highlight the damageable behaviour of this microcracked ceramic. Some specific basis functions for bending tests are built to measure by 2D-DIC the global kinematics and the neutral axis position. A damage law is identified to describe the asymmetry between behaviours in tension and compression. This identification approach is also applied at high temperature, where the mechanical behaviour is non-linear because of the microcracks and the silicate secondary phase. A second approach of 2D-DIC, based on the Williams series, is applied to analyze notched bending tests and to identify the parameters governing the quasi-brittle fracture of the material at room temperature. The energies dissipated by the different damage modes are quantified thanks to a third 2D-DIC method based on the equilibrium gap method. At high temperature, the behaviour is also non-brittle, because of numerous toughening mechanisms near 800°C, among others reasons The double-torsion test is also analyzed since it enables to control the propagation of long cracks for thin and brittle specimens. A prototype is built to perform in situ tests analyzed by tomography X. Using 3D-DIC, it is possible to observe the evolution of the curvilinear crack front in the specimen thickness. Thanks to a X-FEM simulation, the stress intensity factors are calculated along the crack front to explain its propagation. These works have highlighted the important deformability and crack propagation resistance of this material at high temperature. These two properties might be the main reasons for the high thermomechanical resistance of Diesel particulate filters made of aluminium titanate. The identified laws at high temperature can be used for numerical simulations of filters during severe regenerations. More generally, techniques used in these works present a strong interest for the development of new ceramics made of aluminium titanate for filtration applications.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This paper presents a novel approach of particulate material (soot) measurement in a Diesel particulate filter using Electrical Capacitance Tomography. Modern Diesel Engines are equipped with Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), as well as on-board technologies to evaluate the status of DPF because complete knowledge of DPF soot loading is very critical for robust efficient operation of the engine exhaust after treatment system. Emission regulations imposed upon all internal combustion engines including Diesel engines on gaseous as well as particulates (soot) emissions by Environment Regulatory Agencies. In course of time, soot will be deposited inside the DPFs which tend to clog the filter and hence generate a back pressure in the exhaust system, negatively impacting the fuel efficiency. To remove the soot build-up, regeneration of the DPF must be done as an engine exhaust after treatment process at pre-determined time intervals. Passive regeneration use exhaust heat and catalyst to burn the deposited soot but active regeneration use external energy in such as injection of diesel into an upstream DOC to burn the soot. Since the regeneration process consume fuel, a robust and efficient operation based on accurate knowledge of the particulate matter deposit (or soot load)becomes essential in order to keep the fuel consumption at a minimum. In this paper, we propose a sensing method for a DPF that can accurately measure in-situ soot load using Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Simulation results show that the proposed method offers an effective way to accurately estimate the soot load in DPF. The proposed method is expected to have a profound impact in improving overall PM filtering efficiency (and thereby fuel efficiency), and durability of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) through appropriate closed loop regeneration operation.

[ES] La contaminación acústica se ha convertido en una causa de importantes problemas de salud, como alteraciones del sueño, cardiovasculares o cognitivas. En áreas urbanas, los altos valores del ruido debido al transporte y a otras actividades humanas pueden ser especialmente dañinos. Se trata de un tema de estudio abierto, debido a la amplia naturaleza del ruido y su gama de posibles fuentes (y, por lo tanto, las posibles soluciones para paliar cada una de ellas). Esta tesis se centra en la minimización del (i) ruido del sistema de escape, que puede abordarse mediante el uso de silenciadores (que a su vez tienen otras aplicaciones, como en los sistemas HVAC, es decir, calefacción, ventilación y aire acondicionado), así como del (ii) ruido y las vibraciones generales causados por el transporte, como por ejemplo el ruido de rodadura de los ferrocarriles, y el uso de barreras acústicas para mitigarlo. Por un lado, los silenciadores (que se pueden dividir en configuraciones reactivas, disipativas e híbridas) fueron adoptados hace tiempo en la línea de escape, pero también se ha extendido el uso de convertidores catalíticos y filtros de partículas diésel, los cuales, si bien su uso responde a razones medioambientales más que de reducción del ruido, tienen un impacto en el rendimiento acústico del sistema de escape. En este punto, se revisan diversas técnicas para la simulación numérica de la propagación del sonido dentro de conductos y demás dispositivos mencionados, y se proponen varios esquemas de optimización para la minimización de la transmisión del ruido. Esto incluye (i) la optimización dimensional de los