A great amount of sociolinguistic research in contact situations has centered on phonological and morphosyntactic variables, but studies of discourse-pragmatic features in contact situations are scarce and incipient. Discourse-pragmatic features are syntactically optional elements that are used to guide, structure, or express a stance towards discourse (Pichler, 2013, p. 4). These features are hallmarks of grammaticalization because of their decategorialization to fulfill pragmatic functions (Brinton, 2006; Traugott, 1995). Their analysis in language contact situations can shed light on contact-induced change, since they occur on the periphery of grammar and appear to constitute a part of grammar that is highly permeable (e.g. Brody, 1987; 1995; Dajko & Carmichael, 2014). Previous studies of discourse-pragmatic features in contact situations widely focus on a recipient language in which discourse-pragmatic features from a donor language are inserted or calqued (e.g. Lipski, 2005; Salmons, 1990; Torres, 2002), without considering the linguistic and social conditioning of these features in the donor language, which is crucial to assess the permeability of discourse. This dissertation assesses the permeability of discourse in the speech of eighteen Spanish-English bilinguals from Southern Arizona. In doing so, it analyzes the linguistic and social conditioning of three discourse-pragmatic features that are prominent in both languages. These discourse-pragmatic features include the discourse marker like in English and its equivalents como, como que, and like in Spanish, quotatives, and general extenders. It was expected that these discourse-pragmatic features would be highly permeable in the speech of these bilinguals; however, contact with English did not radically influence the use of any of these discourse-pragmatic features in the Spanish of these bilinguals. This dissertation contributes to our understanding of the permeability of discourse in bilingual speech. In addition, it explores how this knowledge can be applied in pedagogical contexts.

A palavra morfofonológica este da língua espanhola é submetida a análise acústica no presente trabalho com o objetivo de verificar-se padrões prosódicos para seus diferentes usos: referencial (adjetivo/pronome) e metadiscursivo. Os valores dos parâmetros acústicos mensurados para a ocorrência de este referencial são comparados aos das ocorrências de este metadiscursivo com a finalidade de reconhecer-se uma subcategorização do uso metadiscursivo: filler e marcador discursivo. São utilizados dados de fala espontânea do espanhol do México, coletados no website YouTube. Verificamos que, do ponto de vista prosódico, as tendências de comportamento de este referencial metadiscursivo apresentam divergências ou convergências a depender da interpretação pragmática relacionada ao último uso. / The word este of Spanish is acoustically analyzed in the present work in order to verify prosodic patterns for its different uses: referential (adjective / pronoun) and metadiscoursive. The measured values of acoustic parameters for each type of occurrence are compared with the purpose of proposing two different classes inside metadiscoursive use: a filler and a discourse marker. We use spontaneous speech data from Mexican Spanish, collected on the YouTube website.From the prosodic point of view, the behavioral tendencies of metadiscursive and referential este have divergences or convergences depending on the pragmatic interpretation related to the last use.

A palavra morfofonológica este da língua espanhola é submetida a análise acústica no presente trabalho com o objetivo de verificar-se padrões prosódicos para seus diferentes usos: referencial (adjetivo/pronome) e metadiscursivo. Os valores dos parâmetros acústicos mensurados para a ocorrência de este referencial são comparados aos das ocorrências de este metadiscursivo com a finalidade de reconhecer-se uma subcategorização do uso metadiscursivo: filler e marcador discursivo. São utilizados dados de fala espontânea do espanhol do México, coletados no website YouTube. Verificamos que, do ponto de vista prosódico, as tendências de comportamento de este referencial metadiscursivo apresentam divergências ou convergências a depender da interpretação pragmática relacionada ao último uso. / The word este of Spanish is acoustically analyzed in the present work in order to verify prosodic patterns for its different uses: referential (adjective / pronoun) and metadiscoursive. The measured values of acoustic parameters for each type of occurrence are compared with the purpose of proposing two different classes inside metadiscoursive use: a filler and a discourse marker. We use spontaneous speech data from Mexican Spanish, collected on the YouTube website.From the prosodic point of view, the behavioral tendencies of metadiscursive and referential este have divergences or convergences depending on the pragmatic interpretation related to the last use.

