Dipoles are expected to often dramatically enhance the mutual collision rate of diffusing particles (above the effects of Brownian or turbulent motion). However, this spreading awareness of the possible influence of discrete dipoles on particles is still based largely on theory, and some qualitative experience of particle behaviour from microgravity experiments. Individual particle dipoles have not yet been definitely isolated in experiments, nor measured in practical situations. In this project, it was intended to measure, for the first time, distributions of dipole strength (as well as net charge and particle size) on particulates dispersed into air by typical industrial and pharmaceutical processing methods. The instruments designed to do this were built around a sampling head which allowed examination of a flow of dust dispersed into an air stream. During dispersal, the particles suffered tribocharging by mutual separation and collision on walls. Examination of the particles involved recording the path of particles as they moved through a non-uniform electric field around a central electrode, which was supplied with high voltage. Particles were attracted towards the central electrode (of 0.5 mm diameter in this study) if they contained dipoles, independent of the polarity of the field or their net charge. Particles to be examined were illuminated by a laser sheet as they moved past, and a high speed video captured their trajectories (over a field of view of around 5 mm). The equation of motion of a particle which involved the forces of both particle net charge and dipole strength was applied to the particle path to evaluate both these parameters. The particle trajectories were modelled, and checked against the observed experimental trajectories. The voltage applied to the probe varied from 4 kV to 18 kV but for most of the runs 6 kV voltage was used. The electric field around the probe tip was assumed to be same as that for a spherical electrode of the same size as the probe. The flow field axially towards and around the probe tip was calculated using the Stokes creeping flow equations around a sphere. The calculated electric and flow fields were checked against COMSOL Multiphysics models applied to actual geometries and flow regimes. The rotation dynamics of the particles was also considered important in the technique, requiring possibly extra knowledge of the initial direction of the dipole. The flow was led through a lateral field between two plates in order to orient the direction of any dipoles in the direction of the lateral field. The expected orientation of dipoles coming out of the plates was used as an initial guess of their orientation for modelling the rotation of the dipoles when they entered the probe field. Misalignment after leaving the plate field and before entering the probe field was also considered, and was found to be important due to vortices characterised by smoke and particle studies. However, the trajectory modelling revealed that the particles studied quickly rotated into alignment with the probe field, providing maximum attractive force to the probe, and so the values of net charge and dipole strength obtained did not depend on the initial orientation. Estimated errors of particle position and diameter used in all the calculation steps were judged to be well within a basic image error limit of ±1 pixel. Some particle trajectories showed unexplainable shapes which was traced to the influence of large mixing eddies around the gas/particle jet. A check for corona discharge at the probe tip was made both at the beginning and at the end of the sampling experiments. No corona was detected initially (up to 18 kV), but a discharge could be observed at voltages close to 7 kV in the later checks. Particles of acrylic, glass bubbles, whole milk and fertiliser powder were sampled and net charges and dipole charges were estimated. The sampled particles overall had net charge and dipole charge in the range of 10-15 C to 10-12 C on individual particles with diameters 20 μm -130 μm. Dipoles were more evident (more easily measured) for glass bubbles but the presence of dipoles on other particle samples was found and could not be completely ruled out for many of them. The analysis procedure is presently time consuming but can be automated so it is recommended in the future that it should be automated. The work can be extended into industrial situations by sampling moving dust suspensions, e.g. fluid bed overflows and pneumatically conveyed outflows, useful in the dairy and fertilizer industries.

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 20, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-68). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, November, 1995. / Title from PDF t.p.

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<p> EEG is a noninvasive technique useful for the human brain mapping and for the estimation of neural electrical activities in human brain. A goal of processing EEG signals of a subject is the localization of neural current sources in human brain known as dipoles. Although this location estimation problem can be modeled as a particular kind of parameter estimation problem as in array signal processing, the nonlinear structure of an EEG electrode array, which is much more complicated than a traditional sensor array, makes the problem more difficult. </p> <p> In this thesis, we formulate the inverse problem of the forward model on computing the scalp EEG at a finite set of sensors from multiple dipole sources. It is observed that the geometric structure of the EEG array plays a crucial role in ensuring a unique solution for this problem. We first present a necessary and sufficient condition in the model of a single rotating dipole, that guarantees its location to be uniquely determined, when the second-order statistic of the EEG observation is available. In addition, for a single rotating dipole, a closed-form solution to uniquely determine its position is obtained by exploiting the geometrical structure of the EEG array. </p> <p> In the case of multiple dipoles, we suggest the use of the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator, which is often considered optimum in parameter estimation. We propose an efficient localization algorithm based on QR decomposition. Depending on whether or not the probability density functions of the dipole amplitude and the noise are available, we utilize the non-coherent ML or the LS as the criterion to develop a unified successive localization algorithm, so that solving the original multi-dipole optimization problem can be approximated by successively solving a series of single-dipole optimization problems. Numerical simulations show that our methods have much smaller estimation errors than the existing RAP-MUSIC method under non-ideal situations such as low SNR with small number of EEG sensors. </p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

