OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to evaluate the relationship between Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and dental arch characteristics. Specifically, we explored the relationship between maxillary constriction and SDB in children aged 3 to 18. METHODS: In this case control study, a retrospective review of data was collected over 4 years (2013-2017) was conducted. The data was obtained from a larger ongoing observational study on sleep disturbances in children aged 3 to 18 in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine. Based on parents’ responses in a brief sleep-screening questionnaire, the case group included children with disturbed sleep and the control group included children without any sleep disturbances. Parents of the participating children also completed a detailed questionnaire that collected information on participants’ demographics and sleep patterns. A thorough clinical examination was conducted which consisted of intra-oral and extra-oral examinations that assessed the facial profile, breathing patterns, skeletal and dental classifications, crossbite and transverse maxillary arch. Statistical analysis was conducted to explore differences in the presence of maxillary constriction among children with and without sleep disturbances. RESULTS: Among the sample of 134 subjects, the prevalence of SDB was 33.5%. Snoring and heavy breathing during sleep were significantly higher among children with SDB compared to children without SDB (p<0.001 and p<0.002 respectively). The prevalence of maxillary constriction with or without cross bite among all subjects was 20.9%. Children with SDB had a lower prevalence of maxillary constriction (17%) when compared to children without SDB (22%) (p = 0.81). CONCLUSION: There were no differences in the presence of maxillary constriction between children with SDB and children without SDB in this study. Therefore, there was insufficient statistical evidence in this study to support that the presence of constricted palate as a risk factor for SDB. Larger studies with accurate clinical measurements of the palatal constriction may help to further explore the correlation between maxillary constriction and SDB.

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Children and adolescents with obesity and overweight are at increased risk for developing sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and SDB has been associated with cognitive deficits and executive dysfunction. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between executive functioning and SDB among adolescents participating in a behavioral weight loss intervention. Adolescents (n = 37) and their caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and caregivers completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Using the Sleep Related Breathing Disorder scale on the PSQ adolescents were classified as at risk or not at risk for SDB. Correlations were calculated to evaluate associations between executive function and SDB. MANOVA analyses were also conducted to determine whether significant differences in executive function exist between adolescents at risk for SDB, and those not at risk. Significant correlations were found between SDB and executive functioning (r = 0.75; < .001). Significant differences were observed between SDB risk and non-SDB risk groups on the BRIEF parent report (F (1, 35) = 3.73; < 0.01). Differences in parent-report BRIEF scores across risk groups represent a large effect (d = 1.73). However, these differences were not replicated on the BRIEF self-report (F (1, 35) = 1.24; p < 0.05). Adolescents with overweight or obesity participating in behavioral weight loss interventions may be at increased risk for SDB and those adolescents at risk for SDB may have executive dysfunction. These deficits may have implications for treatment.

Purpose: Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) has been reported to show improvement in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and heart failure (HF); however, its role as a second-line or adjunctive treatment is not clear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of new existing data including cardiac mechanistic factor, geometry, and cardiac biomarkers. Methods: We systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies that assessed the efficacy or effectiveness of ASV compared to conventional treatments for SDB and HF in five research databases from their inception to November 2018. Random-effects meta-analyses using the inverse variance method and stratified by study design were performed. Results: We included 15 RCTs (n = 859) and 5 cohorts (n = 162) that met our inclusion criteria. ASV significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in cohorts (MD 6.96%, 95% CI 2.58, 11.34, p = 0.002), but not in RCTs. Also, the ASV group had significantly lower apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in both cohorts (MD − 26.02, 95% CI − 36.94, − 15.10, p < 0.00001) and RCTs (MD − 21.83, 95% CI − 28.17, − 15.49, p < 0.00001). ASV did not significantly decrease the E/e′ ratio in RCTs or in cohorts. Finally, ASV significantly decreased brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the cohorts (SMD − 121.99, CI 95% − 186.47, − 57.51, p = 0.0002) but not in RCTs. ASV did not have a significant effect on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and cardiac diameters. Conclusions: ASV therapy is associated with improvements of AHI in comparison to alternative treatments in patients with SDB and HF. ASV did not improve LVEF or E/e′ ratios in randomized trials; other intermediate outcomes did not improve significantly. / Revisión por pares