abstract: Yaʕni ‘lit. he/it signifies/means/intends’ is an arising linguistic and discourse-pragmatic phenomenon in many varieties and speech situations of spoken Arabic. Yet, the few scholarly investigations yaʕni has received come from restricted and limited contexts of language use. The primary aims of this dissertation were to, first, expand and broaden research on Arabic yaʕni into novel contexts of language use and to, second, explore the linguistic and the discourse-pragmatic functions of yaʕni. Therefore, the data used for this dissertation were collected, selected, and analyzed from a sample of spoken data brought from two episodes of a Saudi sports TV show Alkurah Tatakallam ‘lit. the ball speaks.’ The analytical procedures and discussions showed that yaʕni had the following types of linguistic and discourse-pragmatic functions: as (a) a verb, (b) elaboration and turn expansion, (c) repair organization, (d) managing the turn-taking system, (e) alleviation and hedging, (f) marking concessive/contrastive relations, and (g) emphatic yaʕni. The discussions seemed to suggest the gradual solidification of three views: First, there is a suggestion that the categorical status ranging from verb yaʕni to the discourse marker yaʕni can be understood in terms of scalarity, gradience, and prototypicality. Second, there is another suggestion that gradations can also be located between the discourse-pragmatic functions of yaʕni. Third, there is a suggestion that, synchronically and diachronically, yaʕni as a form has been wildly drifting from its categorical verb status, lexical source, propositional meaning, and even its discourse-pragmatic markerhood. The analysis, discussions, and suggestions invoked the idea of bridging context(s) related to the categorical status and the discourse-pragmatic functions of yaʕni. This categorical status of yaʕni puts the binary distinction between conceptual meaning and procedural meaning of relevance theory, and the studies of yaʕni following such a binary distinction, into question since this distinction seemed blurry. The bridging context(s) seemed to support the gradualness and the directionality of the evolution of DMs. Therefore, the categorical and discourse-pragmatic behavior of yaʕni seems to have support from the hypothesis and theories such as grammaticalization and pragmaticalization. It seems also that the historical development of yaʕni can be discussed in terms of the hypothesis and theories of idiomaticization and phraseology. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2018

KîîTharaka is a Bantu language spoken by a minority community in Kenya numbering about 120,000. Attitude markers belong to the broad category of ‘residue’ elements in language commonly called ‘discourse markers’. Alternative terms for discourse markers are: Discourse particles, discourse/speech modifiers, pragmatic markers, pragmatic particles, or discourse operators. As the term ‘attitude’ markers itself suggests, attitude markers may best be defined as a set of expressions in language which the speaker applies to clarify his or her feelings, emotions or views contained in the utterance being made. Attitude markers ‘amplify’ the speakers intended meaning. Moore (2001: 5) observes that English speakers use expressive verbs to convey attitudes to or about a state of affairs e.g. ‘apologize’, ‘appreciate’, ‘congratulate’, ‘deplore’, ‘detest’, ‘regret’, ‘thank’, and ‘welcome’. It is such kind of expressions that are investigated in this research on KîîTharaka. This dissertation highlights on this linguistic phenomenon with the view that to ignore the role played by attitude markers in communicating meaning in KîîTharaka may reduce the accuracy of the speaker’s or the writer’s intended message. Bearing in mind that attitude markers are similar to discourse markers in that both are not part of the conceptual (i.e. the referential) information of the speaker’s utterance, the critical distinction to be made between discourse markers and attitude markers is that unlike discourse markers, attitude markers do not function as connectives i.e. they do not primarily establish discourse cohesion. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio University, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-193).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio University, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-193).

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2008. Graduate Programme in d'études supérieures. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-150). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR38751

