Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-16T13:38:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lilianedepaulamendonca.pdf: 840671 bytes, checksum: d3415357a9f75507728dd90212a86318 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:14:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lilianedepaulamendonca.pdf: 840671 bytes, checksum: d3415357a9f75507728dd90212a86318 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:14:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lilianedepaulamendonca.pdf: 840671 bytes, checksum: d3415357a9f75507728dd90212a86318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-11 / A difusão global de políticas públicas em sociedades em desenvolvimento na década de noventa, apresenta-se como um processo consolidado de adoção de políticas estruturadoras em especial, no campo da educação. Essas políticas se afirmam pela implementação de políticas e programas nacionais e subnacionais, voltados para subsidiar e orientar a política educacional na Educação Básica. Nos países do continente latino-americano as avaliações de eficácia escolar passam a corresponder aos modelos de políticas de resultados implementados no período pós-reforma. Considerando a influência do Banco Mundial na definição das políticas adotadas no continente, a pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar o processo de difusão de modelos de avaliação de políticas em larga escala no contexto da modernização da gestão da educação, em países recém-democratizados na América Latina. A metodologia da pesquisa aborda os estudos comparativos internacionais de política educacional pública. Em uma análise investigativa e exploratória dos modelos de avaliação aplicados no continente, espera-se demonstrar como o processo de adoção de modelos de política de avaliação de sistemas educacionais materializou em países como Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Mexico, na década de 1990. Constatou-se que no continente latino-americano, o processo decisório dos governos nacionais foi balizado em uma visão desenvolvimentista, apoiado no processo de descentralização do setor educacional e influenciado institucionalmente pelo Banco Mundial. O processo ocorre pelo consenso dos governos latino-americanos à expertise do Banco Mundial no delineamento de modelos de políticas de avaliação em larga escala em sua maioria em caráter amostral. No nível subnacional, em especial no Brasil, a adoção das políticas públicas de avaliação em larga escala apresenta-se articulada na esfera nacional, contudo, a sua difusão localiza-se na autonomia e no protagonismo dos governos estaduais, em um processo de aprendizagem política, a partir da rede horizontal de desenhos políticos avaliativos que se estabelecem no país, os quais disseminam inovações que tendem a contribuir para um processo hegemônico de difusão de modelos avaliativos censitários na federação. / The global diffusion of public policies in developing societies in the 1990's, is presented as a consolidated adoption process of structuring policies in particular in the field of education. These public policies are stated by implementing the national and subnational policies and programs, suitable to subsidize the policy of the Basic Education. In the countries of the Latin American continent the assessment of school effectiveness shall correspond to the models of policies result implemented in the post-reform period. Considering the influence of the World Bank in shaping policies adopted on the continent, the survey's purpose is to analyze the diffusion process of policy evaluation models on a large scale in the context of modernization of education management in newly democratized countries in Latin America. The methodology approaches the interpretation of official documents by the international comparative studies of educational public policy. In an investigative and exploratory analysis of the assessment models implemented on the continent, is expected to demonstrate how the process of adoption of models of evaluation of educational systems policy materialized in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, in the 1990's. It was found that in the Latin American continent, the decision-making process by national governments was marked in a developmental vision, supported the decentralization process in the education sector and institutionally influenced by the World Bank. The process occurs by consensus of Latin American governments to the expertise of the World Bank, in the design of policy models of large-scale evaluation mostly in sample character. On a subnational level, specifically in Brazil, the adoption of the public policies assessment, to a large extent, is nationally articulate. Nevertheless, its propagation is connected with the autonomy and protagonism of the state governments, in a process of learning policy from the horizontal network of an evaluative political process which is stablished in the country , and that promulgate innovations to contribute to a hegemonic diffusion of the assessment census patterninnovations to contribute to a hegemonic diffusion of the assessment census pattern

Depuis le début des années 2000, de plus en plus de pays décident d’introduire à leur droit pénal un nouvel outil de « justice négociée » utilisé pour des délits de corruption transnationale. Ainsi, cette troisième voie, s’ajoutant à la décision de poursuivre ou non, est maintenant utilisée pour les personnes morales par les procureurs aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni, en France, au Brésil, au Canada et ailleurs. De cette façon, les compagnies peuvent, sans reconnaissance de culpabilité, éviter un procès criminel par le paiement d’une amende et par des engagements de meilleure gouvernance. Dans cette recherche, notre attention se pose plus particulièrement sur le cas de la France. Longtemps pointé du doigt par les instances internationales comme un mauvais élève de la lutte à la corruption transnationale et avec une culture juridique particulière, il nous semble surprenant que Paris décide d’aller de l’avant, en 2016, avec une justice plus souple, inspirée de principes anglo-saxons. Comment pouvons-nous expliquer ce changement soudain ? Nous répondons à ce questionnement en nous inspirant des littératures sur les mécanismes de diffusion des politiques publiques qui s’attardent à comprendre comment le choix d’un gouvernement peut être influencé par les décisions d’acteurs externes. Représentant chacune un mécanisme causal, quatre hypothèses sont retenues, soit celles de coercition, de compétition, d’émulation et d’apprentissage. À travers un traçage de processus minutieux et surtout l’analyse des discours des politiciens français, nous arrivons à la conclusion que la diffusion des outils de « justice négociée » pour lutter contre la corruption transnationale amène une explication suffisante pour comprendre le changement législatif soudain de l’Hexagone. De façon plus générale, l’interaction des différents mécanismes de diffusion de politique nous amène à penser que l’utilisation d’une justice plus souple pour ce type de délit n’est pas près de s’arrêter. / Since the early 2000s, more and more countries have decided to introduce into their criminal law a new tool of "negotiated justice" for foreign bribery offenses. Thus, this third route, in addition to the decision to prosecute or not, is now used for legal persons by prosecutors in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Brazil, Canada and elsewhere. In this way, companies can, without admission of guilt, avoid a criminal trial through the payment of a fine and through commitments to better governance. In this research, our attention is particularly focused on the case of France. Long pointed out by international organizations as a bad student in the fight against transnational corruption and with a particular legal culture, it seems surprising to us that Paris decides to move forward with a more flexible justice, inspired by Anglo-Saxons principles, in 2016. How can we explain this sudden catching up? We respond to this questioning by drawing inspiration from literature on the mechanisms of policy diffusion, which focuses on understanding how the choice of a government can be influenced by the decisions of external actors. Each representing a causal mechanism, four hypotheses are retained, namely those of coercion, competition, emulation and learning. Through careful process tracing and especially the analysis of the speeches of French politicians, we come to the conclusion that the diffusion of the tools of “negotiated justice” to fight against foreign bribery provides a sufficient explanation to understand the sudden catching up of the Hexagon. More generally, the interaction of the different policy diffusion mechanisms leads us to believe that the use of more flexible justice for this type of crime is not about to stop.