Considerando o aumento da ocorrência de florações de cianobactérias e a possibilidade de formação de subprodutos em diversos mananciais destinados ao consumo humano, este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar a remoção de células e subprodutos de Microcystis spp. pelos processos de dupla filtração com filtração ascendente em pedregulho e de filtração descendente em areia, oxidação e adsorção com carvões ativados pulverizado e granular. Na fase 1 foram realizados ensaios de bancada para estabelecimento das condições operacionais dos ensaios a serem realizados em instalação piloto, utilizando-se água de estudo preparada com adição de cultura de cepa tóxica de Microcystis spp. e ou extrato de microcistinas. Em seguida, foram realizados ensaios em instalação piloto de escoamento contínuo para águas de estudo preparadas com adição de cultura de cepa tóxica de Microcystis spp. e de extrato de microcistinas – fase 2 e de material coletado no reservatório de Barra Bonita – SP - fase 3. A concepção de dupla filtração utilizada mostrou ser bastante eficiente na remoção de células de Microcystis spp. e, consequentemente, de microcistinas intracelulares, porém, a remoção ou degradação de microcistinas extracelulares só foi significativa com o emprego de processos complementares de oxidação e ou adsorção. Para as águas de estudo empregadas, não houve formação expressiva de subprodutos organohalogenados nos efluentes dos processos de tratamento, após serem submetidas à cloração e tempo de contato de 1 dia. Adicionalmente, foram realizados estudos prospectivos no sentido de avaliar a toxicidade de extrato, águas de estudo e efluentes dos processos de tratamento por meio de bioensaios com cladóceros e camundongos, além de biomonitoramento com a espécie de peixe Danio rerio. / Considering the increase in the frequency of cyanobacterial blooms and the possibility of by-product formation in water supply sources for human consumption, this work was carried out in order to evaluate the removal of cells and by-products of Microcystis spp. using the processes of double filtration (gravel upflow filtration of coagulated water followed by rapid sand downflow filtration), oxidation and adsorption in powdered and granular activated carbons. Bench scale assays were performed in phase 1 to determine the operational conditions of the tests to be performed in a continuous flow pilot plant, using a study water prepared with filtered water in the water treatment plant 2 of Sao Carlos and culture of a toxic strain of Microcystis spp. and/or microcystins extract. Based on the conditions stated in phase 1, phase 2 was carried out by performing tests in the pilot plant for study waters prepared with culture of toxic strain of Microcystis spp. and phase 3 of microcystins extract from material collect in the de Barra Bonita – SP reservoir. The double filtration system used resulted very efficient concerning the removal of cells of Microcystis spp., but, on the other hand, the removal or degradation of extracellular microcystins was significant with the use of complementary processes such as oxidation and or activated carbon adsorption. With regards to the waters studied, there wasn’t significant formation of by-products due to the oxidation of the effluent of each combination of processes, when submitted to chlorination with detention time of 1 day. Additionally, it was observed the toxicity effect by bioassays with crustaceans and mices, besides Danio rerio fish screening.

