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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Modulation von Distorsionsprodukt-Otoemissionen duch Töne tiefer Frequenz

Hirschfelder, Anke 24 July 2001 (has links)
Die Modulation von Distorsionsprodukt-Otoemissionen (DPOAE) durch Töne tiefer Frequenz ist ein Methode, mit der die Auswirkung von Verlagerungen der kochleären Trennwand auf die Funktion des kochleären Verstärkers untersucht werden kann. Damit bietet sie einen neuen objektiven Ansatz zur Diagnostik unterschiedlicher kochleärer Hörstörungen sowie zur Untersuchung physiologischer Mechanismen der Kochlea. Durch einen tieffrequenten Ton (f = 32,8 Hz) werden die DPOAE in Abhängigkeit von dessen Phase periodisch verändert. Die Ausprägung der Modulation hängt von den Parametern des Tieftons und der Primärtöne (mit den Frequenzen f1 und f2) ab. Bei zwölf normalhörenden Probanden wird der Einfluß des Tieftonpegels, der Primärtonpegel und der Primärtonfrequenzen auf die Modulation der DPOAE mit der Frequenz 2f1-f2 untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Methode werden mit denen der subjektiven Phasenaudiometrie bei diesen Probanden verglichen. Mit den Primärtonfrequenzen f1 = 2,5 und f2 = 3 kHz steigt die mittlere Modulationstiefe der DPOAE mit zunehmendem Tieftonpegel sowie mit abnehmenden Primärtonpegeln nichtlinear. Mit hohem Tieftonpegel (L = 115 dB SPL) und geringen Primärtonpegeln (bis zu L1 = 50 und L2 = 30 dB HL) sind DPOAE-Pegelverläufe mit zwei Minima und zwei Maxima pro Tieftonperiode zu beobachten. Die Pegelminima liegen kurz nach der maximalen Druck- bzw. Sogphase des Tieftons vor dem Trommelfell, entsprechend der maximalen Auslenkung der kochleären Trennwand in Richtung Scala vestibuli bzw. Scala tympani. Sie zeigen eine mittlere Latenz von 4 ms gegenüber den Verdeckungsmaxima der subjektiven Mithörschwelle im Phasenaudiogramm, die wahrscheinlich durch die Summe der Antwortzeit der aktiven kochleären Prozesse und der Laufzeit der DPOAE-Signale retrograd aus der Kochlea zur Meßsonde im äußeren Gehörgang zustande kommt. Mit geringeren Tieftonpegeln (L = 110 dB SPL) bzw. höheren Primärtonpegeln (ab L1 = 55 und L2 = 40 dB HL) sowie höheren Primärtonfrequenzen (f1 = 4, f2 = 4,8 kHz) sind nur noch jeweils ein DPOAE-Pegelminimum und -maximum pro Tieftonperiode zu beobachten. Mit den Primärtonfrequenzen f1 = 5 und f2 = 6 kHz zeigt sich keine Modulation der DPOAE mehr. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Verwendung einer Boltzmannfunktion zweiter Ordnung als Annäherung an die mechano-elektrische Transferfunktion äußerer Haarzellen simuliert. Bei einigen Probanden werden außerdem die Modulation der DPOAE mit der Frequenz 3f1-2f2 durch den tieffrequenten Ton sowie der Einfluß spontaner otoakustischer Emissionen (SOAE) auf die Messung tieftonmodulierter DPOAE untersucht. / Low-frequency modulation of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) is a method which allows to investigate the effect of the displacement of the cochlear partition on the function of the active cochlear process. It offers a new objective approach to diagnose different sensory hearing disorders as well as to investigate physiological cochlear mechanisms. The DPOAE are modulated by a low-frequency tone (with the frequency f = 32,8 Hz), depending on its phase. The extent of this modulation depends on the acoustic parameters of the suppressing low-frequency tone and the stimulating primary tones (f1 and f2). In twelve normal hearing subjects the influence of the low-frequency tone level, the levels and the frequencies of the primary tones on the modulation of the DPOAE with the frequency 2f1-f2 are investigated. In these subjects, the phase-dependent masked subjective threshold is also registered. The results of both methods are compared. With the primary tone frequencies f1 = 2,5 and f2 = 3 kHz the mean value of the DPOAE modulation depth presents a nonlinear growth with increasing low-frequency tone level and decreasing primary tone levels, respectively. With high low-frequency tone level (L = 115 dB SPL) and low primary tone levels (up to L1 = 55 and L2 = 40 dB HL), the time course of the DPOAE level shows two minima and two maxima within one period of the low-frequency tone. The minimal DPOAE levels are registered shortly after the phases of maximal condensation and rarefaction of the low-frequency tone in front of the eardrum, respectively, corresponding to the largest displacement of the cochlear partition towards the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli. The time course of the DPOAE level shows a mean latency of 4 ms with regard to the masking patterns of the phase-dependent masked threshold, due to the response time of the active cochlear process and the retrograde travelling time of the DPOAE. With lower low-frequency tone levels (L1 = 110 dB SPL), higher primary tone levels (from L1 = 55, L2 = 40 dB HL), and higher primary tone frequencies (f1 = 4, f2 = 4,8 kHz), respectively, the DPOAE level presents only one maximum and one minimum per period of the low-frequency tone. With the primary frequencies f1 = 5 and f2 = 6 kHz no modulation of the DPOAE is registered. The results are simulated using a second-order Boltzmann function as an approximation of the mechano-electric transfer function of the outer hair cells. Additionally, in some subjects the low-frequency modulation of the DPOAE with the frequency 3f1-2f2 and the influence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE) on the registration of low-frequency modulated DPOAE are investigated.
32

