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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Efeito da microestrutura nas propriedades mecânicas de aços automotivos dissimilares soldados à laser / Microstructure effects in dissimilar laser welded automotive steel

Santos, Flavio Nunes dos [UNESP] 21 December 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Flavio Nunes dos Santos null (fnunessantos@gmail.com) on 2016-02-19T22:17:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao FLAVIO NUNES 11 - ARQUIVAMENTO FINAL.pdf: 4382048 bytes, checksum: 673ef3455a45902e4e5c4560540758dd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-22T20:22:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fn_me_guara.pdf: 4382048 bytes, checksum: 673ef3455a45902e4e5c4560540758dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-22T20:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fn_me_guara.pdf: 4382048 bytes, checksum: 673ef3455a45902e4e5c4560540758dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 / Este trabalho visou estudar os conceitos de soldagem dissimilar e processo de soldagem a laser, aplicados em aços avançados, bem como os efeitos nas propriedades resultantes no produto final pós-soldagem. Para tanto, foram produzidos conjuntos compostos por duas chapas de aços de diferentes dimensões e propriedades mecânicas, todos utilizados em aplicações automobilísticas. Os conjuntos foram formados através da combinação do aço TRIP com aços DP, LC, BH e IF, por soldagem a laser, resultando nos seguintes pares: TRIP+BH, TRIP+IF, TRIP+DP e TRIP+LC, dos quais foram extraídos CP´s para realização de ensaios metalográficos, de tração e microdureza, visando avaliar as propriedades finais destes produtos da soldagem dissimilar, bem como um eventual potencial de emprego na indústria automobilística, de acordo com a necessidade de uso e aplicação. Com base nos ensaios, discussões e análises, observou-se que a soldagem a laser mostrou boa efetividade na união entre aços dissimilares, ainda que tenha apresentado também descontinuidades pertinentes ao processo de soldagem, evidenciando a importância do controle das variáveis de processo. Os ensaios de tração apresentaram bons resultados para o conjunto TRIP+DP, cujos valores puderam se equiparar aos do aço TRIP, individualmente. Os ensaios de perfil de dureza contribuíram para verificar conjuntos onde a interação entre aços dissimilares poderia significar boa alternativa, como no caso do TRIP+BH. A variação de propriedades observadas nos ensaios mecânicos foi evidenciada no comparativo realizado, todavia, as curvas do monitoramento/ mapeamento da variação de propriedades ilustra que a aplicação e utilização de materiais dissimilares em substituição ou em conjunto com o aço TRIP demandam especificações claras, definidas por projeto e direcionadas às aplicações ou pontos específicos do veículo. / This work aimed to evaluate both the concepts of dissimilar welding and laser welding process in advanced steels and its effects on the resulting properties of the welded products. Thus, sets consisting of two steel plates of different thickness, resistance and mechanical properties were produced, all used in automotive applications. The assemblies were formed through the combination between TRIP steel and DP, LC, BH and IF steels, by laser welding process, resulting in the following sets: TRIP+BH, TRIP+IF, TRIP+DP and TRIP+LC, from where specimens were extracted in order to perform metallographic, tensile and hardness tests, to evaluate the final properties of the dissimilar welded products, and also gather information to verify its potential of employment in the automotive industry, according to use and needs of application Based on tests, discussions and analysis performed, it was observed that the laser welding has shown good effectiveness in the union of dissimilar steels, despite of its welding discontinuities, as a result of welding process, which brings lights to importance of welding process control. The tensile tests showed good results for the TRIP+DP set, whose values could be compared to the TRIP steel, individually. The hardness profile tests contributed to verify welding sets where the interaction between dissimilar steels could imply in a good alternative, as observed in the TRIP+BH set. The variation of mechanical properties was clearly observed in the tests conducted, however, the graphics used to monitor / compare the properties variation along the samples has shown that the application and use of dissimilar materials together or in substitution of TRIP steel requires clear specifications defined by projects, and oriented to specific applications in the vehicle.
12

Resistance and Ultrasonic Spot Welding of Light-Weight Metals

Lu, Ying January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
13

Impact Welding and Impulse Shape Calibration of Nickel and Titanium Alloys

Nirudhoddi, Bhuvi Swarna Lalitha January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
14