"In the design of any antenna radiator, single or multi-element, a significant amount of time and resources is spent on impedance matching. There are broadly two approaches to impedance matching; the first is the distributed impedance matching approach which leads to modifying the antenna geometry itself by identifying appropriate degrees of freedom within the structure. The second option is the lumped element approach to impedance matching. In this approach instead of modifying the antenna geometry a passive network attempts to equalize the impedance mismatch between the source and the antenna load. This thesis introduces a new technique of impedance matching using lumped circuits (passive, lossless) for electrically small (short) non-resonant dipole/monopole antennas. A closed form upper-bound on the achievable transducer gain (and therefore the reflection coefficient) is derived starting with the Bode-Fano criterion. A 5 element equalizer is proposed which can equalize all dipole/monopole like antennas. Simulation and experimental results confirm our hypothesis. The second contribution of this thesis is in the design of broadband, small size, modular arrays (2, 4, 8 or 16 elements) using the distributed approach to impedance matching. The design of arrays comprising a small number of elements cannot follow the infinite array design paradigm. Instead, the central idea is to find a single optimized radiator (unit cell) which if used to build the 2x1, 4x1, 2x2 arrays, etc. (up to a 4x4 array) will provide at least the 2:1 bandwidth with a VSWR of 2:1 and stable directive gain (not greater than 3 dB variation) in each configuration. Simulation and experimental results for a solution to the 2x1, 4x1 and 2x2 array configurations is presented. "

One of the fundamental properties of bulk metals is the cancellation of electric fields. The free charges inside of a metal will move until they find an arrangement where the internal electric field is zero. This implies that the electric dipole moment of a metal particle should be exactly zero, because an electric dipole moment requires a net separation of charge and thus a nonzero internal electric field. This thesis is an experimental study to see if this property continues to hold for tiny sub- nanometer metal particles called clusters (2 - 200 atom, R < 1 nm). We have measured the electric dipole moments of metal clusters made from 15 pure elements using a molecular beam electric deflection technique. We find that the observed dipole moments vary a great deal across the periodic table. Alkali metals have zero dipole moments, while transition metals and lanthanides all have dipole moments which are highly size dependent. In most cases, the measured dipole moments are independent of temperature (T = 20 - 50 K), and when there is a strong temperature dependence this suggests that there is a new state of matter present. Our interpretation of these results are that those clusters which have a non- zero dipole moment are non-metallic, in the sense that their electrons must be localized and prevented from moving to screen the internal field associated with a permanent dipole moment. This interpretation gives insight to several related phenomena and applications. We briefly discuss an example cluster system RhN where the measured electric dipole moments appear to be correlated with a the N2O reactivity. Finally, we discuss a series of magnetic deflection experiments on lanthanide clusters (Pr, Ho, Tb, and Tm). The magnetic response of these clusters is very complex and highly sensitive to size and temperature. We find that PrN (which is non-magnetic in the bulk) becomes magnetic in clusters and TmN clusters have magnetic moments lower than the atomic value as well as the bulk saturation value implying that the magnetic order in the cluster involves non-collinear or antiferromagnetic order. HoN and TbN show very similar size dependent trends suggesting that these clusters have similar structures.

This doctoral thesis deals with designs and developments of multi(wide)-band multifunctional antennas based on folded dipoles. In the beginning, the concept of Orthogonal Folded Dipoles (OFD) are put forward. Orthogonal folded dipoles are formed by two identical two-port folded dipoles orthogonally joining with each other at the center, and can be fed through different combinations of feed nodes to offer dual- and wide-band modes, respectively. The impedances of the 2 modes are studied both by analytical models and by commercial electromagnetic simulation tools. The properties of the linearly polarized radiation patterns in the two modes vary quite little, except for ±45◦  rotation of two principal planes. In this way, orthogonal folded dipoles can possibly provide pattern reconfigurability in a context of switchable types and orientations of polarizations. Next, the concept of Log-Periodic Folded Dipole Array (LPFDA) is proposed. It stems from the traditional log-periodic dipole array, whereas folded dipoles instead of straight dipoles are applied as the elements of the array. Two configurations, i.e. partly-scaled LPFDA and fully-scaled LPFDA, are studied through simulations and optimizations. The comparison shows that the latter outperforms the former in terms of higher directivity, reduced front-to-back ratio and lower crosspolar level. The key parts of this thesis focus on exploiting Eleven antennas, based on the LPFDAs, in a variety of applications. First, the 4-port L-band lab model for use in satellite terminals demonstrates that the radiation patterns for monopulse tracking can be achieved through different excitation combinations of the multiport Eleven antenna. Second, a decade bandwidth, an unchanged phase center and nearly constant directivities over the whole band can be regarded as the major figure-of-merit of the Eleven antenna, which makes it suitable as feed for prime-fed reflector antennas. Through endeavors of using Genetic Algorithms, the wideband Eleven antennas have been gradually optimized in term of matching as well as efficiencies. Besides, the rotationally symmetric circular Eleven feed is a very promising solution for improving the BOR1 efficiency and therefore the aperture efficiency by a fraction of dB. Last but not least, the two multiport L-band lab models measured in a reverberation chamber demonstrate that the Eleven antenna with MIMO diversity ports can possibly overcome narrowband multipath fading in a real radio link and improve the link quality in terms of a significant diversity gain and high maximum available capacity.

