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Analysis of the rolling motion of loaded hoopsTheron, Willem F.D. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD (Mathematical Sciences. Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / This dissertation contains a detailed report on the results of a research project on the behaviour
of a dynamical system consisting of a hoop to which a heavy particle is fixed at the rim. This
loaded hoop rolls on a rough surface while remaining in the vertical plane. The motion of
the hoop consists of various, possibly alternating, phases consisting of rolling without slipping,
spinning or skidding motion and in some cases ends by hopping off the surface.
A general mathematical model is developed, consisting of a system of second order ordinary
differential equations, one for each of the three degrees of freedom. Analytic solutions are
obtained in some cases; otherwise numerical solutions are used.
Three specific applications of the general model are dealt with.
In the first application the problem of massless hoops is investigated. The main emphasis is on
the somewhat controversial question of what happens after the normal reaction becomes zero
in a position where the particle is still moving downwards. A new result shows that the hoop
can continue to move horizontally in a motion defined as skimming.
The second application deals with rigid hoops and a large number of detailed results are presented.
Classification schemes for the different types of behaviour are introduced and summarised
in the form of phase diagrams. Some emphasis is placed on the rather amazing number
of different patterns of motion that can be obtained by varying the parameters.
In the third application two elastic models are analysed, with the primary purpose of explaining
one aspect of the reported behaviour of experimental hoops, namely hopping while the particle
is moving downwards.
A chapter on experimental models rounds off the project.
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A video-based traffic monitoring systemMagaia, Lourenco Lazaro 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD (Mathematical Sciences. Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This thesis addresses the problem of bulding a video-based traffic monitoring system. We employ clustering, trackiing and three-dimensional reconstruction of moving objects over a long image sequence. We present an algorithms that robustly recovers the motion and reconstructs three-dimensional shapes from a sequence of video images, Magaia et al [91].
The problem ...
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Modelling of the motion of a mixture of particles and a Newtonian fluidWilms, Josefine Maryna 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: See full text for abstract / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien volteks vir opsomming
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Modelling of non-Newtonian fluid flow through and over porous media with the inclusion of boundary effectsCloete, Maret 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Different generalized Newtonian fluids (where the normal stresses were neglected) were
considered in this study. Analytical expressions were derived for time independent,
fully developed velocity profiles of Herschel-Bulkley fluids (including the simplifications
thereof: Newtonian, power law and Bingham plastic fluids) and Casson fluids through
open channel sections. Both flow through cylindrical pipes (Hagen-Poiseuille flow) and
parallel plates (plane Poiseuille flow) were brought under consideration. Equations were
derived for the wall shear stresses in terms of the average channel velocities. These
expressions for plane Poiseuille flow were then utilized in the modelling of flow through
homogeneous, isotropic porous media.
Flow through parallel plates was extended and a possibility of a moving lower wall (plane
Couette-Poiseuille flow) was included for Herschel-Bulkley fluids (and the simplifications
thereof). The velocity of the wall was assumed to be opposite to the pressure gradient
(thus in the streamwise direction) yielding three different possible flow scenarios. These
equations were again revisited in the study on flow over porous structures. Averaging of the microscopic momentum transport equation was carried out by means
of volume averaging over an REV (Representative Elementary Volume). Flow through
parallel plates enclosing a homogeneous porous medium (assumed homogeneous up to
the external boundary) was studied at the hand of Brinkman’s equation. It was as-
sumed (also for non-Newtonian fluids) that the term dominating outside the external
boundary layer area is directly proportional to the superficial velocity that is, since only
the viscous flow regime was considered, referred to as the ‘Darcy’ velocity if the diffusive
Brinkman term is completely neglected. For a shear thinning or shear thickening fluid,
the excess superficial velocity term was included in the proportionality coefficient that
is constant for a particular fluid traversing a particular porous medium subjected to a
specific pressure gradient. For such fluids only the inverse functions could be solved. If the ‘Darcy’ velocity is not reached within the considered domain, Gauss’s hypergeo-
metric function had to be utilized. For Newtonian and Bingham plastic fluids, direct
solutions were obtained. The effect of the constant yield stress was embedded in the
proportionality coefficient.
For linear flow, the proportionality coefficient consists of both a Darcy and a Forch-
heimer term applicable to the viscous and inertial flow regimes respectively. Secondary
averaging for different types of porous media was accomplished by using an RUC
(Representative Unit Cell) to estimate average interstitial properties. Only homoge-
neous, isotropic media were considered. Expressions for the apparent permeability as
well as the passability in the Forchheimer regime (also sometimes referred to as the
non-Darcian permeability) were derived for the various fluid types.
Finally fluid flow in a domain consisting of an open channel adjacent to an infinite porous
domain is considered. The analytically derived velocity profiles for both plane Couette-
Poiseuille flow and the Brinkman equation were matched by assuming continuity in the
shear stress at the porosity jump between the two domains.