Caracterizações mecânicas e microestruturais do aço  AISI 8630 modificado revestido com a liga de níquel 625 por soldagem \"GTAW\" / Mechanical and microstructural characterizations of AISI 8630 modified cladded with nickel alloy 625 made by the TIG process after simulated Post Weld Heat Treatment cycles

Tadeu Noveli Cantarin 04 November 2011 (has links)
As novas descobertas petrolíferas, em especial as localizadas no pré sal tem despertado uma grande preocupação na área técnica em consequência das dificuldades na sua exploração e extração. As maiores preocupações no segmento de exploração de petróleo e gás natural em águas profundas estão relacionadas, às propriedades mecânicas e a resistência à corrosão dos diversos componentes. Assim, para evitar o processo de corrosão na parte interna de uma tubulação ou componente do setor petrolífero, uma alternativa é usar um revestimento com elevada resistência à corrosão. Neste trabalho utilizou-se um aço AISI 8630 modificado, que foi revestido por soldagem GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) ou TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas), empregando uma liga especial de níquel 625 (Inconel 625). No entanto, existe a possibilidade de formação de fases frágeis no material de base (MB) - AISI 8630, no material de adição (MA) - liga de níquel 625 ou ainda na interface entre os materiais dissimilares. Para atenuar a formação da fase martensítica oriunda do resfriamento da soldagem foram realizados diferentes ciclos térmicos de alívio de tensão (AT), mas outras fases frágeis podem surgir nas diversas juntas. Os tratamento térmicos de ATs foram realizados nas temperaturas de 620, 640, 660 e 680 C. A presença e a influência de fases frágeis foram analisadas na junta soldada, por meio de ensaios mecânicos, tais como, tração, impacto e dureza. Investigou-se a existência de fases frágeis por caracterização microestrutural por meio de microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com EDS. Observou-se que nos ensaios de tração o material de base manteve sua tensão de escoamento dentro de valores estabelecidos por normas do setor, como a NACE MR0175. No entanto, no ensaio de impacto ocorreu uma perda significativa da tenacidade na temperatura de 680 C, enquanto temperaturas menores de alívio de tensão os valores míninos de impacto foram acima de 73 J. Os valores de durezas encontrados próximos da zona de ligação indicaram que houve um endurecimento, em consequência da difusão dos elementos de liga do MA para o aço baixa liga. Observações realizadas com auxílio de microscopia ótica indicaram zonas frágeis denominadas de Zonas Parcialmente Diluídas (ZPD) que reduziram a resistência ao impacto. Análise por EDS mostrou variações dos elementos de liga ao longo da interface da junta. / New oil fields discovered, especially those one located in pre-salt basin, has called attention to great concern in technical area as results of difficulties in exploration and extraction. The difficulties focused in the area of oil and natural gas exploration in ultra deep waters are related to mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of various components. Coatings with high corrosion resistance are used to prevent corrosion process internally of the pipes or components used. In this work was used an AISI 8630 modified that was cladded with nickel alloy 625 (inconel 625) through GTAW (Gas Tungsten Inert Gas) or TIG process (Tungsten Inert Gas). However there is a possibility of generate embrittlement phases in base material (MB) - AISI 8630, addition material (MA) alloy nickel 625 or in intermediate phase between dissimilar materials. Several Post Weld heat treatment (PWHT) cycles were performed to minimize the martensitic phase formation by welding cooling. It was performed PWHT cycle at 620, 640, 660 e 680 C temperature. The presence and influence of embrittle phases were analyzed in welded joint by mechanical tests such as tensile, charpy and hardness. It was investigated embrittle phases by microstructural characterization using optic microscope and scanning electron microscope with EDS. It was observed in tensile test the base material maintained its yield strength within ranges established by industry standards such as NACE MR0175. However, it was observed in the impact test the significant lost of the tenacity in 680ºC, while in lower PWHT temperatures the values of charpy test were over than 73 J. The values founded near the area fusion in hardness test indicated the XVI hardening as consequence of elements diffusion of the MA alloy to low alloy steel. It was observed by optic microscope fragile areas denominated by Partially Diluted Area (ZPD) that reduces the resistance of impact. EDS analysis showed variation of alloy elements along the joint.
15

