Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Lasers sintonizáveis ao redor de 2,3 μm são interessantes para várias áreas, como detecção de gases, sensoriamento remoto e aplicações médicas. O túlio é o principal sistema entre os lasers de terras-raras com essa emissão e pode ser bombeado diretamente ou por meio de um sensibilizador como o itérbio. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se a obtenção de um laser de Yb:Tm:YLF com emissão de 620 mW em 2,3 μm bombeado em 960 nm por diodo-laser de 20 W do tipo barra em regime quase-contínuo. Investiga-se o bombeamento de um cristal de Tm:YLF em 685 nm e obtém-se de forma inédita um laser de Yb:Tm:YLF bombeado simultaneamente em 685 e 960 nm. Demonstra-se teórica e experimentamente sua maior eficiência em relação ao bombeamento apenas por 960 nm. Por meio de simulações numéricas e soluções analíticas, mostra-se a melhor relação de potência de bombeamento de cada comprimento de onda para se otimizar o laser. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Tandem pumping technique are traditionally adopted to develop > 3-kW continuous-wave (cw) Yb3+-doped fiber lasers, which are usually pumped by other fiber lasers at shorter wavelengths (1018 nm e.g.). Fiber lasers directly pumped by laser diodes have higher wall-plug efficiency and are more compact. Here we report two high brightness monolithic cw fiber laser sources at 1080 nm. Both lasers consist of a cw fiber laser oscillator and one laser-diode pumped double cladding fiber amplifier in the master oscillator-power amplifier configuration. One laser, using 30-mu m-core Yb3+-doped fiber as the gain medium, can produce > 5-kW average laser power with near diffraction-limited beam quality (M-2<1.8). The slope efficiency of the fiber amplifier with respect to the launched pump power reached 86.5%. The other laser utilized 50-mu m-core Yb3+-doped fiber as the gain medium and produced > 8-kW average laser power with high beam quality (M-2: similar to 4). The slope efficiency of the fiber amplifier with respect to the launched pump power reach 83%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed report for > 5-kW near-diffraction-limited and > 8-kW high-brightness monolithic fiber lasers directly pumped by laser diodes.

Since most of the energy input is converted to thermal energy in laser applications, the proper thermal management of laser systems is an important issue. Maintaining the laser diode and crystal temperature distributions in a narrow range during the operation is the most crucial requirement for the cooling of a laser system. In the present study, thermoelectric cooling (TEC) of a 1064 nm wavelength diode pumped laser source is investigated both experimentally and numerically. During the heat removal process, the thermal resistance through and between the materials, the proper integration of the TEC assembly, and the heat sink efficiency become important. For the aim of evaluating and further improving the system performance, various assembly configurations, highly conductive components, efficient interface materials and heat sink alternatives are considered. Several experiments are conducted during the system development stage, and parallel numerical simulations are performed both for comparison and also for providing valuable input for the system design. Results of the experiments and the simulations agree well with each other. As the laser device works in the transient regime, the experiments and the simulations are also implemented in this regime. In the final part of the study, the experiments are performed under the actual device working conditions. It is proved that with the designed TEC module and the copper heat sink system, the laser device can operate longer than the required operational time successfully.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-07-23T10:59:51Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T10:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um sistema laser utilizando como meio ativo um cristal de YLF cortado em ângulo de Brewster e dopado com 15mol% de érbio substituindo o ítrio, emitindo na região dos 3 m e bombeado por diodo laser com pico de emissão em 975 nm. Com este sistema foi obtido 1,80(18) W operando em regime quasecontínuo. O oscilador foi otimizado para aplicações médicas operando com potência máxima em 250 s de tempo de pulso. O peculiar comportamento temporal do laser foi estudado neste trabalho pela primeira vez, assim como a otimização da potência máxima em função da duração do pulso. Há diferenças nos mecanismos intrínsicos do laser quando este é operado em regime contínuo ou pulsado, especialmente no efeito da transferência de energia por conversão ascendente W22, cujo valor ainda é muito divergente na literatura. O valor estimado neste trabalho para este parâmetro de transferência de energia é 2,0x10-16 cm3/s. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-07-23T10:59:51Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T10:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Lasers Raman são dispositivos que proporcionam uma maneira prática de transformar comprimentos de onda fundamentais em novas linhas espectrais via Espalhamento Raman Estimulado (Stimulated Raman Scattering - SRS). Quando combinados com outros processos de conversão não lineares, os lasers Raman fornecem acesso a comprimentos de onda na região do visível no espectro eletromagnético, que de outra maneira seriam de difícil acesso, como o laranja-amarelo, verde-limão e diversas linhas no azul. A grande vantagem dos lasers Raman é a possibilidade de geração de múltiplas frequências a partir de uma mesma combinação de cristais, tornando esse tipo de laser dispositivos baratos e compactos quando comparados a tecnologias como OPO. Neste trabalho um cristal de Nd:YVO4 foi bombeado por diodo, em configuração transversal, sendo o cristal o responsável pela emissão laser e pelo espalhamento Raman. Na primeira parte do trabalho, a cavidade utilizada apresentava alto fator de qualidade para o comprimento de onda fundamental (1064 nm) e foi estudada a operação laser do 1º Stokes (1176 nm) em regimes de operação quase contínua (q-cw) e contínua (cw). Foi explorada a configuração com uma dobra do feixe laser em ângulo rasante na superfície de bombeamento, bem como a configuração com duas dobras nesta mesma superfície (double beam mode controlling - DBMC). Na segunda parte do trabalho, um cristal LBO foi utilizado para a geração do segundo harmônico (SHG) em 588 nm, o que corresponde a um laser laranja-amarelo. Foi utilizada a configuração com uma dobra e operação cw,com a qual a cavidade apresentava alto fator de qualidade tanto para o 1064 nm quanto 1176 nm. Com a configuração de uma dobra, foi demonstrado que o laser Raman opera em multimodo, com uma variedade de modos de Hermite-Gauss que puderam ser selecionados através apenas do alinhamento da cavidade, incluindo o modo TEM00. Com configuração DBMC, o laser apresentou operação estável oscilando o modo TEM00. Em 1176 nm em regime q-cw, foi obtida a potência máxima de 8,2 W por pulso (multimodo) e 11,7% de eficiência óptica de conversão (diodo para o 1º Stokes), e operando em modo TEM00 a potência máxima de 3,7 W por pulso e eficiência de 5,4% foi obtida com a configuração de duas dobras, de maneira que a tecnologia DBMC se mostrou eficiente para geração de um laser robusto e estável operando com o modo TEM00. Em regime cw o melhor resultado em termos de potência e eficiência foi obtido com a configuração de uma dobra, correspondendo a 1,8 W e 7,3% de eficiência com o laser operando em multimodo. Com o laser laranja, foi demonstrada a operação do modo TEM00 para potências de bombeamento abaixo de 14,5 W. A potência máxima obtida em multimodo foi 820 mW correspondendo a 4% de eficiência óptica de conversão. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

We use spectroscopy to study infrared optoelectronic inter and intraband semiconductor carrier dynamics. The overall aim of this thesis was to study both III-V and Pb chalcogenide material systems in order to show their future potential use in infrared emitters. The effects of bandstructure engineering have been studied in the output characteristics of mid-IR III-V laser diodes to show which processes (defects, radiative, Auger and phonon) dominate and whether non-radiative processes can be suppressed. A new three-beam pump probe experiment was used to investigate interband recombination directly in passive materials. Experiments on PbSe and theory for non-parabolic near-mirror bands and non-degenerate statistics were in good agreement. Comparisons with HgCdTe showed a reduction in the Auger coefficient of 1-2 orders of magnitude in the PbSe. Using Landau confinement to model spatial confinement in quantum dots (QDs) "phonon bottlenecking" was studied. The results obtained from pump probe and cyclotron resonance saturation measurements showed a clear suppression in the cooling of carriers when Landau level separation was not resonant with LO phonon energy. When a bulk laser diode was placed in a magnetic field to produce a quasi quantum wire device the resulting enhanced differential gain and reduced Auger recombination lowered Ith by 30%. This result showed many peaks in the light output which occurred when the LO phonon energy was a multiple of the Landau level separation. This showed for the first time evidence of the phonon bottleneck in a working laser device. A new technique called time resolved optically detected cyclotron resonance, was used as a precursor to finding the earner dynamics within a spatially confined quantum dot. By moving to the case of a spatial QD using an optically detected intraband resonance it was possible to measure the energy separation interband levels and conduction and valence sublevels within the dot simultaneously. Furthermore this technique has been shown that the inhomogeneous broadening of the photoluminescence spectrum is not purely affected by just size and composition. We suggest that other processes such as state occupancy, In roughing, and exciton binding energies may account for the extra energy.

