This research examined the effects of supervisor and subordinate biological sex and race on supervisory referrals to an EAP. The study tested Bayer and Gerstein's (1988a) similarity hypothesis from their Bystander-Equity Model of EAP Helping Behaviors. Four specific hypotheses were generated: 1) Female supervisors will more likely refer female subordinates than male subordinates to EAPs; 2) Male supervisors will refer equal numbers of female and male subordinates to EAPs; 3) Supervisors will refer more troubled workers of their own race than troubled workers of another race; and 4) Caucasian male supervisors will be the most likely to refer persons who are different from themselves (in terms of sex and race) to EAPs.Supervisors employed by a large southwestern County government who made referrals to their "inhouse" EAP were participants in this study. The sample included 146 supervisors who made 188 EAP referrals.A log-linear analysis that controlled for the sex and racial composition of the supervisors' subordinates was used to test the hypotheses. The independent variables were race (Caucasian, African American, & Hispanic) and sex (male & female) of the supervisors and their subordinates. The dependent variable was whether the subordinate was referred to the EAP or not. None of the hypotheses received support. Too few ethnic supervisors referred to the EAP to adequately test the race hypotheses (Hypotheses 3 & 4). Male and female supervisors were equally likely to refer male and female subordinates to the EAP.While none of the hypotheses received support, there were some interesting significant trends involving the employees' race and supervisors' sex. Hispanic subordinates were most likely to be referred to their EAP, and African-American subordinates were least likely to be referred. While Caucasian male supervisors followed this pattern, Caucasian female supervisors demonstrated an even stronger bias in this regard. Implications of these findings were discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Clinicians are often required to make judgments regarding clients on the basis of relatively limited information. These judgments can have a substantial effect on the client's own self-perception and on the perceptions of others about the client. This study was designed to investigate the effect of demographic information on clinical judgments.A preliminary study was utilized to determine which demographic variables to vary in the demographic combination presented in the case study. A cluster analysis found that undergraduates reported differences in their perceptions of demographic combinations based on the age and socioeconomic status which was included. As only one part of the demographic combination was to be varied, age was selected.In the main study, graduate student clinicians were presented a case study. The gender, race and socioeconomic status of the client presented in the case study remained constant while the age of the client was varied. Half of the students received a case study where the demographic information represented a 74 year old and half received a case study where the demographic information represented a 35 year old. It was hypothesized that graduate student clinicians' ratings would vary based on the age of the client presented.In addition, it was hypothesized that placing demographic information at the beginning of the case study would result in different ratings than when demographic information was placed at the end of the case study. Half of those presented with the 74 year old client demographic information received that information early in the case study and half received that information near the end of the case study. The same manipulation was made for those presented with the demographic information representative of the 35 year old client.It was also hypothesized that those without demographic information would rate clients differently than those with demographic information. None of the hypotheses were supported; however, an effect for the time of rating was found. Later ratings were found to be more lenient than earlier ratings. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Thesis (M.A.)--Regis University, Denver, Colo., 2008. / "Psychology"--T.p. Title from PDF title page (viewed on Mar. 11, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-116). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007 / Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-83).

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-59).

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-50).

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-60).

Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-101).

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