Contribution de la stimulation magnétique transcranienne répétitive à l’étude de la modulation centrale du fonctionnement cochléaire chez le sujet normo-entendant / Corticofugal modulation of peripheral auditory activity by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of auditory cortex in healthy normal-hearing subjects

Tringali, Stéphane 09 December 2011 (has links)
Le système auditif ascendant est constitué d’étages multiples procédant chacun à un traitement complexe du signal, traitement qui est modulé par un système descendant, formant de multiples boucles corticales et sous-corticales de rétroaction : le système efférent auditif. La boucle la plus longue de ce système serait capable de moduler directement le fonctionnement des cellules sensorielles de l’organe périphérique de l’audition. Le but de ce travail était d’étudier pour la première fois chez le sujet sain, l’effet d’une modulation corticale expérimentale sur le fonctionnement périphérique auditif. Nous avons donc recueilli, dans le cadre d’un protocole en double aveugle contre placebo, chez 34 sujets sains, l’activité des cellules ciliées externes de l’organe de Corti (cellules sensorielles directement en contact avec les fibres nerveuses efférentes), par le recueil d’otoémissions acoustiques (OEAs), avant et après stimulation du cortex auditif par une stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive (SMTr). Une diminution de l’amplitude d’un type d’OEA a été obtenue du côté controlatéral à une stimulation du cortex auditif par SMTr à 10 Hz, effet qui ne peut être expliqué seulement par une action non-spécifique liée au bruit de la SMTr mais qui reste extrêmement variable d’un sujet à un autre. De plus, nous avons montré, du côté ipsilatéral à la SMTr, une diminution de l’amplitude des OEAs immédiatement après la SMTr, et uniquement pour les fortes intensités d’utilisation de la SMTr (donc, pour des niveaux de bruit plus importants), reflétant un effet direct du bruit de la SMTr sur les mécanismes cochléaires actifs, effet présent chez nos sujets même en cas de protections auditives de bonne qualité / The ascending auditory system involves multiples stages where the auditory information is processed and modulated by a top-down influence involving multiple cortico sub-cortical loops: the efferent auditory system. It is hypothesized that the longest loop of this efferent system is able to modulate directly the sensory cells of the peripheral auditory organ. The aim of this work was to study this system, to our knowledge for the first time in healthy humans, and to show a direct cortical influence on the auditory periphery. In a double blind randomized procedure, we recorded, in 34 healthy subjects, the activity of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti (sensory cells, that are in direct synaptic contact with medial efferent fibers), by means of evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), before and after auditory cortex stimulation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We showed an inhibitory influence of the auditory cortical stimulation by 10 Hz rTMS on OAE amplitudes, predominantly in the ear contralateral to the rTMS, effect that cannot be attributed to a non-specific effect linked to the impulse noise associated with the rTMS technique, but that remains highly variable across subjects. In addition, we showed a decrease in OAE amplitude on the ipsilateral side, immediately after the rTMS session and only for high rTMS intensities (and hence, higher noise levels), that reflect a direct influence of the rTMS noise on the auditory periphery, effect that is present even in well ear-protected subjects
33

