Associations Between Dietary Factors and Malocclusion. Blackwelder AC*, Warren JJ, Levy SM, Marshall TA, Bishara SE (University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA) Purpose: Malocclusions, including crowding, have a multifactorial etiology, but it has been suggested that dietary factors may be a risk factor for malocclusion. Thus, the objective was to assess associations between dietary factors and dental crowding in a sample of Iowa Fluoride Study participants. Methods: As participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study, subjects were followed up from birth to 102 months using questionnaires and diet diaries periodically to gather information on dietary intake. Subjects were also examined clinically around age 5 (n=168) and 9 (n=125) with dental casts made to gather information on malocclusion such as Tooth Size Arch Length Discrepancy (TSALD) and Canine Arch Width (CAW), as well as body mass index (BMI). Relationships between dietary factors and malocclusion were assessed. Results: The maxillary and mandibular TSALD values for the age 5 and age 9 exams were correlated with the dietary data. The age 5 maxillary TSALD (1.74 mm) was statistically significant when correlated with kilocalories (P=.031) before and after adjusting for BMI. Further examination of the extreme TSALD values with dietary data was completed using Student's t-test. The age 9 mandibular extreme TSALD value and kilocalories was also statistically significant (P=.028). The age 5 CAW was correlated with the dietary data and kilocalories was also statistically significant (P=.012). Other dietary factors were found to approach statistical significance but were not significant at the alpha=0.05 level. Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that dietary factors may be associated with crowding of the dentition as measured by TSALD and CAW; however, further research is needed.

Introdução: A obesidade abdominal associa-se ao risco para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM) e doença cardiovascular (DCV). Entre os fatores associados à obesidade abdominal, destaca-se o importante papel da dieta. Objetivo: O presente estudo investigou a associação entre fatores dietéticos e adiposidade em nipo-brasileiros de Bauru, Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Para o presente estudo, 772 participantes (329 homens e 443 mulheres) com idade entre 30-92 anos foram analisados em inquérito transversal de base populacional. Um questionário quantitativo de freqüência alimentar validado para essa população foi empregado para avaliar a dieta habitual. Índice de massa corporal (IMC, em kg/m2) e circunferência de cintura (CC, em cm) foram classificados de acordo com critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde para a população asiática (obesidade geral IMC >= 25kg/m2; obesidade abdominal CC >= 90 cm para homens e >= 80 cm para mulheres). Modelos de regressão logística múltiplos foram utilizados na comparação entre o menor e o maior tercil de consumo alimentar em relação ao risco associado para obesidade abdominal, obesidade geral ou obesidade geral com obesidade abdominal, após ajuste para co-variáveis sócio-demográficas, de estilo de vida e bioquímicas. As análises foram estratificadas por gênero. Resultados: Em toda a população, maior consumo de embutidos foi associado à obesidade abdominal [Odds Ratio (OR) =2,09; IC95%: 1,05-4,18; Pde tendência = 0,009] e geral com abdominal (OR=2,41; IC95%: 1,40-4,15; Pde tendência = 0,006). Em homens, a ingestão de fibra de leguminosas (OR =0,27; IC95%: 0,08-0,84; Pde tendência = 0,015) foi inversamente associada à obesidade abdominal. Houve associação entre maior consumo de colesterol e de alimentos embutidos e obesidade geral com obesidade abdominal (OR=3,03, IC95%: 1,21-7,60, Pde tendência = 0,050 e OR=2,41, IC95%: 1,40-4,15, Pde tendência = 0,188, respectivamente). Entre as mulheres, o maior consumo de carnes vermelhas (OR=0,50; IC95%: 0,26; 0,98; Pde tendência = 0,121) foi inversamente associado à obesidade geral com abdominal, provavelmente devido ao baixo consumo geral. Conclusão: O consumo de alimentos embutidos foi associado à obesidade geral, abdominal e geral na presença de abdominal. Diferentes associações entre fatores dietéticos e medidas de adiposidade foram observadas segundo gênero. / Introduction. Abdominal obesity has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease. Among the risk factors for abdominal obesity, diet has been considered one of the most important. Aims/hypothesis. This study investigated which dietary factors are associated with the distribution of body adiposity in Japanese-Brazilians from Bauru-Sao Paulo. Methods. Analysis using a population-based cross-sectional study can out in 772 subjects (329 men and 443 women) aged 30-92 years from Bauru, Brazil. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Measurements of weight, height, and waist circumference (WC, in cm) were taken using the following WHO cut-offs for Asians: overall obesity, Body Mass Index (BMI) >= 25kg/m2; abdominal obesity, WC >= 90 for men and >= 80 for women. Multiple logistic regression models were used for comparison between the lowest with the highest tertile of intakes stratified by gender, after adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, biochemical and nutritional confounders. Results. In overall population, higher intakes of processed meats were associated with abdominal obesity [Odds Ratio (OR) =2.09; IC95%: 1.05-4.18; Pfor trend = 0.009] and with overall with abdominal obesity (OR=2.41; IC95%: 1.40-4.15; Pfor trend = 0.006). In stratified analysis by gender, among men, bean fiber was inversely associated with abdominal obesity (OR=0.27; 95%CI: 0.08; 0.84; Pfor trend = 0.015), when compared participants in the highest to the lowest tertile of intakes. Higher intakes of cholesterol and processed meats were associated with overall with abdominal obesity (OR=3.03, 95%CI: 1.21-7.60, Pfor trend = 0.050 and OR=2.41, IC95%: 1.40-4.15, Pfor trend = 0.188, respectively). Among women, higher intakes of red meats were inversely associated to overall with abdominal obesity (OR=0.50; IC95%: 0.26; 0.98; Pfor trend = 0.121) probably related to low intake levels. Conclusions. Processed meats were associated with overall, abdominal and overall with abdominal obesity. Diferent associations were observed in dietary factors in relation to overall, abdominal as well as overall with abdominal obesity according to gender.

Nutrition can be viewed as a modifiable factor related to maintaining and preserving health in older adults. Previous studies have found that nutritional factors can influence cognitive abilities, however few studies have examined macronutrients and micronutrients as they relate to cognitive functioning. Research has yet to examine the mechanisms related to nutrition, cognition and aging in an older adult population from a holistic and interactive perspective. This dissertation examined three research questions to better understand the relationship between age, nutrition, cognition, and inflammatory biomarkers. First, is nutrition related to cognition beyond demographic factors? Do individual nutrients serve as mediators? Second, are inflammatory biomarkers significant mediators to cognitive performance? Third, do nutrients and inflammatory markers interact as moderators to cognitive performance? This study examined 1,317 adults 60 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III). Macronutrients were collected from a retrospective 24-hour dietary recall, micronutrient values were obtained from blood serum/plasma for vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, homocysteine, iron, folate, and inflammatory biomarkers values were obtained from blood serum/plasma for C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and ferritin. Cognition was measured by 6 tasks: immediate and delayed word recall, immediate and delayed story recall, orientation, and digit subtraction. All tasks were then combined to form a global cognitive measure. Results for question one found that after controlling for age, sex, education, and total calorie intake, higher intake of polyunsaturated fat was related to better global cognition and delayed story recall score (std β= .08, p= .028, std β= .08, p=.04 respectively). Greater than 28% of calories from carbohydrate indicated worse global cognition and delayed story recall (std β= -.013, p= .028, and std β= -.158, p= .01). Higher intake of saturated fat and protein were related to worse digit subtraction scores (std β= -.160, p= .02, std β= -.064, p= .02). Higher serum vitamin C, D, and folate levels were related to better global cognition and digit subtraction. Additionally, higher serum vitamin C and D were associated with better orientation score, and folate was related to better immediate and delayed story recall. Building from these relationships, individual mediation models found that serum vitamin C, vitamin D, folate, and ferritin were significant mediators between age and the previously mentioned cognitive tasks. Results for question two examined mediation between inflammatory markers and cognition and found that higher fibrinogen was related to worse global cognition and digit subtraction. Higher ferritin was associated with better delayed word recall. Question three investigated the moderating relationship between age, nutrients, and biomarkers, and results found that folate and fibrinogen were significant moderators. Higher serum folate was related to better global cognition and immediate story recall. Ferritin values below 1.2 and above 3.2g/l indicated worse digit subtraction performance. Evidence for a dose-dependent relationship was confirmed. Results from this project demonstrated that select nutrients (polyunsaturated fat, vitamin C, D, and folate), and inflammatory markers (ferritin and fibrinogen) were associated with cognitive performance across various cognitive domains. Consuming a diet rich in healthy fatty acids, and antioxidants may be beneficial for cognitive health. Future studies should continue to examine the underlying mechanisms connected to maintaining, preserving, and protecting cognitive abilities in older adults.