An in-house code was developed to simulate such a composite domain numerically. The
difference between the analytically assumed constant apparent permeability in a macro-
scopic boundary layer region as opposed to a dependency of the varying superficial
velocity was discussed. This code included the possibility to alter the construction of
the domain and to simulate axisymmetrical flow in a cylinder. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie veralgemeende Newtoniese vloeistowwe (waarvan die normaalspannings ignoreer-
baar is) word in hierdie studie beskou. Analitiese uitdrukkings vir tyd-onafhanklike, ten
volle ontwikkelde snelheidsprofiele vir Herschel-Bulkley vloeistowwe (wat die vereen-
voudigde weergawes daarvan insluit: Newtoniese, magswet- en Bingham-plastiek vloei-
stowwe), sowel as Casson vloeistowwe, is afgelei vir vloei deur ‘n oop kanaal. Beide vloei
deur silindriese pype (Hagen-Poiseuille vloei) en parallelle plate (vlak-Poiseuille vloei)
is oorweeg. Vergelykings vir die skuifspannings op ‘n wand in terme van die gemiddelde
snelhede is afgelei. Hierdie uitdrukking wat vir vlak-Poiseuille vloei verkry is, is in die
modellering van vloei deur homogene, isotropiese poreuse media ook gebruik.
Vloei deur parallelle plate is uitgebrei en die moontlikheid van ‘n bewegende onderste
wand (vlak-Couette-Poiseuille vloei) is ondersoek vir Herschel-Bulkley vloeistowwe (en
die vereenvoudigings daarvan). Dit word aangeneem dat die snelheid van die wand in
die teenoorgestelde rigting as die drukgradiënt georiënteer is (dus in die stroomgewyse
rigting) wat dan tot drie verskillende moontlike vloeigevalle lei. Hierdie vergelykings is
weer in die studie van vloei oor poreuse strukture gebruik.
Die gemiddelde van die mikroskopiese momentum transportvergelyking is bereken oor
die volume van ‘n REV (“Representative Elementary Volume”). Vloei deur parallelle
plate wat ‘n homogene poreuse medium omsluit (waar die medium homogeen aanvaar
word tot by die eksterne grens) is bestudeer aan die hand van Brinkman se vergelyking.
Daar is aanvaar (ook vir nie-Newtoniese vloeistowwe) dat die dominante term buite
die eksterne grenslaaggebied direk eweredig is aan die oppervlaksnelheid en, aangesien
slegs vloei in die viskeuse gebied oorweeg word, daarna verwys word as die “Darcy”-
snelheid, indien die diffusiewe Brinkman-term heeltemal weglaatbaar is. Vir ‘n span-ningsverdunnende of -verdikkende vloeistof, word die oortollige oppervlaksnelheidsterm
ingesluit by die proporsionaliteitskoëffisiënt wat konstant is vir ‘n spesifieke vloeistof wat
deur ‘n sekere poreuse medium, onderhewig aan ‘n spesifieke drukgradiënt, vloei. Vir
sulke vloeistowwe kon slegs die inverse funksies opgelos word. As die “Darcy”- snelheid
nie binne die betrokke gebied bereik word nie, is daar van Gauss se hipergeometriese
funksie gebruik gemaak. Vir Newtoniese en Bingham-plastiek vloeistowwe is egter direkte oplossings verkry. Die effek van die konstante toegeespanning is ingebed in die
proporsionaliteitskoëffisiënt.
Vir lineêre vloei bestaan die proporsionaliteitskoëffisiënt uit beide ‘n Darcy- en ‘n Forch-
heimer-term wat van toepassing is in die viskeuse- en traagheidsvloeigebiede onder-
skeidelik. Sekondˆere gemiddeldes vir verskillende tipes poreuse media is verkry; deur
gebruik te maak van ‘n RUC (“Representative Unit Cell”) kan interstisiële gemiddelde
eienskappe geskat word. Slegs homogene, isotrope media is in oorweging gebring. Uit-
drukkings vir die o¨enskynlike deurlaatbaarheid sowel as die deurdringbaarheid in die
Forchheimer-gebied (ook soms na verwys as die nie-Darcy deurlaatbaarheid) is afgelei
vir die verskillende vloeistoftipes.
Ten slotte is vloeistofvloei in ‘n gebied wat bestaan uit ‘n oop kanaal aangrensend
aan ‘n oneindige poreuse domein ondersoek. Die analities-afgeleide snelheidsprofiele
vir beide vlak-Couette-Poiseuille vloei en die Brinkman-vergelyking is gekoppel deur
‘n kontinu¨ıteit in die skuifspanning by die poreuse-sprong tussen die twee gebiede te
aanvaar. ‘n Interne numeriese kode is ontwikkel om so ‘n saamgestelde domein numeries te
simuleer. Die verskil tussen die analities konstant-aanvaarde deurlaatbaarheid in ‘n
makroskopiese grenslaagstreek, eerder as ‘n afhanklikheid met die veranderende opper-
vlaksnelheid, is bespreek. Hierdie kode sluit ook die moontlikheid in om die domein
te herkonstrueer, asook om die simulasie van aksiaal-simmetriese vloei in ‘n silinder te
ondersoek.
