Precipitation with a Compressed Fluid Antisolvent (PCA) and Rapid Expansion from Supercritical Solution (RESS) are two processes based on supercritical fluids that are capable of producing submicron particles. Novel variations of these basic processes have been examined to produce stable particles of various pharmaceutical compounds. PCA is an antisolvent precipitation technique where an organic solution of drug + polymer in solvent is atomized (sprayed) into supercritical (SC) CO₂. Upon liquid mixing, the solute materials precipitate to form microparticles. A Vapor-over-Liquid technique has been used to produce larger, uniform particle sizes of biodegradable polymers. By suspending a protein in the solvent phase, the protein can be encapsulated/coated by the precipitating polymer. RESS is a process by which a homogeneous solution at supercritical conditions is sprayed through an expansion nozzle to atmospheric conditions. The resultant change in phase leads to the precipitation of the solute materials. The production of extremely small particles (<50 nm) have been predicted but rarely demonstrated. Typically, particle growth occurs to form larger (~1 μm) particles. A novel adaptation was developed, dubbed RESAS (Rapid Expansion from Supercritical to Aqueous Solution), wherein the expansion is conducted within an aqueous environment. The aqueous phase can contain surfactant or lipid stabilizers to capture and preserve submicron particles of water-insoluble drug actives in the form of a suspension. / text

Microwave filters play key roles in controlling the frequency response at specific locations of any communications, radar, or test system. Microwave resonators provide the frequency selective building blocks necessary for filter design. Reconfigurable/ tunable microwave resonators have facilitated the design of tunable filters. Recently, MEMS based tuning mechanisms developed widely tunable resonators maintaining high Q; however, limit in the number of reconfiguration states. This thesis proposes a fluidic-reconfigurable Xband SIW resonator capable of continuous tunability across the reconfiguration range. A dielectric post of fluidic dispersions with variable material properties embedded in a two inductive post static SIW resonator defines the tuning mechanism. The development of an analytical closed-form expression for the resonant frequency and Q across reconfiguration, a circuit model, and full-wave simulation predicts the tunable performance with estimated material properties of the fluidic dispersion. Measured data on an initial tunable SIW resonator design showed good reconfiguration performance but more losses than expected which could potentially be explained from the discovery of a major design error not associated with the resonator itself. A second tunable SIW resonator designed and fabricated proves the material properties of the fluidic dispersions contain more losses than estimated and hinder the resonators performance. By comparing simulated and measured data new estimates for the material properties of the fluidic dispersion are proposed which agree with trends in recent literature. Low-loss fluidic dispersions will enable a significant performance increase in the current tunable SIW resonator. Two low-cost material measurement systems are designed to expedite research efforts in finding low-loss microwave fluidics. Both systems accurately compute dielectric constant but not loss tangents. The initial systems provide necessary first steps in the design of future highly accurate material measurement systems.