Caracterizações mecânicas e microestruturais do aço  AISI 8630 modificado revestido com a liga de níquel 625 por soldagem \"GTAW\" / Mechanical and microstructural characterizations of AISI 8630 modified cladded with nickel alloy 625 made by the TIG process after simulated Post Weld Heat Treatment cycles

Cantarin, Tadeu Noveli 04 November 2011 (has links)
As novas descobertas petrolíferas, em especial as localizadas no pré sal tem despertado uma grande preocupação na área técnica em consequência das dificuldades na sua exploração e extração. As maiores preocupações no segmento de exploração de petróleo e gás natural em águas profundas estão relacionadas, às propriedades mecânicas e a resistência à corrosão dos diversos componentes. Assim, para evitar o processo de corrosão na parte interna de uma tubulação ou componente do setor petrolífero, uma alternativa é usar um revestimento com elevada resistência à corrosão. Neste trabalho utilizou-se um aço AISI 8630 modificado, que foi revestido por soldagem GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) ou TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas), empregando uma liga especial de níquel 625 (Inconel 625). No entanto, existe a possibilidade de formação de fases frágeis no material de base (MB) - AISI 8630, no material de adição (MA) - liga de níquel 625 ou ainda na interface entre os materiais dissimilares. Para atenuar a formação da fase martensítica oriunda do resfriamento da soldagem foram realizados diferentes ciclos térmicos de alívio de tensão (AT), mas outras fases frágeis podem surgir nas diversas juntas. Os tratamento térmicos de ATs foram realizados nas temperaturas de 620, 640, 660 e 680 C. A presença e a influência de fases frágeis foram analisadas na junta soldada, por meio de ensaios mecânicos, tais como, tração, impacto e dureza. Investigou-se a existência de fases frágeis por caracterização microestrutural por meio de microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com EDS. Observou-se que nos ensaios de tração o material de base manteve sua tensão de escoamento dentro de valores estabelecidos por normas do setor, como a NACE MR0175. No entanto, no ensaio de impacto ocorreu uma perda significativa da tenacidade na temperatura de 680 C, enquanto temperaturas menores de alívio de tensão os valores míninos de impacto foram acima de 73 J. Os valores de durezas encontrados próximos da zona de ligação indicaram que houve um endurecimento, em consequência da difusão dos elementos de liga do MA para o aço baixa liga. Observações realizadas com auxílio de microscopia ótica indicaram zonas frágeis denominadas de Zonas Parcialmente Diluídas (ZPD) que reduziram a resistência ao impacto. Análise por EDS mostrou variações dos elementos de liga ao longo da interface da junta. / New oil fields discovered, especially those one located in pre-salt basin, has called attention to great concern in technical area as results of difficulties in exploration and extraction. The difficulties focused in the area of oil and natural gas exploration in ultra deep waters are related to mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of various components. Coatings with high corrosion resistance are used to prevent corrosion process internally of the pipes or components used. In this work was used an AISI 8630 modified that was cladded with nickel alloy 625 (inconel 625) through GTAW (Gas Tungsten Inert Gas) or TIG process (Tungsten Inert Gas). However there is a possibility of generate embrittlement phases in base material (MB) - AISI 8630, addition material (MA) alloy nickel 625 or in intermediate phase between dissimilar materials. Several Post Weld heat treatment (PWHT) cycles were performed to minimize the martensitic phase formation by welding cooling. It was performed PWHT cycle at 620, 640, 660 e 680 C temperature. The presence and influence of embrittle phases were analyzed in welded joint by mechanical tests such as tensile, charpy and hardness. It was investigated embrittle phases by microstructural characterization using optic microscope and scanning electron microscope with EDS. It was observed in tensile test the base material maintained its yield strength within ranges established by industry standards such as NACE MR0175. However, it was observed in the impact test the significant lost of the tenacity in 680ºC, while in lower PWHT temperatures the values of charpy test were over than 73 J. The values founded near the area fusion in hardness test indicated the XVI hardening as consequence of elements diffusion of the MA alloy to low alloy steel. It was observed by optic microscope fragile areas denominated by Partially Diluted Area (ZPD) that reduces the resistance of impact. EDS analysis showed variation of alloy elements along the joint.
16