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgetown University, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Diego dos Santos Borba (dborba@uffs.edu.br) on 2017-04-12T19:52:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TRAPP.pdf: 2633262 bytes, checksum: f4fad72b17aa25e39bd8abe1461517dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T19:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TRAPP.pdf: 2633262 bytes, checksum: f4fad72b17aa25e39bd8abe1461517dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / Esta disserta??o objetivou analisar e descrever os contextos de uso dos Marcadores Discursivos (MDs) sabe? e entende? na fala de informantes monol?ngues em portugu?s do munic?pio de Chapec?, Santa Catarina. Os dados lingu?sticos s?o provenientes do Banco de Dados VARSUL (Varia??o Lingu?stica na Regi?o Sul do Brasil) e do Projeto ?Varia??o e Mudan?a no Portugu?s do Oeste de Santa Catarina?. A amostra foi composta por 36 entrevistas, estratificadas por idade, sexo e escolaridade. O aporte te?rico da pesquisa teve como base a interface do Sociofuncionalismo, segundo Naro (1998), Tavares (1999, 2003, 2013), G?rski et al. (2003), G?rski e Tavares (no prelo; 2013), entre outros, que congrega os pressupostos da Teoria da Varia??o e Mudan?a Lingu?stica e do Funcionalismo Lingu?stico, sob o enfoque do processo de mudan?a lingu?stica por gramaticaliza??o, segundo Heine, Claudi e H?nnemeyer (1991), Traugott e Heine (1991), Hopper (1991), Traugott (1995, 2003), Heine (2003), Bybee (2003), entre outros. Sem comprometimento diacr?nico, focalizamos a trajet?ria de mudan?a sem?ntica e categorial de saber e entender, da condi??o de verbo pleno a MD, de acordo com os estudos dispon?veis em Portugu?s Brasileiro de Martelotta e Leit?o (1996), Valle (2001), Martelotta (2004) e G?rski e Valle (2013). Postulamos que os MDs sabe? e entende? tendem ? fixa??o de suas formas na segunda pessoa do presente do indicativo, mas com morfologia n?o marcada quanto ? pessoa, al?m de atuarem no dom?nio funcional da manuten??o do contato discursivo, a partir do qual coexistem como camadas, nos termos de Hopper (1991), ou como variantes da mesma vari?vel, nos termos de Labov (1978). Dentre outros fatores lingu?sticos, elencamos cinco contextos discursivos proeminentes no uso dos itens: causal/conclusivo, especifica??o, opini?o, contraste e reformula??o. A an?lise das amostras permitiu tratar sabe? e entende? como intercambi?veis nos mesmos contextos de uso, exceto nos contextos de reformula??o. Os resultados apontaram, de um lado, a posi??o medial e as sequ?ncias discursivas do tipo narrativo como preferencial para ambos os itens, por outro lado, houve baixa frequ?ncia de feedbacks junto ?s formas, sinalizando que h? um progressivo enfraquecimento da carga entonacional. Dentre os fatores sociais, os informantes mais velhos e mais escolarizados favoreceram o uso de sabe? e entende?. Entre os dois MDs, sabe? ? o mais frequente e corresponde ? forma menos marcada, enquanto entende? ? o item mais marcado. A partir desses aspectos, sabe? encontra-se mais abstratizado, em um est?gio mais avan?ado de gramaticaliza??o e entende? ainda mant?m matizes do seu verbo de origem. / This research aimed to analyse and describe the contexts of use of Discourse Markers (DMs) sabe? and entende? in the speech of monolingual Portuguese informants in Chapec?, Santa Catarina. The linguistic data come from VARSUL database (Varia??o Lingu?stica na Regi?o Sul do Brasil) and the Project ?Varia??o e Mudan?a no Portugu?s do Oeste de Santa Catarina?. The sample consists in 36 interviews, stratified by age, sex and education. The work was based on the Sociofunctionalism interface, according to Naro (1998), Tavares (1999,2003, 2013), G?rski et al. (2003), G?rski and Tavares (in press, 2013), among others, which congregates the assumptions of the Theory of Linguistic Variation and Change and Linguistic Functionalism, especially by grammaticalization process, in accordance with Heine, Claudi and H?nnemeyer (1991), Traugott and Heine (1991), Hopper (1991), Traugott (1995, 2003), Heine (2003), Bybee (2003), and others. Without diachronic commitment, we focus on the trajectory of semantic and categorical change of saber and entender, from the condition of verbs to DMs, attempting to the studies available in Brazilian Portuguese of Martelotta and Leit?o (1996), Valle (2001), Martelotta (2004) and G?rski and Valle (2013).We postulate that DMs sabe? and entende? tend to fix their forms in the second person of the indicative present,but not morphologically marked as a person, in addition to acting in the discursive contact maintenance functional domain, from which coexist as layers, in terms of Hopper (1991), or as variants of the same variable, in terms of Labov (1978). Among other linguistic factors, we determined five prominent discursive contexts in the use: causal/conclusive, specification, opinion, contrast and reformulation. The analysis allowed to treat sabe? and entende?as interchangeable items in the same contexts of use, except in contexts of reformulation. The results indicated, on one hand, that medial position and narrative sequences as the preferred for both items, on other hand, there was a low frequency of feedbacks with them, signaling a progressive intonational decline. Between social factors, older and more educated informants encourage the use of sabe? and entende?. Sabe? is the most frequent and corresponds to the less marked category, while entende? is more marked. From these aspects, sabe? is more abstracted and is in a stage more grammaticalized, and entende? still retains some features from your original verb.