silenciadores (incluidas las cámaras reactivas y disipativas), (ii) la optimización topológica del material disipativo (su distribución de densidad) dentro de la cámara disipativa y (iii) la optimización dimensional de los dispositivos de postratamiento de escape (convertidores catalíticos y filtros de partículas diésel). Por otro lado, el apantallamiento acústico tiene una amplia gama de aplicaciones, como las barreras acústicas de tráfico, carenados de ruedas de trenes o incluso revestimientos de conductos HVAC. En este punto, se requiere acoplar los problemas acústico y elástico en el contorno aire-estructura para obtener el problema vibroacústico. Aquí se plantea una formulación híbrida en desplazamiento-presión y se aplica a varios casos prácticos, con el fin de obtener diseños elásticos acústicamente optimizados. / [CA] La contaminació acústica s'ha convertit en una causa d'importants problemes de salut, com ara alteracions del son, cardiovasculars o cognitives. En àrees urbanes, els alts valors del soroll degut al transport i a altres activitats humanes poden ser especialment nocius. Es tracta d'un tema d'estudi obert, a causa de l'àmplia naturalesa del soroll i la gamma de possibles fonts (i, per tant, les possibles solucions per pal·liar cadascuna). Aquesta tesi se centra en la minimització del (i) soroll del sistema d'escapament, que es pot abordar mitjançant l'ús de silenciadors (que alhora tenen altres aplicacions, com en els sistemes HVAC, és a dir, calefacció, ventilació i aire condicionat), així com del (ii) soroll i les vibracions generals causats pel transport, com ara el soroll de rodament dels ferrocarrils, i l'ús de barreres acústiques per mitigar-lo. D'una banda, els silenciadors (que es poden dividir en configuracions reactives, dissipatives i híbrides) van ser adoptats fa temps a la línia d'escapament, però també s'ha estès l'ús de convertidors catalítics i filtres de partícules dièsel, els quals, si bé el seu ús respon a raons mediambientals més que de reducció del soroll, tenen un impacte en el rendiment acústic del sistema d'escapament. En aquest punt, es revisen diverses tècniques per a la simulació numèrica de la propagació del so dins de conductes i altres dispositius esmentats, i es proposen diversos esquemes d'optimització per minimitzar la transmissió del soroll. Això inclou (i) l'optimització dimensional dels silenciadors (incloses les càmeres reactives i dissipatives), (ii) l'optimització topològica del material disipatiu (la distribució de densitat) dins de la càmera disipativa i (iii) l'optimització dimensional dels dispositius de posttractament d'escapament (convertidors catalítics i filtres de partícules dièsel). D'altra banda, l'apantallament acústic té una àmplia gamma d'aplicacions, com ara les barreres acústiques de trànsit, carenats de rodes de trens o fins i tot revestiments de conductes HVAC. En aquest punt, cal acoblar els problemes acústic i elàstic al contorn aire-estructura per obtenir el problema vibroacústic. Aquí es planteja una formulació híbrida en desplaçament-pressió i s'aplica a diversos casos pràctics per obtenir dissenys elàstics acústicament optimitzats. / [EN] Noise pollution has become a cause of major health problems, such as sleep, cardiovascular or cognitive alterations. In urban areas, the high values of transport and other human-activity-related noise can be especially harmful. This issue is a large subject of study, due to the broad nature of noise and its range of possible sources (and therefore the potential solutions to alleviate each of them). This Thesis focuses on the minimization of (i) exhaust system noise, which can be addressed by the use of mufflers (which in turn have other applications, such as in HVAC systems, i.e., heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), and (ii) general noise and vibration caused by transport, such as railway rolling noise, and the use of sound barriers to alleviate it. On the one hand, mufflers (which can be divided into reactive, dissipative, and hybrid configurations) were long ago adopted in the exhaust line, but also the use of catalytic converters and diesel particulate filters has become spread, and, while their use responds to environmental rather than noise reduction reasons, they have an impact in the acoustic performance of the exhaust system. Diverse techniques for the modelling of sound propagation within ducts and the other aforementioned devices are reviewed, and several optimization schemes are proposed for the minimization of noise transmission. This includes (i) the sizing optimization of mufflers (including reactive and dissipative chambers), (ii) the topology optimization of the dissipative material (its density layout) within the dissipative chamber, and (iii) the sizing optimization of exhaust aftertreatment devices (catalytic converters and diesel particulate filters). On the other hand, sound barriers have a wide range of applications, such as traffic noise barriers, train wheel fairings or even HVAC duct coatings. At this point, it is required to pair the acoustic and the elastic problems at the air-structure boundary to obtain the vibroacoustic problem. A hybrid displacement-pressure formulation is recalled here and applied to several case studies, in order to obtain acoustically-optimized elastic designs. / Ferrándiz Catalá, B. (2023). Development of topology optimization techniques for noise pollution minimization in acoustic and fluid-structure problems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/197985