The Yugoslav and the present EU integration crisis display several parallels. In both cases, the integration models have proved to be unable to attenuate the uneven development patterns, and the state has been characterised by strong confederal elements. Deep economic crisis strengthened in both cases the centrifugal tendencies. The political discourse became increasingly dominated by the question "who exploits whom?". While central authorities pursued policies of neo-liberal structural adjustment eroding its legitimacy among the popular classes, the republican authorities in Yugoslavia, respectively, the national governments in the EU tried to shift the burden of the crises to the others and strengthened their role during the crisis management. With the deepening of the crisis, constitutional reform became an issue in Yugoslavia. In the Yugoslav case, the various proposals proved to be irreconcilable. In the EU, a debate on its future shape has begun as well. This issue is highly controversial. In the EU, a key problem is the relationship between euro zone and non-euro zone states. Such an institutional divide did not exist in Yugoslavia. It is significant that the leading state of the non-euro zone group, the UK, is the first state to exit the EU. A key question is whether the EU has already passed the critical point where a deep reform is still possible.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 evangelista_gs_me_botib.pdf: 3008769 bytes, checksum: 9828e773ebddd2e4799bdbdd2e31c9c2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Comprimidos são as formas farmacêuticas mais utilizadas devido a facilidade de obtenção, baixo custo e estabilidade. A liberação do fármaco contido nos comprimidos ocorre por meio do processo de desintegração. A desintegração é um processo tempo-dependente que ocorre sob ação de desintegrantes e promove a fragmentação da forma farmacêutica em partículas passíveis de serem dissolvidas e absorvidas. É um parâmetro de qualidade extremamente importante, sendo influenciada por diversos fatores, incluindo o tipo de desintegrante utilizado e a força de compressão aplicada. Desintegrantes são compostos insolúveis que atuam por diferentes mecanismos e são excipientes essenciais para a obtenção de formas farmacêuticas sólidas. Para a maioria dos desintegrantes, a penetração de água na forma farmacêutica é um fator determinante para um bom desempenho, visto que resulta no intumescimento das partículas e no desenvolvimento da força que auxilia o processo de desintegração. A determinação experimental do processo de desintegração é realizada por meio de aparato específico, no entanto, não permite uma avaliação mais acurada dos mecanismos envolvidos no processo. Desse modo, foram introduzidos alguns métodos de análise que, associados aos métodos convencionais, permitem explorar outras características do processo e avaliar a eficiência de desintegrantes bem como a relação entre a desintegração e a força de compressão aplicada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi associar a Biosusceptometria AC com dispositivos para medir a força de desintegração e a quantidade de água absorvida e, assim, avaliar a influencia de três superdesintegrantes no processo de desintegração de comprimidos obtidos com cinco níveis de compressão distintos / Tablet dosage forms are used due to ease of production, low cost and stability. The release of the drug contained in the tablets occurs through disintegration process. Disintegration is a time-dependent process that occurs under the action of disintegrants that promotes fragmentation of the dosage form particles capable of being dissolved and absorbed. It is an extremely important quality parameter, being influenced by several factors, including the type of disintegrant used and the compression force applied. Disintegrants are insoluble compounds that act by different mechanisms and are essential excipient for achieving solid dosage form. For most disintegrants, water penetration in the pharmaceutical form is an important factor for a good performance, since