Estudo das propriedades mecânicas em união de aços dissimilares soldadas pelo processo a plasma e a laser / Study of the mechanical properties in joints of dissimilar steels welded by the plasma and laser process

Silva, Deivid Ferreira da [UNESP] 27 July 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Deivid Ferreira Da Silva (deividferreira@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-10-03T04:44:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Doutorado Deivid Ferreira da Silva.pdf: 10141229 bytes, checksum: 7567992adf30e9e3b21fc1984e079772 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-10-05T12:48:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_df_dr_guara.pdf: 10141229 bytes, checksum: 7567992adf30e9e3b21fc1984e079772 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-05T12:48:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_df_dr_guara.pdf: 10141229 bytes, checksum: 7567992adf30e9e3b21fc1984e079772 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e comparar a resistência mecânica da união de aços dissimilares, o aço Maraging 300 com o aço 300M-ESR pelos processos de soldagens autógenas a Plasma (Plasma Arc Welding – PAW) e a Laser (Laser Beam Welding – LBW). As juntas foram submetidas à avaliação da resistência mecânica através de ensaios de tração e de dureza Vickers (HV) no cordão de solda e zona termicamente afetada. Foram também realizadas análises químicas e metalográficas das juntas soldadas, correlacionando a microestrutura com as propriedades observadas. Em ambos os processos foram aplicados tratamentos térmicos antes e após as soldagens, com o objetivo de endurecer os materiais e procurando aproximar a dureza de ambos os aços e da zona fundida (ZF) e zona termicamente afetada pelo calor (ZTA). Foram realizados vários testes com tempos e temperaturas para se definir quais eram os melhores tratamentos térmicos adotados para a equalização das propriedades mecânicas. Os tratamentos térmicos aplicados após a solda mostraram-se convenientes para o nivelamento dos valores das durezas, somente exibindo poucas perdas nas ZTAs dos aços Maraging. Com a aplicação destes tratamentos também foi possível notar uma equalização nas resistências à tração, em torno de 1300 MPa e aumentos consideráveis das mesmas, comparado com a mesma condição sem tratamento. As soldas mostraram-se eficientes para a união das chapas, porém, em algumas situações da soldagem a Laser, apresentou pequenas falhas, presença de poros, nos cordões das soldas, com isso contribuindo para a diminuição do limite da resistência à tração. / The objective of this work is to evaluate and compare the mechanical strength of welded joints made of the dissimilar steels such as Maraging 300 steel with 300M-ESR steel by the autogenous Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) and Laser welding process (LBW). The joints were submitted to the mechanical strength evaluation by tensile test and hardness Vickers (HV) at the weld bead and thermally affected zone. Chemical analysis and metallographic analysis of the welded joints were also performed, correlating the microstructure observed with the properties. In both processes, heat treatments were applied before and after welding, with the objective of at harden the materials and seeking to approximate the hardness of both steels and the fusion zone and heat affected zone. Several tests were carried using different times and temperatures to determine which ones were the best heat treatments to be adopted aiming the equalization of mechanical properties. The heat treatments applied after welding proved to be convenient for the leveling of the hardness values, only showing few losses in the HAZs of the Maraging steels. Applying of these treatments, it was also possible to note the equalization of tensile strengths, around 1300 MPa and considerable increases of the same, compared to the same condition without treatment. The welds showed to be efficient for the joining of the plates, however, in some situations the Laser welding presented small flaws, such as presence of pores, in the weld beads, causing to the reduction of the tensile strength limit.
17

Soldagem dissimilar de chapas finas de liga com memória de forma NiTi e aço inoxidável AISI 304 usando micro GTAW.

