Apesar da grande melhora nos resultados de desenvolvimento embrionário in vitro, cerca de 40% dos oócitos bovinos fecundados não completam o desenvolvimento na fase de pré-implantação. Diversos fatores estão relacionados a este fenômeno, conhecido como bloqueio do desenvolvimento embrionário. Partindo da premissa que o bloqueio no desenvolvimento ocorre normalmente, durante a ativação do genoma embrionário, aproximadamente, no 4º ciclo celular em bovinos, formulou-se a hipótese de que os genes transcritos no momento da ativação do genoma embrionário estão relacionados ao bloqueio. Nesta tese, um sistema fluorescente de Differential Display PCR (DDPCR) foi desenvolvido para isolar e identificar fragmentos de mRNAs expressos diferencialmente entre embriões que se desenvolvem mais rápido e com melhor taxa de desenvolvimento e aqueles que apresentam desenvolvimento mais lento e com maior taxa de bloqueio. Dentre 176 fragmentos recuperados, 27 foram clonados, seqüenciados e 30 genes identificados. Dois genes, PI3K e ITM2B foram quantificados pela PCR em tempo real. Os resultados sugerem que duas diferentes ativações do genoma podem estar ocorrendo: o grupo de desenvolvimento rápido ativa genes ligados ao desenvolvimento embrionário e, o grupo lento ativa os genes ligados à sobrevivência ou morte celular. / The embryonic developmental block occurs at the 8-cell stage in bovine and is characterized for a lengthening of the cell cycle. At the same stage, also takes place the maternal-embryonic transition (i.e. the activation of the embryonic genome). These events are highly correlated and many genes are activated at the 4th cell cycle however, their functions are mostly unknown. The study of gene expression during this stage will help understand the mechanisms involved in the maternal-embryonic transition and ultimately lead to improvements of in vitro embryo production rates. The aim of this study was to identify genes differentially expressed between bovine embryos with or without developmental competence to reach the blastocyst stage, using Differential Display PCR methodology. Embryos with fast cleavage divisions showing 8 cells at 48 hpi and high potential of development (R8), and embryos with slow cleavage divisions showing 4 cells at 48hpi (L4) and 8 cells at 80 hpi (L8), both with reduced rates of development to blastocyst, were analyzed. We developed an alternative protocol for amplification and recovery of differentially expressed genes from extremely small initial amounts of RNA (10 to 25 pg of mRNA) from preimplantation bovine embryos without need of radio-isotopes. A total of 176 differentially expressed bands were recovered, 27 isolated-fragments were cloned and sequenced confirming the expected primer sequences and allowing the recognition identification of 30 gene transcripts related to bovine embryonic physiology. Two genes, PI3K and ITM2B were chosen for relative quantification of mRNA using Real-Time PCR. Results suggest two different embryonic genome activation mechanisms: fast-developing embryos activate genes related to embryonic development, and slow-developing embryos activate genes related to cellular survival and/or death.

Plant alkaloids are secondary metabolites that may be synthesized in an inducible defense response to herbivory (Baldwin 1999). Genetic engineering of secondary metabolic pathways in plants to enhance or reduce metabolite production is limited by the current understanding of these pathways and their regulation in response to environmental conditions. This study was intended to provide new insights into the mechanism and regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis in N. tabacum by identifying genes that are coordinately regulated during conditions that induce alkaloid biosynthesis and by comparing their expression in regulatory mutant backgrounds that differ at two quantitative alkaloid loci, A and B. In order to identify novel genes that are differentially expressed during alkaloid biosynthesis, the transcriptional profiling procedure, fluorescent differential display (FDD), was used to screen total RNA isolated from Burley 21 (WT, AABB) and LA21 (low alkaloid regulatory mutant, aabb) tobacco root cultures that were induced for alkaloid synthesis. Four of thirteen cloned FDD fragments showed sequence homology to genes with defense-related functions. The differential expression of genes represented by selected FDD gene fragments was confirmed by comparing Northern blots of transcripts of those genes to known alkaloid biosynthetic genes, putrescine methyl transferase (PMT3), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC3), arginine decarboxylase (ADC1), and quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT). The role of the A and B loci in differential expression of genes represented by FDD clones and of known nicotine biosynthetic genes was examined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) to measure transcript levels of these genes in four tobacco genotypes differing in alkaloid content, Burley 21(AABB), HI21 (AAbb), LI21(aaBB), and LA21 (aabb). Results of this study suggest that the A/B regulon is not limited to alkaloid biosynthetic genes, but includes multiple genes with defense-related functions. QRT-PCR analysis of nicotine biosynthetic genes and genes represented by confirmed differentially expressed FDD clones showed increased mRNA accumulation in response to alkaloid induction in all the tested genotypes, which suggests that the A and B mutations affect overall mRNA accumulation levels, rather than gene inducibility, per se. Baldwin, I.T. 1999. Inducible nicotine production in native Nicotiana as an example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Journal of Chem. Ecol. 25: 3-30. / Master of Science