TÍTULO: Associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono, Estresse Oxidativo e Doença Arterial Coronariana. INTRODUÇÃO: Evidências sugerem associação entre a doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS), porém o mecanismo que explica essa associação é incerto. Episódios repetitivos de hipóxia e reoxigenação vivenciados pelos indivíduos com DRS levam ao aumento de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). ERO no interior dos eritrócitos podem ser detoxificadas pelas enzimas antioxidantes glutationa peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD). Ainda no citoplasma as ERO podem ser detoxificadas pela vitamina C ou ácido úrico. O estresse oxidativo é caracterizado por um desequilíbrio entre os níveis de ERO e antioxidantes. Este desequilíbrio promove lesão oxidativa em biomoléculas, mecanismo este associado à fisiopatologia da DAC. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a relação entre o índice de apnéia hipopnéia (IAH) e a presença de DAC. Verificar a associação entre IAH, DAC e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: SOD, CAT, GPx e antioxidantes não enzimáticos, ácido úrico e vitamina C. Avaliar a relação entre IAH, DAC e os produtos de danos oxidativos em lipídios, proteínas. Entre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo identificar preditores para DAC. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. Entre junho de 2007 e maio de 2008 na Hemodinâmica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, triamos consecutivamente 519 indivíduos encaminhados para angiografia diagnóstica ou terapêutica. Incluímos 14 pacientes com DAC (≥ 50% diminuição do lúmen da coronária) e 30 controles com < 50% de obstrução. O IAH foi mensurado por meio de polissonografia portátil. Verificamos presença de DAC através da angiografia coronariana. A quantificação dos grupos carbonil no hemolisado e no plasma e as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes SOD, CAT e GPx foram verificadas por método espectrofotométrico. Mensuramos malondialdeído (MDA) e vitamina C por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. RESULTADOS: Este é o primeiro trabalho que evidencia correlação entre IAH e o aumento de carbonilação de proteínas eritrocitárias. Além disso, os resultados obtidos mostram que os indivíduos portadores de DAC apresentam níveis maiores de grupos carbonil no hemolisado quando comparados aos indivíduos controles. Em um modelo de regressão multivariado ajustado para idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal, buscando verificar preditores para DAC, verificamos que o aumento de uma unidade de carbonil aumenta 1,7% o risco para desenvolvimento de DAC, já uma unidade do IAH aumenta em 3,9% o risco de desenvolvimento de DAC. Não foi encontrada correlação entre IAH e os marcadores MDA, carbonil no plasma e os antioxidantes: SOD, CAT, GPx vitamina C e ácido úrico. Não verificamos correlação entre DAC e os marcadores MDA, carbonil no plasma e entre os antioxidantes SOD, CAT , GPx e ácido úrico. Pacientes com CAD significativa apresentaram níveis menores de vitamina C. Correlação positiva foi observada entre os níveis de vitamina C e a concentração de proteínas carboniladas no plasma. CONCLUSÃO: Foi evidenciado que a carbonilação de proteínas eritrocitárias e o IAH tem importância na fisiopatologia da DAC. Da mesma forma a vitamina C parece ter importância na prevenção da DAC. / INTRODUCTION: Evidences suggest association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleeping Disordered Breathing (SDB), however the mechanism is uncertain. Repetitive episodes of hypoxia and reoxygenation experienced by individuals with SDB lead to an increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS inside the erythocytes may be scavenging by glutathione peroxidase antioxidants enzymes (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In the cytoplasm ROS may be inhibited by vitamin C, or uric acid. Oxidative stress is characterized by an unbalance between ROS and antioxidants. These unbalance promotes oxidative damage in biomolecules, this mechanism is associated to the CAD physiopathology . OBJECTIVE: Verify the relation between apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and CAD. Verify association between AHI, CAD and antioxidants enzymes activity: SOD, CAT, GPx and non enzymatic antioxidants, uric acid, and vitamin C. Evalute the relation between AHI, CAD and oxidative damage products in lipids and proteins. Among the oxidative stress markers identify the predictors for CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross sectional study. Between June and May 2008 in the hemodinamic ward of Clinicas Hospital of Porto Alegre, we consecutively screened 