Diet is a major force influencing the intestinal microbiota. This is obvious from drastic changes in microbiota composition after a dietary alteration. Due to the complexity of the commensal microbiota and the high inter-individual variability, little is known about the bacterial response at the cellular level. The objective of this work was to identify mechanisms that enable gut bacteria to adapt to dietary factors. For this purpose, germ-free mice monoassociated with the commensal Escherichia coli K-12 strain MG1655 were fed three different diets over three weeks: a diet rich in starch, a diet rich in non-digestible lactose and a diet rich in casein. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry were applied to identify differentially expressed proteins of E. coli recovered from small intestine and caecum of mice fed the lactose or casein diets in comparison with those of mice fed the starch diet. Selected differentially expressed bacterial proteins were characterised in vitro for their possible roles in bacterial adaptation to the various diets. Proteins belonging to the oxidative stress regulon oxyR such as alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F (AhpF), DNA protection during starvation protein (Dps) and ferric uptake regulatory protein (Fur), which are required for E. coli’s oxidative stress response, were upregulated in E. coli of mice fed the lactose-rich diet. Reporter gene analysis revealed that not only oxidative stress but also carbohydrate-induced osmotic stress led to the OxyR-dependent expression of ahpCF and dps. Moreover, the growth of E. coli mutants lacking the ahpCF or oxyR genes was impaired in the presence of non-digestible sucrose. This indicates that some OxyR-dependent proteins are crucial for the adaptation of E. coli to osmotic stress conditions. In addition, the function of two so far poorly characterised E. coli proteins was analysed: 2 deoxy-D gluconate 3 dehydrogenase (KduD) was upregulated in intestinal E. coli of mice fed the lactose-rich diet and this enzyme and 5 keto 4 deoxyuronate isomerase (KduI) were downregulated on the casein-rich diet. Reporter gene analysis identified galacturonate and glucuronate as inducers of the kduD and kduI gene expression. Moreover, KduI was shown to facilitate the breakdown of these hexuronates, which are normally degraded by uronate isomerase (UxaC), altronate oxidoreductase (UxaB), altronate dehydratase (UxaA), mannonate oxidoreductase (UxuB) and mannonate dehydratase (UxuA), whose expression was repressed by osmotic stress. The growth of kduID-deficient E. coli on galacturonate or glucuronate was impaired in the presence of osmotic stress, suggesting KduI and KduD to compensate for the function of the regular hexuronate degrading enzymes under such conditions. This indicates a novel function of KduI and KduD in E. coli’s hexuronate metabolism. Promotion of the intracellular formation of hexuronates by lactose connects these in vitro observations with the induction of KduD on the lactose-rich diet. Taken together, this study demonstrates the crucial influence of osmotic stress on the gene expression of E. coli enzymes involved in stress response and metabolic processes. Therefore, the adaptation to diet-induced osmotic stress is a possible key factor for bacterial colonisation of the intestinal environment. / Sowohl Humanstudien als auch Untersuchungen an Tiermodellen haben gezeigt, dass die Ernährung einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Zusammensetzung der Darmmikrobiota hat. Aufgrund der Komplexität der Mikrobiota und der inter