it results in particles swelling and the development of force that aids the disintegration process. The experimental determination of the disintegration process is accomplished by means of specific apparatus, however, does not allow a more accurate assessment of the mechanisms involved. Thus we have introduced some analytical methods, associated with conventional methods, allowing exploring other features of the process and evaluating the effectiveness of disintegrants as well as the correspondence between disintegration and compression force applied. The objective was to associate AC Biosusceptometry with devices to measure the force of disintegration and the amount of water absorbed, and thus evaluate the influence of three superdisintegrant in the process of disintegration of tablets obtained with five different levels of compression

Este trabalho apresenta os métodos de padronização de 111In e 99mTc, em sistemas de coincidências 4πβ-γ. O 111In foi produzido em cíclotron pela reação 111Cd(p, n)111In; decai com uma meia vida de 2,8 dias pelo processo de captura eletrônica populando os níveis excitados do 111Cd, emitindo raios gama de 171 keV e 245 keV. O 99mTc decai com uma meia vida de 6,007 h por transição isomérica do decaimento radioativo do 99Mo . A padronização do 111In foi feita no sistema 4πβ-γ constituído de um detector proporcional em geometria 4π acoplado a dois cristais cintiladores de NaI(Tl) com eletrônica convencional. A radiação gama selecionada para medida em coincidência foi de (171 + 245) keV. A escolha da janela gama foi baseada na análise da previsão da curva de extrapolação obtida na simulação de Monte Carlo. A padronização do 99mTc foi feita num sistema 4πβ-γ usando um contador proporcional de janela fina acoplado a um cristal de cintilação NaI (Tl). A eficiência beta foi variada por discriminação eletrônica, usando sistema de coincidências por software (SCS). A padronização do 99mTc foi feita pela seleção de dois intervalos gama, um no pico de absorção total de 140 keV e outro no pico de absorção total dos raios X de 20 keV. O resultado da atividade experimental de duas soluções de 111In concorda com o resultado obtido pela simulação de Monte Carlo. As atividades experimentais do 99mTc para os dois intervalos gama selecionados estão de acordo dentro da incerteza experimental, indicando que a metodologia adotada é adequada. / The 111In and 99mTc standardization in a 4πβ-γ coincidence system is described. The 111In was produced by the reaction of 111Cd (p, n) 111In in the cyclotron. The 111In decays with a half life of 2.8 days by electron capture process, populating the excited levels of 111Cd, emitting two main gamma rays with energies of 171 keV and 245 keV. The 99mTc decay with a half life of 6.007 h for isomeric transition, from the radioactive decay of 99Mo . 111In standstand ardization was carried out in a 4πβ-γ system, consisted of a system, consisted of a system of a gas flow proportional counter with 4flow proportional counter with 4π geometry coupled to a pair of NaI(Tl) scintillation counter with conventional electronics. The gamma window was set comprising the (171 keV + 245 keV) total absorption energy peaks. The choice of the window was based on the analysis of the extrapolation curves prediction, obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The 99mTc standardization has been accomplished by the 4πβ-γ coincidence method using a thin window proportional counter in a 4π geometry coupled to a single NaI(Tl) scintillation counter. The beta efficiency was varied by electronic discrimination using a software coincidence counting system (SCS). Two windows were selected for the gamma channel: one at 140 keV gamma ray and the other at 20 keV X ray total absorption peaks. The result of the experimental activity of 111In two solutions agree with the results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The experimental activities of 99mTc for the two gamma windows are in agreement within the experimental uncertainty, indicating that the adopted methodology is adequate.