Hearing screening for infants from a neonatal intensive care unit at a state hospital

Stearn, Natalie Anne 21 July 2008 (has links)
Infant hearing screening (IHS) programs are not yet widespread in developing countries, such as South Africa. In order to ensure that the benefits of early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) programs reach all infants, initial recommendations for the implementation of IHS programs in South Africa have been made by the Year 2002 Hearing Screening Position Statement by the Health Professions Council of South Africa. One of the platforms recommended for IHS in South Africa is the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). South African NICU infants are at an increased risk for hearing loss, resultant of their high-risk birth histories, as well as the prevalence of context-specific environmental risk factors for hearing loss. There is currently a general scarcity of contextual data regarding the prevalence of risk indicators for hearing loss, and the prevalence of auditory impairment in the South African NICU population. The objective of this study was to describe an IHS program for NICU infants at a secondary hospital in Gauteng, South Africa. A quantitative descriptive research design was used to report on a cohort of 129 NICU infants followed up during a 29 month period. The objective of the study was achieved by describing the sample of infants in terms of the presence of specific risk indicators for hearing loss, the efficiency of the IHS program, and the incidence of auditory pathologies. Infants received their initial hearing screening as part of their medical and developmental follow-up visit at the hospital at three months of age. Routine rescreening visits were scheduled three monthly, whilst infants who failed the hearing screening were requested to return after three weeks for a follow-up. A data collection sheet was used to collect biographical information and risk indicators for hearing loss. Immittance measurements were recorded in the form of high-frequency and low-frequency tympanometry. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) and automated auditory brainstem responses (AABR) were recorded, as well as diagnostic auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in cases where infants referred the screening protocol. Results revealed that environmental risk factors present in this sample included poor maternal education levels and prenatal HIV/AIDS exposure. At least 32% of mothers participating in this study did not complete high school. Prenatal HIV/AIDS exposure was present in at least 21% of the current sample of infants. The screening coverage rate fell short of the 95% benchmark set by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH, 2000). A 67% coverage rate was achieved with AABR screening, and an 88% coverage rate was achieved with DPOAE screening. 93% of infants had immittance screening performed on their initial visit to the IHS program. According to the Fisher’s two-sided exact test and the logistic regression procedure, high frequency tympanometry proved to be more effective than low frequency tympanometry, when assessing the middle ear functioning of infants younger than seven months when compared with DPOAE results. Normative pressure and admittance data was compiled for the use of high frequency tympanometry in NICU infants. Poor follow-up rates were recorded for both routine and non-routine visits, but are expected to improve over time. Furthermore, results indicated a high incidence of hearing impairment. Permanent congenital hearing loss was identified in 3% (n=4) of the sample. Half of these presented with sensorineural hearing loss, whilst the other half had auditory neuropathy. The incidence of auditory impairment is estimated to be 3.75% if the percentage of infants who did not return for follow-up is taken into account. A high incidence of middle ear pathology was recorded, with an incidence rate of 60.4%, including bilateral and unilateral middle ear pathology. The high prevalence of auditory impairment in South African NICU infants, and the lack of widespread IHS programs, indicates that many vulnerable infants are being the denied the benefits of early identification of and intervention for hearing loss. The implementation of widespread IHS programs in South Africa is therefore essential, in order to ensure that all South African infants receive the benefits of EHDI programs. / Dissertation (MCommunication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted
34