individuellen Unterschiede sind die zellulären Mechanismen, die dieser Beobachtung zugrunde liegen, jedoch weitgehend unbekannt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war deshalb, Anpassungsmechanismen von kommensalen Darmbakterien auf unterschiedliche Ernährungsfaktoren mittels eines simplifizierten Modells zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden keimfreie Mäuse mit Escherichia coli MG1655 besiedelt und drei Wochen mit einer stärkehaltigen, einer laktosehaltigen oder einer kaseinhaltigen Diät gefüttert. Mittels zwei dimensionaler Gelelektrophorese und Elektrospray Ionenfallen-Massenspektrometrie wurde das Proteom der intestinalen E. coli analysiert und differentiell exprimierte bakterielle Proteine in Abhängigkeit der gefütterten Diät identifiziert. Die Funktion einiger ausgewählter Proteine bei der Anpassung von E. coli auf die jeweilige Diät wurde im Folgenden in vitro untersucht. E. coli Proteine wie z.B. die Alkylhydroperoxid Reduktase Untereinheit F (AhpF), das DNA Bindeprotein Dps und der eisenabhängige Regulator Fur, deren Expression unter der Kontrolle des Transkriptionsregulators OxyR steht, wurden stärker exprimiert, wenn die Mäuse mit der laktosehaltigen Diät gefüttert wurden. Reportergenanalysen zeigten, dass nicht nur oxidativer Stress, sondern auch durch Kohlenhydrate ausgelöster osmotischer Stress zu einer OxyR abhängigen Expression der Gene ahpCF and dps führte. Weiterhin wiesen E. coli Mutanten mit einer Deletion der ahpCF oder oxyR Gene ein vermindertes Wachstum in Gegenwart von nicht fermentierbarer Saccharose auf. Das spricht dafür, dass OxyR abhängige Proteine eine wichtige Rolle bei der Anpassung von E. coli an osmotischen Stress spielen. Weiterhin wurde die Funktion von zwei bisher wenig charakterisierten E. coli Proteinen untersucht: die 2 Deoxy D Glukonate 3 Dehydrogenase (KduD) wurde im Darm von Mäusen, die mit der laktosehaltigen Diät gefüttert wurden, induziert, während dieses Protein und die 5 Keto 4 Deoxyuronate Isomerase (KduI) nach Fütterung der kaseinhaltigen Diät herunterreguliert wurden. Mittels Reportergenanalysen wurde gezeigt, dass Galakturonat und Glukuronat die kduD und kduI Expression induzierten. KduI begünstigte die Umsetzung dieser Hexuronate. In E. coli wird die Umsetzung von Galakturonat und Glukuronat typischerweise von den Enzymen Uronate Isomerase (UxaC), Altronate Oxidoreduktase (UxaB), Altronate Dehydratase (UxaA), Mannonate Oxidoreduktase (UxuB) und Mannonate Dehydratase (UxuA) katalysiert. Weitere Experimente verdeutlichten, dass osmotischer Stress die Expression der Gene uxaCA, uxaB und uxuAB verminderte. Darüber hinaus zeigten kduID defiziente E. coli Mutanten in Gegenwart von Galakturonat oder Glukuronat und durch Saccharose ausgelösten osmotischen Stress eine Verlangsamung des Wachstums. Das deutet darauf hin, dass KduI und KduD die durch osmotischen Stress bedingten Funktionseinschränkungen der regulären hexuronatabbauenden Enzyme kompensieren. Die beobachtete Bildung von intrazellulären Hexuronaten während des Laktosekatabolismus in vitro stellt eine Verbindung zu dem ursprünglichen Tierexperiment her und deutet darauf hin, dass der Ernährungsfaktor Laktose die Verfügbarkeit von Hexuronat für intestinale E. coli beeinflusst. Diese Studie weist somit den Einfluss von osmotischem Stress auf die Expression von OxyR abhängigen Genen, die für Stressantwortproteine sowie für metabolische Enzymen kodieren, in E. coli nach. Durch Nahrungsfaktoren entstandener osmotischer Stress stellt demnach einen entscheidenden Faktor für die bakterielle Kolonisation des Darmes dar.