Orientador: José Ricardo de Arruda Miranda / Banca: Wellington Monteiro Machado / Banca: Roberto Morato Fernandez / Resumo: Comprimidos são as formas farmacêuticas mais utilizadas devido a facilidade de obtenção, baixo custo e estabilidade. A liberação do fármaco contido nos comprimidos ocorre por meio do processo de desintegração. A desintegração é um processo tempo-dependente que ocorre sob ação de desintegrantes e promove a fragmentação da forma farmacêutica em partículas passíveis de serem dissolvidas e absorvidas. É um parâmetro de qualidade extremamente importante, sendo influenciada por diversos fatores, incluindo o tipo de desintegrante utilizado e a força de compressão aplicada. Desintegrantes são compostos insolúveis que atuam por diferentes mecanismos e são excipientes essenciais para a obtenção de formas farmacêuticas sólidas. Para a maioria dos desintegrantes, a penetração de água na forma farmacêutica é um fator determinante para um bom desempenho, visto que resulta no intumescimento das partículas e no desenvolvimento da força que auxilia o processo de desintegração. A determinação experimental do processo de desintegração é realizada por meio de aparato específico, no entanto, não permite uma avaliação mais acurada dos mecanismos envolvidos no processo. Desse modo, foram introduzidos alguns métodos de análise que, associados aos métodos convencionais, permitem explorar outras características do processo e avaliar a eficiência de desintegrantes bem como a relação entre a desintegração e a força de compressão aplicada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi associar a Biosusceptometria AC com dispositivos para medir a força de desintegração e a quantidade de água absorvida e, assim, avaliar a influencia de três superdesintegrantes no processo de desintegração de comprimidos obtidos com cinco níveis de compressão distintos / Abstract: Tablet dosage forms are used due to ease of production, low cost and stability. The release of the drug contained in the tablets occurs through disintegration process. Disintegration is a time-dependent process that occurs under the action of disintegrants that promotes fragmentation of the dosage form particles capable of being dissolved and absorbed. It is an extremely important quality parameter, being influenced by several factors, including the type of disintegrant used and the compression force applied. Disintegrants are insoluble compounds that act by different mechanisms and are essential excipient for achieving solid dosage form. For most disintegrants, water penetration in the pharmaceutical form is an important factor for a good performance, since it results in particles swelling and the development of force that aids the disintegration process. The experimental determination of the disintegration process is accomplished by means of specific apparatus, however, does not allow a more accurate assessment of the mechanisms involved. Thus we have introduced some analytical methods, associated with conventional methods, allowing exploring other features of the process and evaluating the effectiveness of disintegrants as well as the correspondence between disintegration and compression force applied. The objective was to associate AC Biosusceptometry with devices to measure the force of disintegration and the amount of water absorbed, and thus evaluate the influence of three superdisintegrant in the process of disintegration of tablets obtained with five different levels of compression / Mestre

Este trabalho apresenta os métodos de padronização de 111In e 99mTc, em sistemas de coincidências 4πβ-γ. O 111In foi produzido em cíclotron pela reação 111Cd(p, n)111In; decai com uma meia vida de 2,8 dias pelo processo de captura eletrônica populando os níveis excitados do 111Cd, emitindo raios gama de 171 keV e 245 keV. O 99mTc decai com uma meia vida de 6,007 h por transição isomérica do decaimento radioativo do 99Mo . A padronização do 111In foi feita no sistema 4πβ-γ constituído de um detector proporcional em geometria 4π acoplado a dois cristais cintiladores de NaI(Tl) com eletrônica convencional. A radiação gama selecionada para medida em coincidência foi de (171 + 245) keV. A escolha da janela gama foi baseada na análise da previsão da curva de extrapolação obtida na simulação de Monte Carlo. A padronização do 99mTc foi feita num sistema 4πβ-γ usando um contador proporcional de janela fina acoplado a um cristal de cintilação NaI (Tl). A eficiência beta foi variada por discriminação eletrônica, usando sistema de coincidências por software (SCS). A padronização do 99mTc foi feita pela seleção de dois intervalos gama, um no pico de absorção total de 140 keV e outro no pico de absorção total dos raios X de 20 keV. O resultado da atividade experimental de duas soluções de 111In concorda com o resultado obtido pela simulação de Monte Carlo. As atividades experimentais do 99mTc para os dois intervalos gama selecionados estão de acordo dentro da incerteza experimental, indicando que a metodologia adotada é adequada. / The 111In and 99mTc standardization in a 4πβ-γ coincidence system is described. The 111In was produced by the reaction of 111Cd (p, n) 111In in the cyclotron. The 111In decays with a half life of 2.8 days by electron capture process, populating the excited levels of 111Cd, emitting two main gamma rays with energies of 171 keV and 245 keV. The 99mTc decay with a half life of 6.007 h for isomeric transition, from the radioactive decay of 99Mo . 111In standstand ardization was carried out in a 4πβ-γ system, consisted of a system, consisted of a system of a gas flow proportional counter with 4flow proportional counter with 4π geometry coupled to a pair of NaI(Tl) scintillation counter with conventional electronics. The gamma window was set comprising the (171 keV + 245 keV) total absorption energy peaks. The choice of the window was based on the analysis of the extrapolation curves prediction, obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The 99mTc standardization has been accomplished by the 4πβ-γ coincidence method using a thin window proportional counter in a 4π geometry coupled to a single NaI(Tl) scintillation counter. The beta efficiency was varied by electronic discrimination using a software coincidence counting system (SCS). Two windows were selected for the gamma channel: one at 140 keV gamma ray and the other at 20 keV X ray total absorption peaks. The result of the experimental activity of 111In two solutions agree with the results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The experimental activities of 99mTc for the two gamma windows are in agreement within the experimental uncertainty, indicating that the adopted methodology is adequate.

