Editor's Inaug.-Diss.--Tübingen. / Bibliographical foot-notes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 320-337) Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009. / Prepared for: Dept. of Psychology. Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Bibliography: leaves 90-107.

Thesis--University of California, San Francisco. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-127).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--York University, 1997. Graduate Programme in Biology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-113). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL:: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ27384.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In Sub-Saharan Africa, rates of CVD are increasing rapidly, but there is little evidence about the potential determinants of CVD risk in this population. This thesis investigated CVD risk factors in Gaborone, capital city of Botswana, by (i) documenting CVD risk factors in this population, (ii) investigating the association between diet and CVD risk factors and (iii) assessing the association between diet and risk of CVD. 787 adults were recruited. Of these 566 were generally “healthy” with no history of CVD, while 221 (“diseased”) had at least one reported CVD condition, hypertension or diabetes. The median (interquartile range) age was 27 (23, 32) and 52 (42, 62) years for healthy and diseased participants respectively. All participants completed an interview administered questionnaire, including a food frequency questionnaire. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured, and a non-fasting blood sample was obtained for analysis of lipids, lipoproteins and glucose. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity (36.8%), particularly in women (50.0%), and low HDL cholesterol (<1.0 mmol/L men and <1.3 mmol/L women) (62.6%) was found. High levels of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, glucose and high blood pressure were also found in this population of young adults in Gaborone. Total fat and/or saturated fat intake (as percentage energy) was significantly linearly associated with increased LDL cholesterol (p=0.017), triglycerides (p=0.048), glucose (p=0.044) and with decreased HDL cholesterol (p=0.021). However, fibre, polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary patterns were not independently associated with CVD risk factors. Carbohydrates intake was significantly associated with increased risk of disease. Unexpectedly, saturated fat intake was associated with reduced disease risk, but weakened after nutrients adjustment. CVD risk factors are relatively high in this population. These results suggest a need for further research on CVD in Botswana.

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases. Despite high prevalence of PAD, data regarding the dietary patterns of Canadian individuals with PAD is required. Biomarkers are used as an alternative to dietary assessment methods and are generally used to measure true dietary intake. A total of 30 participants with established PAD were recruited for this study. Dietary intakes were estimated using a 3 day food record (3DFR) and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status was analyzed in plasma, plasma PL and RBC membrane PL. The determined mean dietary macronutrient distribution consisted of 18% protein, 33% fat and 47% carbohydrate with 3DFR and 19% protein, 36% fat and 43% carbohydrate with FFQ. The mean intakes using 3DFR and FFQ, respectively, were: saturated fat = 24.2, 22.8 g; sodium = 4156.6, 2852.3 mg; eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) = 90.0, 50.0 mg and DHA = 128.5, 110.0 mg. FFQ showed significant (p<0.05) correlation (r=0.48) with plasma and plasma PL DHA. As compared to national guidelines, the participants consumed a diet that was 61% higher than National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommendations for saturated fat. Also, the participants consumed a diet which was 177% and 246% higher than NCEP and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations for sodium, respectively. Hence, PAD patients should be encouraged to eat a diet that is lower in saturated fat and sodium. None of the participants met the American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations for established cardiovascular disease of 1g of combined EPA and DHA.