By applying the theory of compensating differentials on a self-compiled data set on the 67 sites in Sweden that offer medical internships, I seek to identify the factors of an internship that determine its salary. Because prospective interns tend to queue for popular internships, I use an estimated equilibrium salary that incorporates the opportunity cost of delaying the internship. I find a significant independent correlation between the travel time to the nearest major city and salary that is suggestive of a compensating differential. The results imply that a larger salary differentiation can mitigate the widespread phenomena of maldistribution of physicians.

Lee Chung-man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-61). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Empirical Findings on Gender Wage Differentials --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Determinants of the Earnings Equation --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Decomposition of Gender Wage Differentials --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Data Description --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- The Gender Earnings Gap in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Overall Gender Earnings Gap in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Gender Earnings Gap by Age Cohorts --- p.23 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Gender Earnings Gap by Education Levels --- p.24 / Chapter 4.4 --- The Gender Earnings Gap in Different Occupations --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- The Earnings Equation and Return to Education in Hong Kong --- p.28 / Chapter 5.1 --- Determinants of Monthly Earnings --- p.28 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Overall Regression Pattern of the Earnings Equation --- p.29 / Chapter 5.3 --- Return to Education by Age Cohorts --- p.31 / Chapter 5.4 --- Return to Education in Different Education Levels --- p.32 / Chapter 5.5 --- Return to Education in Different Occupations --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Decomposition of the Gender Wage Differential --- p.36 / Chapter 6.1 --- Results from the Blinder-Oaxaca Male Weighted Decomposition --- p.38 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results from the Blinder-Oaxaca Female Weighted Decomposition --- p.40 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results from other Decomposition Approaches --- p.41 / Chapter 6.4 --- Decomposition Results by Groups --- p.43 / Chapter 6.5 --- Comparison for the Decomposition Approaches --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.55 / Bibliography --- p.58 / Appendix --- p.62 / Tables --- p.68

This thesis compares two datasets, the Science and Engineering Indicators 2006 (SEI) and the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates (NSCG), and looks at the impact of sex on full-time annual salary while controlling for different variables. The SEI provides a study based on data from 1999 about the sex effects on salary, adds controls, and records the changes in the effect of sex on salary. The SEI study finds after adding controls for worker heterogeneity and compensating wage differentials, women with bachelor's degrees earn 11.0% less, women with master's degrees earn 8.0% less, and women with doctoral degrees earn 8.4% less than their male counterparts. My analysis of the NSCG finds after adding controls, women with bachelor's degrees earn 18.5% less, women with master?s degrees earn 18.7% less, and women with doctoral degrees earn 15.3% less than their male counterparts. Additionally, in the NSCG and the SEI the field of degree impacted the sex effects the most for bachelor's and master's degree holders. This research is useful to study the difference between these datasets from different time periods. Specifically, the difference in the sex wage gap and in the changing importance of certain variables affecting the sex wage gap.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Göteborg University, 2008. / Added title page with thesis statement and English abstract laid in. Includes bibliographical references.

The economic crisis of 2008 had substantial impacts on the global economy. The European Monetary Union was affected as well, however, the economic impacts also stirred up political discussions concerning functioning of the European Union and its unity as divergence of economic means among the member countries intensified during the crisis. Inflation and real interest rate differentials have to substantial degree the ability to measure the divergence among the member countries of a monetary union. A number of empirical studies measuring the differentials in the Euro area were conducted since the start of the financial crisis in 2008. These studies show growing inflation and real interest rate differentials among the countries of the Euro area, argue that the European Monetary Union is becoming less stable and often question its future. This paper conducts similar empirical analysis; however, it differs from the above mentioned works of other authors by the larger time gap between the start of financial crisis and the time of conducting the analysis as it uses data until the year of 2013. This paper also contributes to current literature by the methodology it uses. The inflation and interest rate differentials in EMU are calculated by two methods and their results are subsequently compared, which has not been done before. The inflation and interest rate differentials are calculated for the USA as well in order to have an entity which can be considered as a hypothetical optimum currency area and to which the differentials of EMU could be compared. The results of the analysis in this paper will state whether the magnitude of inflation and interest rate differentials is too high and it will also either confirm the trend of divergence of inflation and real interest rates within the Euro area or show that this divergence is only a short-time period phenomenon of after-crisis years. As this is an important and very recent issue of European Monetary Union the results of this paper should form interesting contribution to current literature on this topic.

Wage structure has shown to be crucial for firms and workers. However, there existwage dispersion for identical workers in labor markets. The paper measures the effectof industry and firm size on wages in Sweden. The results show that both industry andfirm size have significant effects on wages. Regarding the explanation factors, thefinding is that human capital factors can explain a portion of the industry wagedifferentials, but have less impact on wage differentials across firm size. However,compensating differentials and union organization are not the determinants of theindustry wage differentials and firm size-wage effects. In addition, unobservedindividual characteristics can partly explain firm size effect on wages, but cannotexplain industry wage differentials based on our samples.

