This thesis comprises of five chapters. Chapter one describes basic principles of the digital image, digital image construction and the present status of the digital photogrammetry system, named PHOENICS (PHOtogrammetric ENgineering and Industrial digital Camera System), as developed by H. Rüther (1989). The target's shape analysis in the digital image are presented in chapter two. Chapter three presents the algorithms to detect and locate target on the digital image. These are the least squares adjustment technique, moment method, moment-preserving for edge detection as well as test methods for the evaluation of the various alglorithms. The novel RG method is presented in chapter four. Chapter five introduces the theory of some image processing methods.

Bibliography: p. 257-269. The aim of this thesis was to consolidate and comment on the image measure literatures, and to find through experiment the salient properties of electronically displayed real world complex imagery that impacts on human performance. These experiments were carried out for well specified visual tasks and the appropriate application of image measures to this imagery, to predict human performance, was considered.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 257-269).

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The advent of nuclear DNA (nuDNA) analysis altered the way forensic biology was both practised and viewed by the forensic biologists, police, the legal system and the general public. The ability of nuDNA to individualise analysis of evidence and attach a statistical frequency ratio to the result, created an expectation that numerical objectivity should be part of all forensic analysis. There are few scientists who would disagree with both the need and desirability of objective measures of their results. Forensic hair examiners are no exception as indicated by numerous scientific publications specifically discussing means of objectively assessing hair and its characteristics. While mitochondrial DNA offers a partially objective measure of hair the result is destructive of the sample. A method that objectively supports the hair analysts' microscopic findings and is non destructive would be beneficial to forensic hair examination. This project attempted to develop an objective measure of hair analysis by using both traditional light microscopic comparative techniques combined with a high end digital imaging and image analysis capacity. Where objectivity equals an empirical set of numbers that can be manipulated for statistical significance, the comparative biological sciences such as histology, anthropology and forensic hair examination struggle. Forensic hair examiners have long acknowledged the difficulty, even inability, of assigning numerical values to the features that characterise one hair as being different from another. The human scalp hair is a "morphological" unit that is not readily split into component parts or even that these parts lend themselves to a number value. There have been at least nine separate studies which favourably compare the specificity of microscopic hair examinations. The challenge this study addressed was to appraise the use of numerical features in forensic hair examination, with particular emphasis on those features currently resisting numerical evaluation; specifically, colour and pigmentary characteristics. The techniques used were based on obtaining high quality digital images, and using the pixels inherent in the images to obtain numerical values of such features as colour and pigmentation. The project sample was taken from the telogen scalp hairs obtained from the hairbrushes of ten nominally brown haired Caucasians, both male and female. The focus was twofold: o Compare colour analysis of hair images from brown haired Caucasians within three standard, internationally recognized colour models, namely Red-Green-Blue (RGB) colour model; CIE XYZ Tristimulus (1931) colour model; and CIE L*a*b* (1976) colour model. o Using the same sets of digital images, undertake pattern recognition analysis both intra and inter individual hair samples. Discriminate analysis of the mean colour values collected for each of the inherent colour variables in the three colour models (red, green, blue; X, Y, Z and L*, a*, b*) indicated the RGB colour model gave the least separation of brown haired individuals; CIE XYZ and CIE L*a*b* separated several individuals for all their individual samples and several other individuals were mostly separated with only one of their own samples overlapping with another. Pattern analysis used a small area that represented the overall pigment patterning observed along the length of the hair shaft. This area was extracted from the digital image within V++ Digital Optics image analysis software. The extracted pattern piece was then compared with other sample images within the same hair and four other hairs from the same individual. Pattern extracts were also compared between person hair samples. The comparisons generated a set of numerical values based on the pixel number on the "x" axis of the whole image and the average difference between the extracted pattern image and the whole image. Analysis of this data resulted in log distributions when persons were matched with themselves. It was also possible to refer an unknown pattern extract to this distribution and based on probabilities, predict as to whether or not the unknown sample fell within any of the known sample's distribution.

Tobacco seed performance is traditionally measured as percentage germination at 14 d under controlled laboratory conditions. However, under greenhouse conditions, seed lots with equal 14-d germination may exhibit substantial differences in uniformity of early seedling growth and spiral root incidence that impact the number of usable transplants. A seedling performance index (SPI) was developed to quantitatively describe greenhouse tobacco seedling performance. The 14-d emergence, relative leaf area uniformity, and seedling leaf area determined by computer image analysis were used to calculate the index. Greenhouse tobacco seed trials demonstrated that seed with the Rickard pellet had higher emergence, but the higher spiral root incidence associated with the Rickard pellet lowered the SPI compared to the Cross Creek pellet. Primed seed lots of flue-cured cultivars (NC 72 and NC 71) had a significantly higher SPI than the nonprimed seed lots at one location but not at a second location. Seed lots sown in Premier Pro-Mix TA commercial medium had a higher spiral root incidence, which resulted in a lower SPI compared to Carolina Choice, Carolina Gold, and Sunshine LP5 commercial media. The index quantitatively determined differences in seedling performance under greenhouse conditions not reflected by standard germination tests. Significant differences in the SPI were observed among seed lots with certified 90% germination. The SPI is a simple method to describe seedling performance because the data used to calculate the SPI is obtained from one seed tray image. In contrast, frequent counting and seedling evaluations are involved with standard germination and vigor tests. / Master of Science

The goal of this thesis is to build an interactive tool for analyzing the quality of a digital image and predicting the scale at which it may be published. Since edges are present almost everywhere in most digital images, we use a mathematical edge model as the basis of analysis. In particular, we are interested in the luminance and chromaticity behavior at edge boundaries. We use this model to develop PhETA — Photograph Edge Transition Analyzer — an interactive tool that allows novice users to view and understand the results gained from this analysis in a clear and simple manner. / Master of Science

During the past decades there has been an increase in the use of geosynthetics in construction due to their versatility in providing a wide array of functions such as reinforcement, containment, separation, filtration and drainage. Often, geosynthetics are used in conjunction with other geosynthetics to accomplish these functions. However, geosynthetics create possible planes of weakness which can lead to failures. Textured geomembranes are widely used within landfill and mining industries due to their containment and shear strength properties, however, there are subjected to a wide array of loads and environments which are potentially hazardous, as such is of utmost importance to retain their integrity in order to avoid ecological disasters. The challenge is to understand how geomembranes resist damage, wear and which of these factors control the development of wear on textured geomembranes. Digital imaging techniques have been used in order to develop a protocol that describes the quantification of wear on textured structured geomembranes. Direct shear tests were performed to induce wear on the geomembrane textures (asperities) to analyse the wear mechanisms and study the factors that induce wear on the asperities. The research showed that normal stress and shear displacement have a major role in the development of wear on interfaces. However, the geometrical characteristics of the geomembrane asperities control the amount of wear the geomembrane can sustain without significant shear strength loss. These outcomes help to better understand the behaviour of interfaces which have as component geomembranes, leading to more robust designs. This study also proposed new asperity texture shapes by using Rapid Prototyping (RP) techniques, such as Selective Laser Sintering and Fused Filament Fabrication. Using RP techniques to create new textures for the geomembrane, could allow the creation of textures which have increased shear strength thresholds and better withstand wear, allowing for more advanced and economical designs.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-77).