BEZERRA, Italo Pereira. Auto-organização de aglomerados finitos de dipolos magnéticos carregados. 2009. 65 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2009. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-04T18:22:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ipbezerra.pdf: 8023171 bytes, checksum: e47ba0b7e87905fb3b10ff887cc2f1f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-07T16:51:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ipbezerra.pdf: 8023171 bytes, checksum: e47ba0b7e87905fb3b10ff887cc2f1f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T16:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_ipbezerra.pdf: 8023171 bytes, checksum: e47ba0b7e87905fb3b10ff887cc2f1f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / It is studied at this thesis a two-dimensional cluster of magnetic particles, with surface charge, confined by a circular parabolic potential. The particles have the same magnitude of magnetic dipole moment and the same amount and sign of surface charge. The goal of the present study is the characterization of the ground state configurations and the normal mode spectra of the cluster. The numerical study of the system is based on the Monte Carlo simulation technique, using the Metropolis Algorithm. It was also used the called Newton Method technique to reach the ground state configurations . The present study is divided in two parts: i) In the first one, the dependence of the equilibrium configurations and the normal modes is analyzed considering the presence or not of a external magnetic field. The magnetic dipole moment is taken as constant. ii) In the second one, the surface charge and the magnetic dipole moment are taken as constant, and the ground state configurations and the normal modes are studied as function the the external magnetic field intensity. At this part, it is also calculated the magnetization of the system as function of the external magnetic field. It was observed a great number of different ground state configurations, like concentric rings, and chains. The vibrational normal mode frequencies spectra was obtained by using the harmonic approximation. Due to the non-spatial symmetry of the magnetic dipole interaction, the normal modes must show an extra rotational component. It can be noted that due to surface charge of the particles the frequencies spectra can present elevated variation on the intensity. It can also be noted that some properties of the first case system also occurs on the second case system, and these properties are independent of the applied magnetic field, and in the second case system it can be noted that there are less different ground state configurations as compared with the first one. / Estuda-se, neste trabalho, aglomerados bidimensionais de partículas dipolares magnéticas, com carga elétrica superficial, confinadas em um potencial parabólico circular. As partículas possuem mesmo módulo de momento de dipolo magnético, assim como mesmos módulo e sinal de carga superficial. O objetivo do presente estudo é a caracterização das configurações do estado fundamental e do espectro dos modos normais do aglomerado. O sistema é estudado numericamente através de simulações Monte Carlo, utilizando o algoritmo de Metropolis. Utilizou-se ainda o chamado Método de Newton Modificado para auxiliar a obtenção das configurações de mínima energia. O estudo é dividido em duas partes: i) Na primeira, a dependência das configurações de equilíbrio e modos normais é analisada em função da carga superficial, na presença e ausência de campo magnético externo, considerando-se o momento de dipolo magnético constante. ii) Na segunda, a carga superficial e o momento de dipolo magnético são fixados e as configurações de equilíbrio e os modos normais são estudados em função da intensidade do campo magnético externo. Nesta parte, calcula-se ainda a magnetização do sistema em função do campo externo. O espectro de frequências dos modos normais de vibração foram obtidos através da técnica de aproximação harmônica. Devido à não-simetria espacial da interação magnética dipolar, os modos normais devem apresentar um componente extra de rotação. Observa-se que para um intervalo característico da carga superficial das partículas, o espectro de frequências sofre uma grande variação de intensidade. Observa-se que no caso dependente da carga, o sistema apresenta características que independem do campo magnético aplicado. Observa-se, no caso dependente do campo aplicado, uma menor variedade de configurações de equilíbrio deste tipo de sistema em relação ao dependente da carga.