It is important to understand the underlying plant defense mechanisms in order to establish best strategies to reduce losses due to diseases in cereals. The current available information is mostly on model organisms and their plant-pathogen interactions. However, this study is focused on the identification of genes involved in the resistance mechanism of one of the most devastating diseases of wheat, yellow rust. The strategy undertaken was to use differential display method (DD) together with microarray technology, on yellow rust differential lines of wheat (Avocet-Yr1 and Avocet-Yr10) infected with the virulent and avirulent Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici races (Pst: PST17, PST45, 169E136 and 232E137) together with appropriate control infections. DD primer combinations of ninety allowed the detection of fourteen differentially expressed genes which were also confirmed by real-time QRT-PCR analysis. All of but one were found to be novel sequences in wheat genome. Among those, two very important genes were identified as full ORF including 5&rsquo / and 3&rsquo / end untranslated regions (UTR) / namely cyclophilin like protein (putative antifungal activity) and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2). The sequence homology analysis of the cloned gene fragments reveled that the genes detected have roles in ubiquitinylation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), putative antifungal activities, disease resistance, pathogen related responses, including a few with no known function. In addition to DD analysis, using wheat Affymetrix &ldquo / GeneChip&rdquo / , we identified 93 differentially expressed ESTs of wheat in response to avirulent pathogen attack. We also investigated the differential expression profiles of wheat leaves during the virulent infections and determined 75 differentially regulated ESTs. 1Selected ESTs were further analyzed using QRT-PCR analysis and 15 were confirmed to be differentially regulated. For the further characterization of the identified genes, such as determination of their putative roles in disease response, functional studies have to be performed. For this purpose, BSMV (Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus) mediated virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) method is optimized in this thesis for wheat. We have successfully managed to silence the endogenous PDS gene (Phytoene desaturase) of wheat which can be used as a positive control for the monitoring of silencing of the genes we have identified. Our results show that BSMV mediated VIGS can be used efficiently and effectively to silence wheat genes that we identified through differential display and microarray analysis and can be used to study the functions of those genes

The main objective of this thesis dissertation is functionally characterizing the genes involved in biotic and abiotic stresses of plants at molecular level. Previously, upon pathogen attack Rad6 gene expression was found to be changed in wheat and barley plants. To functionally characterize the Rad6 gene, VIGS (Virus induced gene silencing) system was used. HR (Hypersensitive response) like symptoms was detected in every silenced barley and wheat plants. To figure out, transcriptomes and proteomes of Rad6 silenced plants were analyzed. 2-D PAGE analysis was also performed on silenced and control wheat plants. No pathogen growth was observed in Rad6 silenced barley lines. Additionally, the susceptible wild type Arabidopsis plants showed resistant phenotype when any of the Rad6 gene copies is mutated. This suggests that Rad6 gene has a negative regulatory role in plant disease resistance which was proved for the first time. Yeast two hybrid protein interaction study suggests that RAD6 carrying out its function by interacting with SGT1 protein and regulating resistance related genes. It has been first time reported in this thesis that E2 (Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme) takes role in plant disease resistance. Boron which is the other consideration in the scope of thesis as an abiotic stress factor at a very limited amount is necessary for the normal development of plants. This study is conducted on highly boron tolerant Gypsophila perfoliata L. collected from a location in the boron mining area. The plant samples were tested in the presence of high boron (35 mg/kg) concentrations. The transcriptomes of the plant samples treated with the excess levels of boron to that of the samples grown under normal concentration were compared using differential display PCR method. Thirty bands showing differential expression levels at varying time points were analyzed. 18 of them were confirmed via qRT-PCR.