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A hierarchical linear elastic boundary element solver for lenticular ore bodiesZietsman, Christiaan Abraham 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Mathematical Sciences. Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / South Africa is involved in huge mining operations deep in the earth's crust. Stresses
induced by these mining operations may cause seismic events or rockbursts to occur, which
could damage infrastructure and put miners' lives at risk. The effect of different mining
layouts are modelled and used by engineers to make design decisions. The frequency at
which models are updated and integrated with the decision making process is not optimal.
These large mining layouts can not be modelled adequately using domain methods, but
they are particularly well suited for the boundary element method (BEM).
This work focuses on the theory and background needed for creating a linear elastic
static stress boundary element solver suited to South African mining layouts. It starts
with linear elastic theory and subsequently describes the physical continuum, governing
equations and the fundamental solutions which are an integral part of the BEM. Kelvin's
solution cannot be applied to crack-like excavations, therefore the displacement discontinuity
kernels, which are very well suited to model fractures, are derived. The derivation
is approached from both the direct and indirect BEM's perspectives. The problem is
cast as a boundary integral equation which can be solved using the BEM. Some of the
different specializations of the BEM are discussed. The major drawback of the BEM is
that it produces a dense influence matrix which quickly becomes intractable on desktop
computers. Generally a mining layout requires a large amount of boundary elements,
even for coarse discretization, therefore different techniques of representing the influence
matrix are discussed, which, combined with an iterative solver like GMRES or Bi-CG,
allows solving linear elastic static stress models.
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Radial basis function interpolationDu Toit, Wilna 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Applied Mathematics))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / A popular method for interpolating multidimensional scattered data is using
radial basis functions. In this thesis we present the basic theory of radial basis
function interpolation and also regard the solvability and stability of the
method. Solving the interpolant directly has a high computational cost for
large datasets, hence using numerical methods to approximate the interpolant
is necessary. We consider some recent numerical algorithms. Software to implement
radial basis function interpolation and to display the 3D interpolants
obtained, is developed. We present results obtained from using our implementation
for radial basis functions on GIS and 3D face data as well as an image
warping application.
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Measurement correlation in a target tracking system using range and bearing observationsPistorius, Morne 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Mathematical Sciences. Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / In this work we present a novel method to do measurement correlation between
target observations made by two ormore radar systems. Some of the most common
radar sensors available are those measuring only range (distance to the target) and
bearing (azimuth angle). We use these measurements to determine the correlation
between two di¤erent sensors observing the same target. As a by-product of the
correlation algorithm, we nd a way to estimate the target height for a target
observed by at least two radar sensors. The correlation method is expounded
upon, where we discuss measurement correlation for moving targets. Targets are
tracked using a Kalman Filter, and correlation is done between new observations
and existing target tracks. Finally, the correlation algorithm is implemented in
an interactive 3D computer simulation. Results obtained indicate a high success
rate, with false correlations only obtained where sensor accuracy is the limiting
factor.
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Laminar flow through isotropic granular porous mediaWoudberg, Sonia 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Mathematical Sciences. Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / An analytical modelling procedure for predicting the streamwise pressure gradient for
steady laminar incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid through homogeneous isotropic
granular porous media is introduced. The modelling strategy involves the spatial volume
averaging of a statistical representative portion of the porous domain to obtain measurable
macroscopic quantities from which macroscopic transport equations can be derived. A
simple pore-scale model is introduced to approximate the actual complex granular porous
microstructure through rectangular cubic geometry. The sound physical principles on
which the modelling procedure is based avoid the need for redundant empirical coefficients.
The model is generalized to predict the rheological flow behaviour of non-Newtonian
purely viscous power law fluids by introducing the dependence of the apparent viscosity
on the shear rate through the wall shear stress. The field of application of the Newtonian
model is extended to predict the flow behaviour in fluidized beds by adjusting the Darcy
velocity to incorporate the relative velocity of the solid phase. The Newtonian model
is furthermore adjusted to predict fluid flow through Fontainebleau sandstone by taking
into account the effect of blocked throats at very low porosities. The analytical model as
well as the model generalizations for extended applicability is verified through comparison
with other analytical and semi-empirical models and a wide range of experimental data
from the literature. The accuracy of the predictive analytical model reveals to be highly
acceptable for most engineering designs.
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Morphing in two dimensions : image morphingDelport, Magdil 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Mathematical Sciences. Applied Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Image morphing is a popular technique used to create spectacular visual effects, by gradually transforming one image into another. This thesis explains what exactly is meant by the terms “image morphing” / “warping”, where it is used and how it is done. A few existing morphing techniques are described and finally an implementation using Delaunay triangulation and texture mapping is presented.
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A categorical study of compactness via closureVan Coller, Henry 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Mathemathical Sciences))--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / We have the familiar Kuratowski-Mr owka theorem in topology, where
compactness is characterised by a closure and a projection-map (X is compact
i p : X Y ! Y is a closed mapping, for any space Y , i.e. p(A) = p(A)
A X Y ). Using this as our starting point, we generalise compactness
to a categorical setting. We then generalise even further to "asymmetric"
compactness. Then we discuss a functional approach to compactness, where
we do not explicitly mention closure operators. All this provides economical
proofs as well as applications in di erent areas of mathematics.
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