Introdução: A obesidade abdominal associa-se ao risco para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM) e doença cardiovascular (DCV). Entre os fatores associados à obesidade abdominal, destaca-se o importante papel da dieta. Objetivo: O presente estudo investigou a associação entre fatores dietéticos e adiposidade em nipo-brasileiros de Bauru, Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Para o presente estudo, 772 participantes (329 homens e 443 mulheres) com idade entre 30-92 anos foram analisados em inquérito transversal de base populacional. Um questionário quantitativo de freqüência alimentar validado para essa população foi empregado para avaliar a dieta habitual. Índice de massa corporal (IMC, em kg/m2) e circunferência de cintura (CC, em cm) foram classificados de acordo com critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde para a população asiática (obesidade geral IMC >= 25kg/m2; obesidade abdominal CC >= 90 cm para homens e >= 80 cm para mulheres). Modelos de regressão logística múltiplos foram utilizados na comparação entre o menor e o maior tercil de consumo alimentar em relação ao risco associado para obesidade abdominal, obesidade geral ou obesidade geral com obesidade abdominal, após ajuste para co-variáveis sócio-demográficas, de estilo de vida e bioquímicas. As análises foram estratificadas por gênero. Resultados: Em toda a população, maior consumo de embutidos foi associado à obesidade abdominal [Odds Ratio (OR) =2,09; IC95%: 1,05-4,18; Pde tendência = 0,009] e geral com abdominal (OR=2,41; IC95%: 1,40-4,15; Pde tendência = 0,006). Em homens, a ingestão de fibra de leguminosas (OR =0,27; IC95%: 0,08-0,84; Pde tendência = 0,015) foi inversamente associada à obesidade abdominal. Houve associação entre maior consumo de colesterol e de alimentos embutidos e obesidade geral com obesidade abdominal (OR=3,03, IC95%: 1,21-7,60, Pde tendência = 0,050 e OR=2,41, IC95%: 1,40-4,15, Pde tendência = 0,188, respectivamente). Entre as mulheres, o maior consumo de carnes vermelhas (OR=0,50; IC95%: 0,26; 0,98; Pde tendência = 0,121) foi inversamente associado à obesidade geral com abdominal, provavelmente devido ao baixo consumo geral. Conclusão: O consumo de alimentos embutidos foi associado à obesidade geral, abdominal e geral na presença de abdominal. Diferentes associações entre fatores dietéticos e medidas de adiposidade foram observadas segundo gênero. / Introduction. Abdominal obesity has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease. Among the risk factors for abdominal obesity, diet has been considered one of the most important. Aims/hypothesis. This study investigated which dietary factors are associated with the distribution of body adiposity in Japanese-Brazilians from Bauru-Sao Paulo. Methods. Analysis using a population-based cross-sectional study can out in 772 subjects (329 men and 443 women) aged 30-92 years from Bauru, Brazil. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Measurements of weight, height, and waist circumference (WC, in cm) were taken using the following WHO cut-offs for Asians: overall obesity, Body Mass Index (BMI) >= 25kg/m2; abdominal obesity, WC >= 90 for men and >= 80 for women. Multiple logistic regression models were used for comparison between the lowest with the highest tertile of intakes stratified by gender, after adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, biochemical and nutritional confounders. Results. In overall population, higher intakes of processed meats were associated with abdominal obesity [Odds Ratio (OR) =2.09; IC95%: 1.05-4.18; Pfor trend = 0.009] and with overall with abdominal obesity (OR=2.41; IC95%: 1.40-4.15; Pfor trend = 0.006). In stratified analysis by gender, among men, bean fiber was inversely associated with abdominal obesity (OR=0.27; 95%CI: 0.08; 0.84; Pfor trend = 0.015), when compared participants in the highest to the lowest tertile of intakes. Higher intakes of cholesterol and processed meats were associated with overall with abdominal obesity (OR=3.03, 95%CI: 1.21-7.60, Pfor trend = 0.050 and OR=2.41, IC95%: 1.40-4.15, Pfor trend = 0.188, respectively). Among women, higher intakes of red meats were inversely associated to overall with abdominal obesity (OR=0.50; IC95%: 0.26; 0.98; Pfor trend = 0.121) probably related to low intake levels. Conclusions. Processed meats were associated with overall, abdominal and overall with abdominal obesity. Diferent associations were observed in dietary factors in relation to overall, abdominal as well as overall with abdominal obesity according to gender.