A disintegration of measure is a common tool used in ergodic theory, probability, and descriptive set theory. The primary interest in this paper is in disintegrating σ-finite measures on standard Borel spaces into families of σ-finite measures. In 1984, Dorothy Maharam asked whether every such disintegration is uniformly σ-finite meaning that there exists a countable collection of Borel sets which simultaneously witnesses that every measure in the disintegration is σ-finite. Assuming Gödel’s axiom of constructability I provide answer Maharam's question by constructing a specific disintegration which is not uniformly σ-finite.

The inquiry is a hermeneutic historical study of the historical factors in the life of Kazimierz Dabrowski which contributed to the shaping of his Theory of Positive Disintegration. Relatively little information has been written on the life and theory of Kazimierz Dabrowski. The researcher contends that knowledge of Dabrowski, the man, will aid in an understanding of his theory. The journey in which an individual "develops" to the level at which "the other" becomes a higher concern than the self, is the "stuff" of Kazimierz Dabrowski's Theory of Positive Disintegration. It is a paradoxical theory of human development, based on the premise that "good can follow from bad." Crisis and suffering act as the propellents into an internal as well as external battle with self and environment to move out of the "what is" and travel to the "what ought to be." Illuminated within this study, is how the life of Dabrowski demonstrates this moral and psychic struggle. Data collection for this qualitative study was accomplished over a four year period through a "deep" reading of the works of Dabrowski and a search for biographical material. The researcher was the first to utilize a ten volume file on Dabrowski housed in the National Archives of Ottawa in Canada which houses a plethora of Dabrowski's books and papers. The researcher, following a hermeneutic research approach, traveled to Poland to "walk in Dabrowski's footsteps." Within this journey, the researcher utilized the facilities of many archives in Poland - at libraries, and within prisons. Given the researcher's Polish heritage, a basic knowledge of the Polish language aided the researcher greatly in these endeavors. The journey served to deepen the researcher's understanding of Dabrowski, the man - his history and his country. Finally, the researcher interviewed several of Dabrowski's friends, co-authors, students and associates. This study serves as a baseline endeavor for additional research. The researcher's purpose was to aid in understanding Dabrowski - the man and his theory. The research journey was an attempt by the researcher to keep alive and renew interest in a theory of human development that is in danger of being forgotten. / Ph. D.