OLIVEIRA, Matheus José Cunha de. 09 July 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-09T12:28:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS JOSÉ CUNHA DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2016.pdf: 9296942 bytes, checksum: a273053730345dafcd282de1fc0bf6f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-09T12:28:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS JOSÉ CUNHA DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2016.pdf: 9296942 bytes, checksum: a273053730345dafcd282de1fc0bf6f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / CNPq / As Ligas com Memória de Forma (LMF) foram descobertas nos anos 60 e o desenvolvimento de vários sistemas (NiTi, CuAlNi, CuAlBe, CuZnAl) vem sendo explorado desde então, sendo aquelas do sistema NiTi as mais utilizadas. Devido às suas excelentes propriedades mecânicas, ótima resistência a corrosão e biocompatibilidade, além de apresentarem as melhores propriedades funcionais de efeito de memória de forma e superelasticidade, as LMF NiTi e suas variações ternárias passaram a ser objeto de estudos para várias aplicações nas mais diferentes áreas. Um dos maiores problemas das LMF NiTi ainda está relacionado a dificuldades de conformação mecânica e usinagem. Por esse motivo, o processo de soldagem pode ser uma boa ferramenta alternativa para se conseguir obter peças de geometrias mais complexas, envolvendo a união das LMF NiTi com metais convencionais, como o aço inoxidável. O aço inoxidável é uma opção importante de união com LMF NiTi pois possui igualmente propriedades desejadas de resistência mecânica, biocompatibilidade e resistência a corrosão. A união por soldagem destas duas ligas encontra barreiras diversas, sendo a principal delas a formação de intermetálicos frágeis na junta soldada limitando sua resistência mecânica e consequente aplicação. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a soldabilidade de chapas finas (espessura de 1 mm) de uma LMF NiTi com aço inoxidável (INOX) AISI 304 utilizando o processo micro GTAW e compreender a metalurgia da soldagem na variação das propriedades mecânicas e metalúrgicas das juntas. O processo GTAW foi escolhido por ser mais econômico que os processos usuais de soldagem para estas ligas NiTi, como a soldagem a laser (LBW). As juntas dissimilares NiTi-SS obtidas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de MO, MEV, EDS, DSC, ensaios de tração à ruptura e de dureza Vickers. Estas juntas foram soldadas utilizando a própria LMF NiTi e também o Inconel 625 como metais de adição. No geral, constatou-se que as juntas apresentam comportamento frágil, porém ao se utilizar camada intermediária de Inconel 625 na união entre os metais dissimilares e após tratamento térmico para alívio de tensões, é possível aumentar a resistência mecânica da junta para valores da ordem de 150MPa. As juntas apresentaram uma poça de fusão heterogênea devido a formação de elementos fragilizantes ao longo do metal de solda. Observou-se a formação de uma zona parcialmente diluída (ZPD) correlacionada a um aumento excessivo da dureza nesta região e composição química distinta. / Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) were discovered in the 60s and the development of various systems (NiTi, CuAlNi, CuAlBe, CuZnAl) has been explored since then, with those of the NiTi system the most commonly used. Due to its excellent mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, in addition to having the best functional properties of shape memory effect and superelasticity, the NiTi SMA and its ternary variations have become the subject of studies for various applications in different areas. One of the main problems of NiTi SMA is also related to difficulties in forming and machining. For this reason, the welding process can be a good alternative tool to achieve more complex geometry parts, involving the union of NiTi SMA with conventional metals, such as stainless steel. Stainless steel is an important option for union with NiTi SMA, since it also has desired properties of mechanical strength, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. The union by welding between these two alloys find various barriers, the main one being the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds on the welded joint, limiting its mechanical strength and consistent application. In this context, this study aimed to assess the weldability of thin sheet metal (1 mm thick) of a NiTi SMA with AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) using the micro process GTAW, and study the influence of welding metallurgy in mechanical and metallurgical properties of the joints. The GTAW process was chosen because it is more economical than the usual welding processes for these NiTi alloys such as the laser beam welding (LBW). The NiTi-SS dissimilar joints obtained were characterized by optical microscopy techniques, SEM, EDS, DSC, tensile test to rupture and Vickers hardness. These joints were welded using NiTi SMA and also the Inconel 625 as filler metals. Overall, it was found that the joints have brittle behavior, but when using an intermediate layer of Inconel 625 at the junction between dissimilar metals and after heat treatment for stress relief, it is possible to increase the mechanical strength of the joint for values in the order of 150MPa. The joints exhibited a heterogeneous molten weld pool due to formation of elements along the embrittlement of the weld metal. It was observed the formation of a partially diluted zone (PDZ) correlated to an excessive increase of the hardness in that region and different chemical composition.
18