Le remplacement des lasers à colorant émettant dans la gamme 550-570 nm, à l'aide de lasers solides, représente un véritable enjeu industriel. Les applications sont multiples tant dans le domaine de la recherche biomédicale que dans celui de la métrologie. Quelques solutions ont été développées à 561 nm et à 553 nm. Néanmoins, elles ne permettent pas de fournir des lasers intégrables parfaitement mono-fréquences émettant en continu un faisceau gaussien, d'une puissance supérieure ou égale à 200 mW. Dans ces travaux, nous proposons une étude théorique et expérimentale de cavités lasers solides monolithiques à base de Nd:YAG pompé par diode, doublé en fréquence en intra-cavité, à l'aide d'un cristal non-linéaire de KTP. Ces cavités, constituées de plusieurs cristaux, sont contactées par adhérence moléculaire. Elles ne contiennent aucune optique de mise en forme des faisceaux et présentent la particularité de comporter un double filtre de Lyot. Nous présentons les résultats obtenus avec des cavités émettant à 561 nm pour des puissances supérieures ou égales à 300 mW. Puis, après une étude statistique et une analyse des résultats de test de ces cavités à long terme (> 6000 heures), nous discutons des problèmes éventuels de fiabilité et nous suggérons des axes d'amélioration. Ayant réussi à faire osciller, pour la première fois, la raie à 1106 nm du Nd:YAG, nous montrons ensuite la faisabilité d'un laser compact mono-fréquence continu à 553 nm, émettant une puissance de 200 mW à 500 mW avec un rendement de conversion pompe/laser visible de l'ordre de 19 %. Pour conclure, nous montrons qu'il est possible, dans des cavités de ce type, de faire osciller des raies Raman issues des raies fondamentales et de les doubler en fréquence en intra-cavité. Nous ouvrons ainsi la porte à toute une famille de lasers solides émettant dans la gamme 540-600 nm. / Replacement of dye lasers emitting in the range 550-570 nm, using solid state lasers, is a real industrial issue. There are many applications both in the field of biomedical research than in metrology. Some solutions have been developed for 561 nm and 553 nm. However, they do not provide fully integrated lasers emitting single-frequency continuous Gaussian beam with a power equal or up to 200 mW. In this work, we propose a theoretical and experimental study of solid monolithic cavity lasers based on Nd:YAG diode-pumped, frequency-doubled intra-cavity, using a non-linear crystal of KTP. These cavities, consisting of several crystals, are contacted by molecular adhesion. They contain no optical layout of the beams and they have the particularity of including a double Lyot filter. We present the results obtained with those cavities emitting at 561 nm for powers greater than 300 mW. Then, after a statistical study and analysis of test results of these cavities in the long term (> 6000 hours), we discuss about the potential problems of reliability and we suggest areas for improvement. For the first time, we show that the line at 1106 nm of the Nd: YAG can oscillate in this type of cavity. Then we demonstrate the feasibility of a compact single-frequency laser at 553 nm continuously, emitting a power of 200 mW to 500 mW with a conversion efficiency of pump / visible laser of about 19%. Finally, we show that it is possible, in cavities of this type, to oscillate the Raman lines from the lines of the fundamental and doubled frequency in intra-cavity. We open the door to a whole family of solid state lasers emitting in the range of 540-600 nm.

Parmi les nombreuses applications des sources laser, certaines nécessitent une propagation du faisceau dans l'atmosphère sur plusieurs kilomètres : télémétrie, désignation, ou encore imagerie active. Pour éviter tout risque oculaire tout en proposant de plus grandes portées, ces applications doivent faire appel à des sources laser émettant une longueur d'onde dans la gamme à sécurité oculaire autour d'un minimum local d'absorption de l'atmosphère (1550-1650 nm). De telles sources existent déjà commercialement, mais ne répondent pas aux exigences militaires de compacité, de consommation électrique, de performance et de fonctionnement sur une large gamme de température (-40°C/+60°C).Mes travaux de thèse tentent d'apporter une réponse à l'ensemble de ces exigences. Avec l'aide des partenaires industriels Fibercryst et Cilas, ils portent sur la réalisation de sources laser compactes et efficaces à fibre cristalline Er3+:YAG directement pompée par une diode laser pour des applications militaires.A l'aide d'un algorithme de simulation d'un laser Er3+:YAG déclenché passivement élaboré et affiné durant la thèse, plusieurs sources sont réalisées expérimentalement. L'étude autour des absorbants saturables pour le déclenchement passif a permis une amélioration notable des caractéristiques du faisceau.Ces recherches, dont les résultats peuvent déjà présenter un certain intérêt commercial, ouvrent la voie vers de nouvelles techniques et architectures autour des sources laser à cristaux dopés aux ions erbium pour la conception de futurs prototypes plus performants. / Among the several applications of laser sources, some requires kilometers range propagation in the atmosphere : telemetry, guidance system or active imagery. High pulse energy improves the range of the system, but may cause permanent blindness to an observer's eyes. Hence, these applications must use laser beam which wavelength are located in the eye-safe region, ideally at the local minimum of the atmosphere absorption (1550-1650 nm). Such laser sources are already commercially available, but are not suited for the demanding military needs : compacity, electrical consumption, performance and large operating temperature range (-40°C/+60°C).My work aims to develop a laser source filling these specifications. Thanks to the collaboration with the industrial partners Fibercryst and Cilas, it focuses on the design of a compact, efficient, directly diode-pumped Er3+:YAG single cristal fiber laser for military applications.With a homemade numerical simulation of a passively Q-switched Er3+:YAG laser source, many laser emitters are experimentally designed and compared. Further studies around saturable absorbers allowed sensible improvements of the output pulse energy.This work, whose results may already be commercially interesting, may lead to new technics and architectures of erbium doped solid-state laser for better prototypes.