519 individuals sent for diagnostic or therapeutic angiography. We included 14 cases with CAD (≥ 50% narrowing of coronary lumen) and 30 controls with < 50% narrowing. The AHI was measured by portable polisomnography. We found the presence of CAD through coronary angiography. Carbonyl groups quantification in the hemolysed and plasma and antioxidants enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were verified by spectophotometric method. Malondyaldeyde (MDA) and vitamin C were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: This work is the first one that shows correlation between AHI and increased erythrocytes protein carbonylation. In the same way evidences that individuals with significant CAD compared to controls present higher levels of carbonyl groups in the hemolysates. In a multivaried regression model adjusted to age, gender and body mass index to verify predictors for CAD, we verified that the carbonyl unit increased 1.7% the risk for development of CAD, while one unit of IAH increased in 3.9% the risk to develop CAD. We did not find correlation between AHI and the markers MDA, plasma carbonyl and the antioxidants: SOD, CAT, GPx vitamin C and uric acid. We didn’t verify correlation between CAD and the markers MDA, plasma carbonyl and the others antioxidants SOD, CAT , GPx and uric acid. Patients with significant CAD had lower levels of vitamin C. Positive correlation was observed between vitamin C and erythrocyte carbonyl concentration. CONCLUSION: We evidenced that erythrocytes protein carbonylation and AHI are important in the physiopathology of CAD. In the same way vitamin C appears important factor in CAD prevention.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, irreversible disease that robs individuals of vision, quality of life, and independence. It is the leading cause of blindness in industrialized countries. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a condition characterized by repeated episodes of apnea and/or hypopnea, insomnia, short sleep duration, and/or sleep disturbances (snoring, gasping, etc.). Because SDB has been shown to cause chronic hypoxia resulting in oxidative stress on the retina, it has been proposed that SDB may be associated with AMD. Based on the life course theory of chronic disease, this quantitative, cross-sectional study used data from the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to study whether there was an association between SDB and AMD, including neovascular AMD and geographic atrophy in adults 40 years and older. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used. The results suggest that AMD is associated with diagnosed sleep disorders, including sleep apnea and insomnia, as well as sleep apnea symptoms of gasping snoring, snorting, and stopping breathing. The findings of this study highlight the importance of diagnostic screening and therapeutic intervention to treat SDB. Early diagnosis and therapy for SDB could address not only the comorbidities associated with SDB, but could also prevent or slow the progression of AMD. In turn, this would yield lower rates of vision loss, reduced comorbidities associated with vision loss, and reduced impact of AMD on the health care system and social and financial costs to society.

Methadone is a long acting mu-opioid and is the most effective treatment for heroin addiction. However, opioids depress respiration and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients have a higher mortality rate than the general population. Teichtahl et al conducted a pilot study and found 6 out of 10 MMT patients had central sleep apnea (CSA). But no definite conclusions were made regarding the prevalence and possible pathogenesis of CSA in the patients due to the small sample size and lack of blood toxicology data. The present project aims to confirm the preliminary results and further quantify the sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in stable MMT patients and to delineate the pathogenesis involved. (For complete abstract open document)

TÍTULO: Associação entre Distúrbios Respiratórios do Sono, Estresse Oxidativo e Doença Arterial Coronariana. INTRODUÇÃO: Evidências sugerem associação entre a doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS), porém o mecanismo que explica essa associação é incerto. Episódios repetitivos de hipóxia e reoxigenação vivenciados pelos indivíduos com DRS levam ao aumento de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). ERO no interior dos eritrócitos podem ser detoxificadas pelas enzimas antioxidantes glutationa peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD). Ainda no citoplasma as ERO podem ser detoxificadas pela vitamina C ou ácido úrico. O estresse oxidativo é caracterizado por um desequilíbrio entre os níveis de ERO e antioxidantes. Este desequilíbrio promove lesão oxidativa em biomoléculas, mecanismo este associado à fisiopatologia da DAC. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a relação entre o índice de apnéia hipopnéia (IAH) e a presença de DAC. Verificar a associação entre IAH, DAC e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: SOD, CAT, GPx e antioxidantes não enzimáticos, ácido úrico e vitamina C. Avaliar a relação entre IAH, DAC e os produtos de danos oxidativos em lipídios, proteínas. Entre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo identificar preditores para DAC. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. Entre junho de 2007 e maio de 2008 na Hemodinâmica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, triamos consecutivamente 519 indivíduos encaminhados para angiografia diagnóstica ou terapêutica. Incluímos 14 pacientes com DAC (≥ 50% diminuição do lúmen da coronária) e 30 controles com < 50% de obstrução. O IAH foi mensurado por meio de polissonografia portátil. Verificamos presença de DAC através da angiografia coronariana. A quantificação dos grupos carbonil no hemolisado e no plasma e as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes SOD, CAT e GPx foram verificadas por método espectrofotométrico. Mensuramos malondialdeído (MDA) e vitamina C por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. RESULTADOS: Este é o primeiro trabalho que evidencia correlação entre IAH e o aumento de carbonilação de proteínas eritrocitárias. Além disso, os resultados obtidos mostram que os indivíduos portadores de DAC apresentam níveis maiores de grupos carbonil no hemolisado quando comparados aos indivíduos controles. Em um modelo de regressão multivariado ajustado para idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal, buscando verificar preditores para DAC, verificamos que o aumento de uma unidade de carbonil aumenta 1,7% o risco para desenvolvimento de DAC, já uma unidade do IAH aumenta em 3,9% o risco de desenvolvimento de DAC. Não foi encontrada correlação entre IAH e os marcadores MDA, carbonil no plasma e os antioxidantes: SOD, CAT, GPx vitamina C e ácido úrico. Não verificamos correlação entre DAC e os marcadores MDA, carbonil no plasma e entre os antioxidantes SOD, CAT , GPx e ácido úrico. Pacientes com CAD significativa apresentaram níveis menores de vitamina C. Correlação positiva foi observada entre os níveis de vitamina C e a concentração de proteínas carboniladas no plasma. CONCLUSÃO: Foi evidenciado que a carbonilação de proteínas eritrocitárias e o IAH tem importância na fisiopatologia da DAC. Da mesma forma a vitamina C parece ter importância na prevenção da DAC. / INTRODUCTION: Evidences suggest association between Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and Sleeping Disordered Breathing (SDB), however the mechanism is uncertain. Repetitive episodes of hypoxia and reoxygenation experienced by individuals with SDB lead to an increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS inside the erythocytes may be scavenging by glutathione peroxidase antioxidants enzymes (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In the cytoplasm ROS may be inhibited by vitamin C, or uric acid. Oxidative stress is characterized by an unbalance between ROS and antioxidants. These unbalance promotes oxidative damage in biomolecules, this mechanism is associated to the CAD physiopathology . OBJECTIVE: Verify the relation between apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and CAD. Verify association between AHI, CAD and antioxidants enzymes activity: SOD, CAT, GPx and non enzymatic antioxidants, uric acid, and vitamin C. Evalute the relation between AHI, CAD and oxidative damage products in lipids and proteins. Among the oxidative stress markers identify the predictors for CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross sectional study. Between June and May 2008 in the hemodinamic ward of Clinicas Hospital of Porto Alegre, we consecutively screened 519 individuals sent for diagnostic or therapeutic angiography. We included 14 cases with CAD (≥ 50% narrowing of coronary lumen) and 30 controls with < 50% narrowing. The AHI was measured by portable polisomnography. We found the presence of CAD through coronary angiography. Carbonyl groups quantification in the hemolysed and plasma and antioxidants enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were verified by spectophotometric method. Malondyaldeyde (MDA) and vitamin C were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: This work is the first one that shows correlation between AHI and increased erythrocytes protein carbonylation. In the same way evidences that individuals with significant CAD compared to controls present higher levels of carbonyl groups in the hemolysates. In a multivaried regression model adjusted to age, gender and body mass index to verify predictors for CAD, we verified that the carbonyl unit increased 1.7% the risk for development of CAD, while one unit of IAH increased in 3.9% the risk to develop CAD. We did not find correlation between AHI and the markers MDA, plasma carbonyl and the antioxidants: SOD, CAT, GPx vitamin C and uric acid. We didn’t verify correlation between CAD and the markers MDA, plasma carbonyl and the others antioxidants SOD, CAT , GPx and uric acid. Patients with significant CAD had lower levels of vitamin C. Positive correlation was observed between vitamin C and erythrocyte carbonyl concentration. CONCLUSION: We evidenced that erythrocytes protein carbonylation and AHI are important in the physiopathology of CAD. In the same way vitamin C appears important factor in CAD prevention.