Over the past decade, the objectives for coagulation based drinking water treatment processes have changed significantly. These changes are a result of stringent goals related to natural organic matter (NOM) removal to mitigate the formation of subsequent harmful and health-related disinfection by-products (DBPs) and the need to achieve adequate filtration performance to ensure sufficient particle removal for pathogen control. Another concern associated with coagulation optimization is the potential unintended consequences of a coagulant change on the distribution system, specifically related to lead release from lead pipe and solder materials. Optimizing these multi-objectives in a direct filtration treatment process presents significant challenges for source waters characterized by low levels of turbidity, alkalinity and organic matter content. Bench and pilot-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of ferric sulfate, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) against aluminum sulfate (alum) using variable coagulation dosage and pH conditions for a direct filtration facility. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to optimize NOM removal during coagulation using traditional organic matter surrogates coupled with molecular size characterization techniques. Pilot-scale studies provided a snapshot of feasibility in terms of filtration performance for favourable bench-scale conditions and also identified optimal conditions for filtration performance. Results from pilot testing demonstrated that favourable conditions identified for increased potential NOM removals during bench-scale testing were significantly different than optimal filtration conditions identified during pilot studies; and, in fact, severely compromised direct filtration performance due to increased solids loading to the filters. Bench-scale experiments evaluated lead leaching from lead and lead:tin solder galvanically connected to copper under stagnant conditions using variable chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) conditions for alum, ferric sulfate and PACl. Although recent research identifies high CSMRs (>0.5) as the main mechanism of attack in distribution systems following coagulant changeovers, CSMR was not the primary catalyst for lead leaching following the coagulant changeover conditions evaluated in this study. Residual concentrations of iron and aluminum remaining following coagulation were the principal contributors. Positive correlations were revealed between particulate iron and particulate lead concentrations following stagnation demonstrating that the adsorption of lead to iron oxides is a viable hypothesis for lead release.

Considerando o aumento da ocorrência de florações de cianobactérias e a possibilidade de formação de subprodutos em diversos mananciais destinados ao consumo humano, este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar a remoção de células e subprodutos de Microcystis spp. pelos processos de dupla filtração com filtração ascendente em pedregulho e de filtração descendente em areia, oxidação e adsorção com carvões ativados pulverizado e granular. Na fase 1 foram realizados ensaios de bancada para estabelecimento das condições operacionais dos ensaios a serem realizados em instalação piloto, utilizando-se água de estudo preparada com adição de cultura de cepa tóxica de Microcystis spp. e ou extrato de microcistinas. Em seguida, foram realizados ensaios em instalação piloto de escoamento contínuo para águas de estudo preparadas com adição de cultura de cepa tóxica de Microcystis spp. e de extrato de microcistinas – fase 2 e de material coletado no reservatório de Barra Bonita – SP - fase 3. A concepção de dupla filtração utilizada mostrou ser bastante eficiente na remoção de células de Microcystis spp. e, consequentemente, de microcistinas intracelulares, porém, a remoção ou degradação de microcistinas extracelulares só foi significativa com o emprego de processos complementares de oxidação e ou adsorção. Para as águas de estudo empregadas, não houve formação expressiva de subprodutos organohalogenados nos efluentes dos processos de tratamento, após serem submetidas à cloração e tempo de contato de 1 dia. Adicionalmente, foram realizados estudos prospectivos no sentido de avaliar a toxicidade de extrato, águas de estudo e efluentes dos processos de tratamento por meio de bioensaios com cladóceros e camundongos, além de biomonitoramento com a espécie de peixe Danio rerio. / Considering the increase in the frequency of cyanobacterial blooms and the possibility of by-product formation in water supply sources for human consumption, this work was carried out in order to evaluate the removal of cells and by-products of Microcystis spp. using the processes of double filtration (gravel upflow filtration of coagulated water followed by rapid sand downflow filtration), oxidation and adsorption in powdered and granular activated carbons. Bench scale assays were performed in phase 1 to determine the operational conditions of the tests to be performed in a continuous flow pilot plant, using a study water prepared with filtered water in the water treatment plant 2 of Sao Carlos and culture of a toxic strain of Microcystis spp. and/or microcystins extract. Based on the conditions stated in phase 1, phase 2 was carried out by performing tests in the pilot plant for study waters prepared with culture of toxic strain of Microcystis spp. and phase 3 of microcystins extract from material collect in the de Barra Bonita – SP reservoir. The double filtration system used resulted very efficient concerning the removal of cells of Microcystis spp., but, on the other hand, the removal or degradation of extracellular microcystins was significant with the use of complementary processes such as oxidation and or activated carbon adsorption. With regards to the waters studied, there wasn’t significant formation of by-products due to the oxidation of the effluent of each combination of processes, when submitted to chlorination with detention time of 1 day. Additionally, it was observed the toxicity effect by bioassays with crustaceans and mices, besides Danio rerio fish screening.