Hydropsdiagnostik mit Tieftonmodulation von Distorsionsprodukt-Otoemissionen

Goßow-Müller-Hohenstein, Elmen 09 November 2005 (has links)
Ein tieffrequenter lauter Suppressorton verlagert das Corti-Organ periodisch in Richtung Scala vestibuli und Scala tympani. Simultan registrierte DPOAE (Distorsionsprodukte otoakustischer Emissionen) werden in beiden Richtungen unterschiedlich supprimiert. Bei Vorliegen eines endolymphatischen Hydrops (EH) ist die Beweglichkeit der Basilarmembran eingeschränkt, so daß keine oder eine nur geringe Modulation des DPOAE-Pegels entstehen kann. In dieser Arbeit wird die diagnostische Aussagekraft von Messungen tieftonmodulierter DPOAE bei zwei Patientenkollektiven mit Verdacht auf EH im Vergleich mit einem Normalkollektiv (n = 22) geprüft: bei Patienten mit M. Menière (n = 23) und Patienten mit Ohrdruckgefühl ohne Schwindelsymptomatik (n = 8). Bei den M. Menière-Patienten sind die ipsilateralen Modulationstiefen (MD) im Median hochsignifikant geringer als die des Normalkollektivs. Dies wird als Hinweis auf einen EH gewertet. Bei Primärtonpegeln mit L2 = 20 dB SL ergibt sich für den Grenzwert der MD mit 6 dB die Sensitivität von 64% und die Spezifität von 90%. Die kontralateralen MD der M. Menière-Patienten sind im Median signifikant geringer als die des Normalkollektivs. Für Primärtonpegel mit L2 = 20 dB SL liegen 33% der Werte unter dem Grenzwert, von diesen Ohren ist die Hälfte symptomfrei. Auch im kontralateralen Ohr kann ein – eventuell asymptomatischer – Hydrops vorliegen. Die Ergebnisse der Patienten mit Ohrdruckgefühl ohne Schwindel zeigen im Median hochsignifikant geringere MD als die der Normalhörenden und unterscheiden sich nicht signifikant von den Werten der ipsilateralen Ohren der M. Menière-Patienten. Das Ohrdruckgefühl kann auf einen cochleären Hydrops hinweisen und die weitere Entwicklung eines EH ankündigen. Bei den Verlaufsuntersuchungen zeigen die MD beider Patientenkollektive, deren Symptomatik sich während dieses Zeitraums änderte, Variabilitäten: mit Zunahme der Heftigkeit der spezifischen Symptome nimmt die MD ab und umgekehrt. Die Tieftonmodulation scheint den Zustand der Cochlea widerspiegeln zu können. Im Vergleich mit den in der Klinik gängigen Verfahren zur Hydropsdiagnostik wie der ECochG oder dem Glyceroltest erweist sich das in dieser Arbeit angewandte objektive Verfahren als vorteilhaft: es ist schnell durchführbar, nicht belastend und nicht invasiv. Es eignet sich als Screeningverfahren und kann zur Verlaufskontrolle eingesetzt werden. / The cochlear partition is moved periodically towards scala vestibuli and scala tympani by a low-frequency high-level suppressor tone. Simultaneously recorded DPOAEs (distortion product otoacoustic emissions) are suppressed differently in both directions. This modulation of the DPOAE level may be reduced or even missing if the displacement of the basilar membrane is inhibited by endolymphatic hydrops (EH). In this thesis the diagnostic significance of the low-frequency modulation of DPOAEs is tested in two patient groups with suspected EH: patients with Menière’s disease (n = 23) and patients with aural fullness without vertigo (n = 8), compared to a control group of normal hearing adults (n = 22). In the patients with Menière’s disease the ipsilateral modulation depths (median) are high significantly lower than in the control group. This can be interpreted as a sign of EH. At primary tone levels with L2 = 20 dB SL and a limiting value of 6 dB modulation depth (MD), a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 90% are found. The contralateral MDs of the patients with Menière’s disease (median) are significantly lower than in the control group. At primary tone levels with L2 = 20 dB SL, 33% of the MDs are below the limiting value, half of these ears are symptom-free. So in the contralateral ear a possibly asymptomatic hydrops may be present as well. The patients with aural fullness without vertigo show high significantly lower MDs (median) than the normal hearing adults and no significant difference to the ipsilateral MDs of the patients with Menière’s disease. Aural fullness can be a sign of cochlear hydrops and may indicate the further development of EH. During the course of disease the MDs of both patient groups vary when symptoms change: with increasing intensity of the specific symptoms the MD is reduced and vice versa. Low-frequency modulation seems to reflect the state of the cochlea. Compared to the generally used clinical tests for the assessment of EH like ECochG or the glycerol test, the objective method presented in this thesis is advantageous: it is fast, not straining and non-invasive. It is suitable for screening and can be used to monitor the course of disease.

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