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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Making wood durable. A sustainable approachwith linseed oil / Att göra trä beständigt. Ett hållbart tillvägagångssätt med linolja

Olsson, Helena January 2019 (has links)
Linseed oil has been and is used for vast number of applications, such as in food and paint industry, and wood preservation. It is a good environmental choice, as it originates from renewable sources. Linseed oil is mainly a mixture of triglyceride of fatty acids, both saturated and mono- or polyunsaturated, which allows the oil to oxidize. The oxidation occurs via an auto-oxidation mechanism with the carbon-carbon double bonds and oxygen from the air, reacts to form a polymer. Herein, four different linseed oils (three commercial ones and one industrially available) were analyzed to obtain a better understanding of why different oils provide different protection of wooden materials. This was done by a study of the unoxidized oil, followed by an oxidation time-resolved study of oxidized oil films. The analysis was done by nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and/or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. This study provided the fatty acid profile of the oils, which were similar for all oils. The unoxidized oils contained some metals ions which probably originate from additives. Aluminum, cobalt, iron, manganese, and zinc was detected in some of the oils at concentrations up to 135 mg/L, but only manganese was detected in all oils and its concentration was much higher than all other metals together. The time-resolved oxidation study had some problems with the solubility of the formed polymers. Several solvents were examined, such as dimethylsulfoxide, alkaline alcohol solutions and toluene, before chloroform-d was chosen as solvent. Though, chloroform-d was not a perfect solvent; it was capable to solve a fraction of the sample, but the fraction decreased with oxidation time. After fifteen days of oxidation, only a few percent of the sample could be dissolved, but for short oxidation times (<48 h) the majority of the samples were dissolved. The oils were analyzed after thirteen different oxidation times. Some structural changes appeared, for example loss of unsaturated protons and some oxidation products arose, such as peroxides and aldyhydes. The diffusion coefficient decreased over the first 3-4 days of oxidation, as expected when the polymerization progressed. After a week of oxidation, the diffusion coefficient increased again, this could possibly be explained by the solubility problem for the large polymer formed. Contrary, at shorter oxidation times this method probably could still be used, as the majority of the sample was dissolved. However, the solubility problem made it impossible to conclude anything about the oxidation rate at longer oxidation times and thus prevented any ranking of the oils. / Linolja har använts och används för många olika tillämpningar, till exempel i mat- och färgindustrin, samt för att bevara trä. Det är klimatmässigt ett bra val, då det kommer från en förnyelsebar källa. Linolja innehåller huvudsakligen en blandning av triglycerider av fettsyror, som både kan vara mättade, enkelomättade eller fleromättade, detta gör att linolja kan oxidera och torka. Oxidationen sker via en auto-oxidation mekanism, med kol-kol dubbelbindningarna och syre från luften som producerar till en polymer. I detta projekt undersöktes fyra olika linoljor (tre kommersiella och en industriell), för att ge en bättre förståelse till varför olika oljor ger olika bra skydd för trämaterial. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka de icke-oxiderade oljorna och sedan göra en tidsstudie på oxiderade oljefilmer. Alla dessa prover analyserades med nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and/or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Studien gav resultat på sammansättningen av fettsyror i oljorna, vilken var liknande för alla oljorna. De icke-oxiderade oljorna innehöll ett par metaller, som förmodligen kommer från additiv. Aluminium, kobolt, järn, mangan och zink hittades i några av oljorna i koncentrationer upp till 135 mg/L, men bara mangan var detekterad i alla oljorna och dess koncentration var högre än alla andra metaller tillsammans. Tidsstudien hade problem med lösligheten av proverna. Flertalet lösningsmedel undersöktes, exempelvis dimetylsulfoxid, alkaliska alkohollösningar och toluen, innan kloroform-d valdes som lösningsmedel. Däremot var kloroform-d inte ett perfekt lösningsmedel, den hade förmågan att lösa en del av proverna, men den delen minskade med oxidationstid. Efter femton dagar kunde den bara lösa ett par procent, men efter kortare oxideringstider (<48 h) gick majoriteten av proven att lösa. Oljorna analyserades vid tretton olika oxideringstider. Några strukturella förändringar uppmättes, till exempel minskade mängden dubbelbindningar, och ett par biprodukter från oxideringen detekterades, så som peroxider och aldehyder. Diffusionskonstanterna för oljorna minskade under de första 3-4 dagarna av oxidering, precis som förväntat under polymeriseringen. Efter en vecka av oxidering ökade diffusionskonstanterna igen, det kan förmodligen förklaras av löslighetsproblemen, då diffusionskonstanten är beroende av koncentrationen. Å andra sidan, vid kortare oxideringstider kan denna metod fortfarande användas, eftersom vid denna tidpunkt löste sig fortfarande majoriteten av provet. Dock, löslighetsproblemet gjorde det omöjligt att dra slutsatser kring längre oxideringstider och därmed förhindrades rangordning av oljorna.
2