Student Number : 0407524W - MA research report - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / Sex differentials in infant and child mortality have been reported in many studies. These studies posit that generally the male child has better survival advantage over than the female child. However, none of these studies have examined the role of ethnicity in understanding these differentials. The question then is, to which extent does sex differences in child mortality exist in a society with patrilineal and matrilineal structures. Using Ghana Demographic and Health Survey of 2003 (GDHS, 2003), the study examines the intensity of these differentials by employing indirect method of estimation, and bivariate and multiple regression models, while giving detailed consideration to the differences in biological and behavioural/environmental perspectives as regards child health and nutritional care. It is found that among all the four major ethnic groups in the country, including the matrilineal societies, the male child has higher survival advantage than the female counterpart. The study therefore concludes that ethnicity, be it matrilineal or patrilineal, does not make any difference in sex differentials in child mortality.

This dissertation examines gender pay disparity and women’s and men’s pay increase trajectories in a comparative analysis of the U.S. nonprofit and for-profit sectors. First, using the U.S. Censuses from 1990 and 2000, and the American Community Survey 2010-2014 data, this dissertation examines the nonprofit/for-profit difference in gender pay equity in Chapter 4. Traditionally, researchers have examined gender pay disparity across all industries in the entire economy combined. My analysis, however, focuses on 15 human service industries because nonprofit organizations are usually concentrated in those fields only. This empirical chapter makes two contributions to the field: first, it offers a more apples-to-apples comparison between pay in the nonprofit and for-profit sectors than previous research; second, it captures the gender pay disparity at three points in time, thus reflecting the change over the past 20 years. My industry-specific results challenge two normative assumptions: first, that nonprofits pay their workers lower than for-profits; and second, the smaller gender pay disparity in the nonprofit sector is a result of nonprofit pay compression. Leveraging theories from economics, sociology, and organizational studies, this empirical chapter pinpoints factors, such as industrial competition for labor, institutional pressures, level of unionization, and organizational form, that lead to a difference – or lack thereof – in the level of gender pay disparity between the two sectors. My second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) examines women’s and men’s pay increase trajectories in the nonprofit (NP) and for-profit (FP) sectors based on the Survey of Income and Program Participation 2008 panel data. This chapter traces the pay increases for four groups of workers: NP Stayers, FP Stayers, NP-FP Movers, and FP-NP Movers. The results show that there was selection in workers’ moving behaviors: NP-FP Movers tended to be those who were disadvantaged in the nonprofit sector, while FP-NP Movers tended to be those who were better off in the for-profit sector. The analysis does not find gender or sectoral difference in pay increase trajectories for workers who chose to stay in the same sector. This empirical chapter is the first attempt at tracing the pay trajectories of nonprofit and for-profit human service workers using longitudinal data.

This thesis utilises Productivity and Investment Climate Survey (PICS) 2007 data to explore native and immigrant wage determinants and wage differentials in Malaysia. The Oaxaca decomposition analysis is conducted by adapting Oaxaca and Ransom (1994) and Fortin (2008) with quantile regression to identify the non-discriminatory wage structure and the components of the wage differentials along the income distribution, making this as one of the contributions of this thesis. It then further explores the unexplained component of wage differentials by investigating the causes of educational mismatch and the effect of educational mismatch on native and immigrant wages. Findings show that the educational mismatch gives dissimilar effect on native and immigrant wages. Interestingly, the educational mismatch potentially widens the native-immigrant wage differentials. Further, this thesis explores the labour demand-side effect on native and immigrant wages. This thesis applies the dominance and decomposition analyses to identify and decompose the effect of individual and firm characteristics on wage separately. The results suggest that native wage is mostly determined by individual characteristics. On the other hand, firm and regional characteristics mostly determine the immigrant wage levels. This thesis establishes and enhances our understanding on the wage determinants and wage differentials that exist between native and immigrant as well as provides an empirical evidence of the educational mismatch and firm characteristics effects on wages of native and immigrant workers in Malaysia.

The United States has seen tremendous growth since it has achieved a population of 300 million. Interestingly, events like this mask the heterogeneity of fertility behavior particularly along racial/ethnic lines. Unfortunately, despite the voluminous literature examining the dynamics and differentials of fertility, extant studies suffer from several limitations including the treatment of racial/ethnic groups as homogenous, the cross-sectionality of their analyses, or their focus on either current or cumulative fertility ultimately underplaying the complexity of fertility behavior. Therefore, this dissertation investigates the fertility behavior of Mexican American and white women paying particular attention to race/ethnicity and social mobility by conducting a quantitative analysis of current and cumulative fertility behavior of women at three different points in their life course. The findings demonstrate the significant effect that socioeconomic characteristics and race have on explaining the higher fertility of Mexican American women in the United States thus, encouraging the adoption of a racial/ethnic stratification framework in studies of fertility.