High Strength Impact Welding of Structural and Functional Materials: Process, Microstructure and Property

Li, Jianxiong 30 August 2022 (has links)
No description available.
19

Development of a chromium-free consumable for joining stainless steel

Sowards, Jeffrey William 26 June 2009 (has links)
No description available.
20

Micro-Mechanisms Associated with Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum with Titanium

Kar, Amlan January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Out of the known aerospace metal and alloys, Aluminium (Al) and Titanium (Ti) are important due to their unique combination of properties, such as strength, ductility and corrosion resistance etc. For these reasons, welding of these two materials, especially in the butt and lap configuration, has a significant impact for structural applications. However, welding of Al to Ti is a challenge due to wide differences in their physical properties and properties of the brittle intermetallic that are formed. Such problems in Ti-Al weld can be minimized if the temperature of welding is reduced. Therefore, many solid-state welding processes have been introduced for this system in the past few decades. Amongst these processes, Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is among the most appropriate for dissimilar materials in the butt and lap configuration, as this process involves lower temperature of processing. The present thesis is an attempt to address the issues pertaining to the friction stir welding of commercially pure Al and Ti. Though these commercially pure materials are seldom used in actual applications, where alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V and Al 2219 (and their variants) are used, this work is done to get a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms during Friction Stir Welding (FSW). The study has been extended to the effect of using a thin strip of other metallic materials between Al and Ti. These inserts are likely to play a role in the formation of intermetallic and control the after effects of the formation of these intermetallic. Two metals have been chosen for this purpose, namely Zinc (Zn) and Niobium (Nb). The thesis has 8 chapters that attempts to systematically understand the process of FSW of cp-Al to cp-Ti. In Chapter 1 of the thesis, the FSW process is introduced with an emphasis on important parameters that control the welding process. In addition, a brief introduction of Al-Ti binary system is also given. Literature related to conventional solid state welding processes and friction stir welding process is presented in Chapter 2. In this chapter, previous works on the FSW of various materials is reviewed, with more emphasis on welding of aluminium to titanium. At the end of the chapter the scope and motivation of the present investigation has been outlined Chapter 3 includes the experimental details involved in the present study. In addition to the details of the processes and various characterization techniques used in the present investigation, the basic principles involved in various techniques, names as X-ray tomography, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction (EBSD), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) have also been given. Micro-hardness and tensile tests results are also reported in this chapter. A detailed study on FSW of Al and Ti is presented in chapter 4 of the thesis. The effect of process parameters on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties has been reported. A bottom-up approach on experimentally determining the “process window” is presented. The results emphasises on the distribution of titanium fragments and intermetallic particles in the nugget zone and their influence on mechanical properties of the weld. The microstructural evolution in the matrix is also detailed. The most noteworthy observation is substantial grain refinement in the nugget zone due to the presence of fine fragments of titanium and intermetallic. Cross-tensile tests of the samples welded under the optimised conditions fail in the retreating side of the aluminium material and has strength more than the parent material. The last section in this chapter deals with thermal stability of the microstructures. Chapter 5 deals with the use of Zn as interlayer between Al and Ti. The microstructural evolution and its effect on the mechanical properties have been examined. The investigations clearly show that FSW of Al and Ti with Zn interlayer has superior mechanical properties compared to Al-Ti welds without interlayer. The resulting microstructure has a better thermal stability. The use of Nb as interlayer has been studied in chapter 6. The microstructural investigation of the nugget zone reveals that Nb interlayer does not readily form solid solution with any of the base materials and Nb gets distributed more heterogeneously compared to Ti itself. This has led to a reduction in the strength of the weld, however, the ductility increases The thermal stability of the microstructure is poor compared to FSW of Al to Ti with Zn interlayer. In chapter 7, salient features of the different micro-mechanism operating during FSW of the investigated combinations has been discussed in detail. Finally, the outcome of the thesis has been summarized and scope for future investigation is outlined in chapter 8.

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