L'amélioration de la solubilité des principes actifs peu solubles est devenue l'un des principaux challenges de l'industrie pharmaceutique. Bien que présentant une structure chimique potentiellement idéale pour interagir avec la cible, elles échouent dans l'efficacité in vivo : après administration, elles ne peuvent se dissoudre dans les milieux aqueux biologiques et par conséquent ne peuvent être transportées sur leur site d'action pour atteindre la concentration efficace, amenant à un échec thérapeutique. De nombreuses stratégies très intéressantes ont été proposées pour surmonter ce sérieux obstacle.Les dispersions solides sont étudiées depuis plus de 40 ans et ont conduit à de très nombreuses publications mais jusqu'à aujourd'hui peu de produits ont été commercialisés principalement pour des raisons de stabilité physico-chimique. Celles-ci ont pour but de présenter le principe actif sous sa forme amorphe : cette dernière présentant un état d'énergie plus élevé et par conséquent une solubilisation facilitée. Dans le même temps, le système doit rester stable durant le stockage, ainsi la recristallisation ou tout autre changement entraînant une modification du profil de libération doivent être évités. Différentes techniques de production peuvent être utilisées pour préparer ce genre de systèmes polymériques tels que l'extrusion en phase chauffante ou l'atomisation-séchage. Le principal objectif de ce travail a été d'améliorer la solubilité des principes actifs peu solubles par formation de dispersions solides utilisant les deux techniques les plus utilisées : l'extrusion en phase chauffante et l'atomisation-séchage. Dans cette étude, le kétoprofène a été incorporé dans des matrices polymériques hydrophiles pour augmenter sa solubilité apparente. Les deux techniques ont été employées et l'Eudragit® E a été considéré comme une matrice intéressante pour plusieurs raisons : c'est un polymère thermoplastique, offrant une stabilité thermique suffisante pour l'extrusion en phase chauffante, il se dissout rapidement en milieu acide et peut interagir avec les groupements acides de par ses nombreux azotes ternaires. Des mélanges binaires " principe actif - Eudragit®E " ainsi que des mélanges ternaires " principe actif - Eudragit®E - PVP ", " principe actif - Eudragit®E - PVPVA ", " principe actif - Eudragit®E - HPMC " ont été étudiés et caractérisés Les systèmes obtenus ont été caractérisés par macro/microscopie optique, microscopie électronique à balayage, diffraction laser, analyse calorimétrique différentielle modulée, diffraction des rayons X et l'étude du profil de libération in vitro en milieu acide (HCl 0.1M). Les libérations ont été intentionnellement réalisées en condition " non sink " afin d'évaluer le potentiel des formulations à produire des solutions sur-saturées et la durée de ces dernières. Tous les systèmes présentent un profil de libération du kétoprofène beaucoup plus rapide comparé au produit commercial et à la dissolution du principe actif pur. De plus, des solutions sur-saturées peuvent être obtenues et restent stables au moins 2 h. Cependant, en fonction des polymères utilisés, différents profils de libération ont été obtenus indiquant que l'utilisation de matrices polymériques pour l'accélération de la libération de principes actifs peu solubles peut être très complexe puisqu'elle n'est pas seulement influencée par la composition du système mais aussi potentiellement par leur structure interne et notamment par l'homogénéité/hétérogénéité de la distribution des excipients.[...].

Process Analytical Technology (PAT) is framed with the objective of the design and development of processes to ensure predefined quality of the product at the end of manufacturing. PAT implementation includes better understanding of process, reduction in production time with use of in-line, at-line and on-line measurements, yield improvement and energy and cost reductions. Hot Melt Extrusion process (HME) used in the present work is proving increasingly popular in industry for its continuous and green processing which is beneficial over traditional batch processing. The present work was focused on applications of Raman spectroscopy as off - line and in - line monitoring techniques as a PAT for production of pharmaceutical solid dispersions and co-crystals. Solid dispersions (SDs) of the anti-convulsant Carbamazepine (CBZ) with two pharmaceutical grade polymers have been produced using HME at a range of drug loadings and their amorphous nature confirmed using a variety of analytical techniques. Off-line and in-line Raman spectroscopy has been shown to be suitable techniques for proving preparation of these SDs. Through calibration curves generated from chemometric analysis in-line Raman spectroscopy was shown to be more accurate than off-line measurements proving the quantification ability of Raman spectroscopy as well as a PAT tool. Pure co-crystals of Ibuprofen-Nicotinamide and Carbamazepine-Nicotinamide have been produced using solvent evaporation and microwave radiation techniques. Raman spectroscopy proved its superiority over off-line analytical techniques such as DSC, FTIR and XRD for co-crystal purity determination adding to its key advantage in its ability to be used as an in-line, non-destructive technique.

No description available.