Ultrafast diffusion-ordered NMR analysis of mixtures / Analyse de mélanges par RMN diffusionnelle ultrarapide

Guduff, Ludmilla 11 September 2018 (has links)
La spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) est un outil puissant qui permet l’étude directe de mélanges de manière non destructive. Les spectres RMN de petites molécules en solution peuvent être différenciés grâce à la stratégie DOSY (diffusion-ordered spectroscopy), une méthode de ‘chromatographie virtuelle’ qui s’appuie sur la mesure de coefficients de diffusion translationnelle. Les principaux obstacles à l’utilisation de la DOSY sont liés à la piètre sensibilité de la RMN de manière générale mais aussi à la nécessité d’introduire une dimension temporelle supplémentaire d’acquisition, ce qui va augmenter de manière significative la durée de l’expérience. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de mettre au point des outils inédits de RMN plus rapides et plus adaptés à la caractérisation de mélanges peu concentrés de petites molécules. Dans un premier temps, le concept de codage spatial de la diffusion dans l’expérience DOSY a été généralisé. Mis à profit dans les méthodes RMN dites ‘ultrarapides’, l’utilisation d’une dimension spatiale plutôt que temporelle pour encoder le phénomène de diffusion permet une accélération des expériences de RMN multidimensionnelles de plusieurs ordres de grandeur. L’acquisition séquentielle de spectres est remplacée par une acquisition parallèle de ces spectres dans différentes parties de l’échantillon. L’étude poussée des méthodes de DOSY rapides s’est appuyée sur des outils de simulation numérique dans le but d’améliorer la résolution des spectres et la précision des résultats. Les problèmes de sensibilité ont été abordés via le couplage des méthodes DOSY rapides avec des méthodes d’hyperpolarisation qui permettent d’augmenter l’intensité du signal. La combinaison des méthodes de diffusion conventionnelles avec les méthodes avancées de RMN ultrarapide et d’hyperpolarisation permettront des avancées significatives pour l’analyse de mélanges, en particulier les mélanges dynamiques. / NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool that allows a direct study of mixtures in a non-invasive manner. The NMR spectra of molecular species in mixtures can be separated with diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), a ‘virtual chromatography’ approach based on the measurement of translational diffusion coefficients. Major limitation of DOSY comes from the time-dependent diffusion dimension, which results in long experiment durations, and also from the low sensitivity of NMR. The present work aims to build an innovative tool for mixtures characterization that will be faster and more efficient for low concentrated samples. We first generalized the concept of nD spatially encoded (SPEN) DOSY experiments for the analysis of complex mixtures. As bring forward by the so-called “ultrafast NMR” (UF NMR), the use of a spatial dimension to encode diffusion can accelerate experiments by several orders of magnitude since it replaces the sequential acquisition of sub-experiments by a parallel acquisition in different slices of the sample. More advanced exploration of SPENDOSY were carried out using numerical simulations for purpose of resolution and accuracy improvement. To address sensitivity issues, we then demonstrated that SPENDOSY data can be collected for hyperpolarized substrates. This particular coupling between conventional diffusion-based method with advanced techniques such as ultrafast NMR and hyperpolarization should mark a significant progress for complex mixtures analysis especially for time-evolving processes.

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