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver disorder linked to obesity that is rapidly increasing in incidence worldwide. It is a disorder that ranges in severity; from a benign condition of hepatic steatosis to a potentially deadly one resulting in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is currently known that NAFLD is strongly associated with various aspects of metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, elevated triglyceride levels, obesity, and type two diabetes mellitus. The multifactorial pathogenesis of NAFLD is still uncertain and closer attention is needed on the effect of one’s diet on NAFLD. In this study, we directly compare a westernized diet containing high levels of fat and fructose to a diet high in fat and containing cholate using mouse models in order to determine the role of each dietary factor in the incidence and severity of the different stages of NAFLD. We will evaluate the severity of hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular damage via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained liver tissue and the severity of hepatic fibrosis via trichrome-stained liver tissue. Our hypothesis is that mice on the fructose-based diet are expected to have higher levels of hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular damage relative to mice on the cholate-based diet while mice on the cholate-based diet are expected to have higher levels of hepatic fibrosis relative to the fructose-based diet. The results of this study will aid in elucidating and strengthening the connection between one’s diet and the prevalence and severity of NAFLD.

No description available.

<p>Numerous diseases are associated with reduced antioxidant defence and oxidative stress. The antioxidant defence includes dietary and endogenous antioxidants and involves complex interactions between them. The effects of dietary factors on antioxidant status and oxidative stress of healthy humans were investigated in the studies described in this thesis. Assays of plasma antioxidant capacity encompass interactions between various antioxidants. Although uric acid has an unclear function as an antioxidant, it is a major determinant of antioxidant capacity. We measured antioxidant capacity in the presence and absence of uric acid to provide more information on the application of measures of antioxidant capacity. Individuals with high dietary intakes of various antioxidants and antioxidant rich foods, especially when combined, had higher plasma antioxidant capacities than those with lower antioxidant intakes. However, there were no associations between dietary intake of antioxidants or antioxidant rich foods and the plasma concentration of F₂-isoprostanes, which is considered a reliable biomarker for oxidative stress. Intakes of various doses of a mixture of bilberry juice and black tea, rich in flavonoids for four weeks, increased antioxidant capacity in some groups, but urine levels of F₂-isoprostanes were not affected. There were substantial individual variations in responses to the drinks related to baseline antioxidant capacity. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased the plasma levels of F₂-isoprostanes, but not prostaglandin F_2α formation or antioxidant capacity. </p><p>It was concluded that a high intake of foods rich in antioxidants is related to improved antioxidant status. After intake of foods rich in antioxidants, the antioxidant status may increase, but with considerable individual variation in the responses, which warrants further investigation. Lipid peroxidation <i>in vivo</i> is not easily affected by dietary antioxidants in healthy humans. Although n-3 fatty acids are highly unsaturated, they reduce nonenzymatic free radical-catalyzed lipid peroxidation, but not enzymatic lipid peroxidation.</p>