Neste trabalho foram produzidas dispersões aquosas poliuretânicas com formulações variadas, obtidas pelo processo em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi obtido um prepolímero e na segunda etapa, através da reação de extensão de cadeia foi obtido o polímero final. Nas sínteses foram empregados o diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI) e como polióis o poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG) e três diferentes tipos de polibutadieno líquido hidroxilado (HTPB) comerciais. A fim de possibilitar a dispersão dos poliuretanos em água, foi introduzido em sua estrutura o ácido dimetilolpropiônico (DMPA), que após neutralização com trietilamina (TEA) forneceu os sítios iônicos responsáveis pela estabilidade das dispersões em água. Como extensor de cadeia foi utilizado a hidrazina (HYD). As dispersões aquosas poliuretânicas obtidas foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de sólidos totais, tamanho médio de partícula e viscosidade. Os filmes formados a partir dessas dispersões foram avaliados quanto à sua aparência visual, propriedades mecânicas, estabilidade térmica por análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR). Todas as dispersões obtidas apresentaram teor de sólidos totais entre 31 a 45% e tamanho de partícula na faixa de 70 a 221 nm. / In this work polyurethane aqueous dispersions with varied compositions, synthesized by a two steps process were produced. On the first step it was obtained a prepolymer and on the second one, by the reaction of chain extension with hydrazine (HYD) was obtained the final polymer. In the prepolymer synthesis, diisocyanate of isophorone (IPDI), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), three different types of hydroxy-terminated polybutadienes (HTPB) and, in order to make possible the polyurethane dispersion in water, dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), were employed. Afterwards the acid groups were neutralized with triethylamine (TEA) to provide the ionic groups responsible for the dispersion stability in water. The polyurethane aqueous dispersions produced in this work were evaluated through the solids content, particle size and viscosity. The films formed from these dispersions were characterized by their visual appearance, mechanical properties, thermal stability (TGA) and by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). All the obtained dispersions presented solids content between 31 to 45 percent (m/m) and particle size between 70 to 221 nm.

Fármacos pouco solúveis tendem a possuir baixa biodisponibilidade. Diversos métodos têm sido estudados para promover o aumento da solubilidade de fármacos pouco solúveis. As dispersões sólidas têm sido pesquisadas como uma estratégia de aumentar a solubilidade e, portanto a biodisponibilidade de fármacos pouco solúveis em água, entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais ocorre o aumento da solubilidade desses fármacos ainda não foram completamente elucidados e parecem variar da combinação do fármaco e do polímero, bem como do método de obtenção empregado. No presente estudo, utilizaram-se técnicas de caracterização do estado sólido, baseadas na interação da energia térmica e eletromagnética radiante com a matéria. Foi detectado que as interações que ocorrem entre a hidroclorotiazida e a polivinilpirrolidona se devem a ligações de hidrogênio que mantêm o fármaco disperso na matriz amorfa do polímero provocando um aumento da solubilidade em água. / Poorly water-soluble drug frequently has low bioavailability. Solid dispersions have been used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly watersoluble drugs. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been show yet. In this study solid dispersions with hydrochlorothiazide and polyvinylpyrrolidone was prepared by evaporation method and characterized by dissolution test, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X Ray diffraction, in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the water solubility improve of drug. Our results show the polymer increasing the drug solubility by hydrogen bonding forming glassy solutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07540.pdf: 5595475 bytes, checksum: 832f00e3a259330c79b1d3676cd33214 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4700435 bytes, checksum: bac9eb5b4507aab56d5ee90842c50c1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-29 / Emulsions are colloidal systems where one liquid is dispersed in another liquid where the two liquids are immiscible. The control of these dispersions can bring important contributions to science and society since this kind of colloidal system has many and important applications in the food and pharmaceutic area and also in the material science. This work has the main purpose to develop and improve monodisperse emulsions production techniques using simple and low-cost devices. It is shown the production of simple emulsions using devices built from glass capillary tubes. Besides, the drops diameter dependence with the phases flow rate is verified. Solid particles were made from droplets of poly(styrene) dispersed in chloroform, followed by the evaporation of the chloroform, using these devices. Although the glass capillary tube devices show good results, we have made emulsions, for instance, of (80±1) &#956;m with standard deviation of 1,3 &#956;m (&#963;/dm = 1, 6%), they have limitations concerning the configuration of the tubes. Another kind of device built was made basically from microchannels produced in glass microscope slides using hydrofluoric acid to attack the slide surfaces. The slides were sealed using epoxy glue and the final result were channels with controlled values of depth and width. The dependence of the drops diameter with the continuous and disperse phases flow rate were made to test the devices quality. High quality emulsions were obtained with tipical values for diameter and standar deviation about 100 &#956;m and 2%. Four different channel configurations were tested and the configuration where the channels were built as a cross (one channel carrying the disperse phase and two channels carrying the continuous phase) shown better results then the devices with only two channels (one channel carrying each phase). / Emulsões são sistemas coloidais onde um líquido é disperso em outro líquido imiscível. O controle dessa dispersão pode trazer importantes contribuições para a ciência e para a sociedade, já que este tipo de sistema coloidal apresenta variadas e importantes aplicações nas áreas alimentícia, farmacêutica e de materiais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver e aperfeiçoar técnicas de produção de emulsões com baixa dispersão de tamanhos utilizando dispositivos simples e de baixo custo. Apresenta-se, assim, a técnica de produção de emulsões simples através da utilização de dispositivos construídos a partir de tubos capilares de vidro. Além disso, verifica-se a dependência do diâmetro das gotas das emulsões produzidas com a vazão da fase contínua e dispersa. Utilizando este dispositivo, produzem-se também partículas sólidas a partir da preparação de gotas de poliestireno dissolvido em clorofórmio e posterior evaporação do clorofórmio. Embora esse tipo de dispositivo apresente bons resultados, sendo possível produzir emulsões, por exemplo, com diâmetro médio das gotas igual a (80±1) &#956;m e desvio padrão de 1,3 &#956;m (&#963;/dm = 1, 6%), ele tem limitações quanto ao número de configurações dos fluxos possíveis de se trabalhar. Outro dispositivo produzido constitui-se basicamente de microcanais produzidos em lâminas de microscópio por ataque controlado de ácido fluorídrico. A vedação superior dos canais é feita utilizando cola epóxi (araldite) tendo-se, assim, canais de largura e profundidades controladas. Para testar a qualidade deste tipo de dispositivo, fez-se também a verificação do diâmetro das gotas de emulsão produzidas com a vazão da fase contínua ou dispersa, tendo sido possível a produção de emulsão com baixa dispersão de tamanhos, produzindo para dada condição, emulsões com diâmetro médio das gotas da ordem de (100±1) &#956;m com desvio padrão típicos de 2%. Foram testadas quatro diferentes configurações de canais, onde as configurações em cruz (um canal contendo a fase dispersa e dois canais com a fase contínua) mostraram melhores resultados que configurações com apenas dois canais (um por fase).