By shearing activated sludge using a high shear rotor stator device, bioavailable proteinaceous material can be produced. Operation at elevated temperatures, serves to increase the amount of material that is rendered soluble (<0.45 um) and biodegradable. The storage of sludge under anoxic condition prior to shearing does not appear to enhance solublization of solids, though deflocculation and deterioration of dewaterablility was observed. Anaerobic digestibility appears to be enhanced by the addition of a high shear as shown by increases in gas production and volatile solids destruction. The dewatering properties of activated sludge, measured by capillary suction time, deteriorated with the addition of sheared solids, but reaeration resulted in near complete recovery. The role of iron and iron chemistry plays a critical role in the activated sludge. Iron apparently selectively removes protein, in particular material ranging in the 1.5 um to 30K size range. The addition of ferric iron was found to increase SVI and decrease zone-settling velocity, when added to reactors with mechanically disintegrated sludges. Similar trends were not observed in reactors dosed with ferrous iron. Preliminary results suggest that the ferric/ferrous redox chemistry may serve to enhance floc structure, as observed by increased settling velocity and shear resistance for sludges dosed with ferrous sulfate. / Master of Science

The Swedish mining company LKAB is using limestone as additives for the production of its iron ore pellets. The company is considering five new proposals of limestones since the Nordkalk Company is soon no longer able to provide limestone from the Storugns quarry which is the one that is used today. The first purpose in this study was to characterize and compare these five new limestones in respect to their texture and their disintegration during the transport from the quarry to the final destination in Malmberget, considering the Storugns limestone as a reference material. The second aim was to focus on finding any link between texture and disintegration properties of the limestones. Another intention is that the methodology which is used in this study will help the company to consider new proposals of limestones in the future. Six limestones from the Orsa, Storugns, Stucks, Vasalemma, Verdal and Võhmuta quarries were analyzed by an optical microscopy analysis of the textures. Two types of physical tests were also included in the study: a tumbler test and a breakage test. Six different textures were identified by a qualitative thin section analysis which shows similarities between the limestones from different origins but also a high variability of texture within a same quarry. A more quantitative optical microscopy analysis led to the assumption of both the degree of lithification and the amount of initial micro-cracks for each sample. According to the physical test results, the limestones disintegrate as follows, from the less to the more disintegrated: Stucks (7,6%), Storugns (9,4%), Verdal (10,3%), Võhmuta (11,1%), Vasalemma (11,8%) and Orsa (17,6%). There is no evident textural parameter which is controlling directly the disintegration of limestone. However the samples with a rather high lithification and a rather low fracturing disintegrate less than samples with a rather low lithification and a rather high fracturing. It is assumed that the combination of degree of lithification together with the amount of initial micro-cracks is somehow controlling the disintegration of limestone. / Validerat; 20101217 (root)

<p>In this thesis, the strength-enhancing mechanisms of dry binders in direct compression were studied. The systems investigated were binary mixtures containing various compounds and binders. Among the binders used were a series of different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol. The proposed simplified tablet model describing the fracture path in a tablet during strength testing offers an explanation for the increase in tablet strength caused by the binder. The model and results in this thesis indicate that fractures will usually propagate around the tablet particles and through the interparticulate voids during tablet strength testing.</p><p>One important characteristic of the binder is its ability to be effectively and evenly distributed through the interparticulate voids in a compound tablet. Characteristics such as high plasticity, low elasticity and a small particle size were associated with a more even distribution and a consequent pronounced effect on pore structure and marked improvement in tablet strength. The strength of tablets containing less plastic binders was governed more by the compactibility of the binder. The tablet porosity, bonding mechanisms and volume reduction mechanisms of the compound also influenced the effect of the binder. For example, the plasticity and particle size of the binder had the most significant effects on tablet strength when the tablet porosity of the com-pound was relatively low. A combination of the plasticity and the compactibility of the binder determined the strength of tablets when the tablet of a compound was more porous. The positive effect of a binder on pore structure and tablet strength resulted in an increase in the disintegration time. Although addition of a superdisintegrant generally improved the disintegration time, the effect was decreased when the formulation included more deformable binders.</p><p>The choice of a suitable binder for a tablet formulation requires extensive knowledge of the relative importance of binder properties for enhancing the strength of the tablet and also of the interactions between the various materials constituting a tablet. Thus, the increased knowledge of the functionality of a binder obtained in this thesis enables a more rational approach to tablet formulation.</p>