Numerous diseases are associated with reduced antioxidant defence and oxidative stress. The antioxidant defence includes dietary and endogenous antioxidants and involves complex interactions between them. The effects of dietary factors on antioxidant status and oxidative stress of healthy humans were investigated in the studies described in this thesis. Assays of plasma antioxidant capacity encompass interactions between various antioxidants. Although uric acid has an unclear function as an antioxidant, it is a major determinant of antioxidant capacity. We measured antioxidant capacity in the presence and absence of uric acid to provide more information on the application of measures of antioxidant capacity. Individuals with high dietary intakes of various antioxidants and antioxidant rich foods, especially when combined, had higher plasma antioxidant capacities than those with lower antioxidant intakes. However, there were no associations between dietary intake of antioxidants or antioxidant rich foods and the plasma concentration of F2-isoprostanes, which is considered a reliable biomarker for oxidative stress. Intakes of various doses of a mixture of bilberry juice and black tea, rich in flavonoids for four weeks, increased antioxidant capacity in some groups, but urine levels of F2-isoprostanes were not affected. There were substantial individual variations in responses to the drinks related to baseline antioxidant capacity. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decreased the plasma levels of F2-isoprostanes, but not prostaglandin F2α formation or antioxidant capacity. It was concluded that a high intake of foods rich in antioxidants is related to improved antioxidant status. After intake of foods rich in antioxidants, the antioxidant status may increase, but with considerable individual variation in the responses, which warrants further investigation. Lipid peroxidation in vivo is not easily affected by dietary antioxidants in healthy humans. Although n-3 fatty acids are highly unsaturated, they reduce nonenzymatic free radical-catalyzed lipid peroxidation, but not enzymatic lipid peroxidation.

This study estimates the association between dietary factors and spontaneous pancreatitis in dogs. A case-control study was conducted using 198 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis and 187 control dogs with a diagnosis of renal failure without clinical evidence of pancreatitis. Information on signalment, weight, body condition, dietary intake, medical history, diagnostic tests performed, concurrent diseases, treatment, length of hospital stay, and discharge status was extracted from medical records for dogs admitted to the Texas A&M University Small Animal Clinic (TAMU SAC) during January 2000 to December 2005. Information on dietary intake, signalment, weight, medical, surgical and environmental history was collected for the same dogs through a telephone questionnaire conducted from November 2006 through January 2007. Descriptive statistics were calculated, tabular analyses performed, and logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Based on information extracted from the medical records, ingesting unusual food (OR=4.3; CI=1.7 to 10.7), ingesting table food (OR=1.5; CI=1.0 to 2.2), or exposure to both of these dietary factors (OR=2.1; CI=1.3 to 3.2) increased the odds of pancreatitis. Collected through the telephone questionnaire, ingesting unusual food (OR=6.1; CI=2.2 to 16.5), ingesting table scraps the week before diagnosis (OR=2.2; CI=1.2 to 3.8) or regularly throughout life (OR=2.2; CI=1.2 to 4.0), and getting into the trash (OR=13.2; CI=2.1 to undefined) increased the odds of pancreatitis. Multivariable modeling estimated the associations of exposure to one or more dietary factors reported through the telephone questionnaire (OR=2.6; CI=1.4 to 5.0), overweight (OR=1.3; CI=0.7 to 2.5), year of diagnosis (OR=3.5; CI=1.9 to 6.5), neuter status (OR=3.6; CI=1.4 to 9.5), non-neuter surgery (OR=21.1; CI=3.3 to 133.9) and an interaction term between neuter status and non-neuter surgery (OR=0.1; CI=0.01 to 0.4). Dietary factors increase the odds of spontaneous pancreatitis in dogs.