Neste trabalho foram produzidas dispersões aquosas poliuretânicas com formulações variadas, obtidas pelo processo em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi obtido um prepolímero e na segunda etapa, através da reação de extensão de cadeia foi obtido o polímero final. Nas sínteses foram empregados o diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI) e como polióis o poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG) e três diferentes tipos de polibutadieno líquido hidroxilado (HTPB) comerciais. A fim de possibilitar a dispersão dos poliuretanos em água, foi introduzido em sua estrutura o ácido dimetilolpropiônico (DMPA), que após neutralização com trietilamina (TEA) forneceu os sítios iônicos responsáveis pela estabilidade das dispersões em água. Como extensor de cadeia foi utilizado a hidrazina (HYD). As dispersões aquosas poliuretânicas obtidas foram avaliadas quanto ao teor de sólidos totais, tamanho médio de partícula e viscosidade. Os filmes formados a partir dessas dispersões foram avaliados quanto à sua aparência visual, propriedades mecânicas, estabilidade térmica por análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR). Todas as dispersões obtidas apresentaram teor de sólidos totais entre 31 a 45% e tamanho de partícula na faixa de 70 a 221 nm. / In this work polyurethane aqueous dispersions with varied compositions, synthesized by a two steps process were produced. On the first step it was obtained a prepolymer and on the second one, by the reaction of chain extension with hydrazine (HYD) was obtained the final polymer. In the prepolymer synthesis, diisocyanate of isophorone (IPDI), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), three different types of hydroxy-terminated polybutadienes (HTPB) and, in order to make possible the polyurethane dispersion in water, dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), were employed. Afterwards the acid groups were neutralized with triethylamine (TEA) to provide the ionic groups responsible for the dispersion stability in water. The polyurethane aqueous dispersions produced in this work were evaluated through the solids content, particle size and viscosity. The films formed from these dispersions were characterized by their visual appearance, mechanical properties, thermal stability (TGA) and by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). All the obtained dispersions presented solids content between 31 to 45 percent (m/m) and particle size between 70 to 221 nm.