The imposition of water quality controls may affect the economy chiefly by altering aggregate production and changing the factor payments, These two effects could not only reallocate resources among production possibilities, but also could change the distribution of benefits of production among members of the society. This study attempted to provide a workable theory to establish an empirical test of the impacts of water quality controls on family income distribution. It consists of two separate areas: first, to analyze methodologies of measuring income distribution changes, and , second, to develop a theoretical model that is useful for empirical tests of the impacts of different water quality controls. A number of alternative probability density functions have been proposed as models of personal income distribution. The lognormal, displaced lognormal, gamma, and beta distribution functions were considered as appropriate methodologies, since each allows more productive power for income distribution as suggested in the past literature. Detailed information on income distribution can be extracted from the approximations of the distribution functions. One of the objectives of the research was to evaluate the different methodologies for usefulness. The gastwirth bounds for Gini coefficient were used as the test of goodness to fit; the beta density was clearly superior to the other densities for the SMSA data. Next, a theoretical model was constructed, emphasizing the production sector and the distribution sector. Water quality controls were introduced in the production process as a negative input. Water quality data were collected for all states, and indices of quality were estimated using analysis of variance techniques. The equilibrium conditions in commodity and factor markets generated the first impacts of water quality controls on total output and factor payments in the economy. The specific assumption was made as a theoretical bridge connecting family income distribution and factor payments in the distribution sector. It was assumed that a family's income equals total payments received from owned labor and capital in the production process. Thus, changes in factor payments and total output were included in the distribution equations. Water quality controls would, therefore, effect family income distribution through changes in total output and changes in factor payment. The simultaneous equation regression results for 72 SMSA's were not conclusive. It appeared that water quality parameter may effect the wage rate and total output, if the parameter was not, in fact, a surrogate for other excluded variables in the system. The effect of wage changes on income distribution was not significant, but changes in total output appeared to be the most significant variable in the distribution equations. In an attempt to account for the many variables which might be expected to effect income distribution, factor analysis was performed on the SMSA's. Two groups of SMSA's were identified and regressions were performed for these groups. Results from these regressions were similar in sign to the results from the 172 observations regressions, although many of the coefficients were not significant. Interpreting the results of the research was somewhat difficult, even though some results did appear consistent among all regressions. It does appear that there is some evidence to indicate that water quality controls lead to less equal family income distribution. Better data are required from more complete and accurate analysis. The principle thrust of the study was to develop a model to organize the complexity of economic causality with respect to income distribution change and water quality policy. It appeared that this type of systematic econometric approach can be fruitful in analyzing income distribution change.

L'imagerie moderne générée par ordinateur cherche constamment à être de plus en plus représentative de la réalité physique tout autour de nous, et un de ces phénomènes clés est la notion d'effets de distribution. Les effets de distribution sont une catégorie de comportements du transport de la lumière caractérisés par leur nature distribuée selon une ou plusieurs dimension(s) donnée(s). Par exemple, le flou de mouvement est un effet de distribution dans le temps, alors que la profondeur de champ introduit le diaphragme de la caméra, ajoutant ainsi deux dimensions. Ces effets sont communs dans les films et la réalité, les rendant donc désirables à reproduire. Dans cette thèse par articles, nous présentons quatre articles qui utilisent, étendent ou s'inspirent des effets de distribution. Premièrement, nous proposons une technique novatrice pour faire le rendu de flou de mouvement non-linéaire pour des applications en temps réel tout en conservant des caractéristiques clés d'efficacité et de mise à l'échelle. Nous tirons avantage des courbes de Bézier pour concevoir une approximation de mouvement non-linéaire depuis seulement quelques images clés et rastérisons une géométrie synthétisée pour reproduire le mouvement. Deuxièmement, nous présentons un algorithme qui fait le rendu de matériaux scintillants à haute fréquence illuminés par de grandes cartes environnementales. En utilisant une combinaison d'un système d'histogrammes de mi-vecteurs compact et des harmoniques sphériques multi échelle, nous pouvons efficacement représenter des normales de surface denses et rendre leurs interactions avec des sources de lumière filtrées de grandes dimensions. Troisièmement, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode pour faire le rendu de dispersion sous la surface en tirant avantage de l'analyse fréquentielle et du parcours d'un arbre dual. En calculant le transport de la lumière sous la surface en espace image, nous pouvons rapidement analyser la fréquence du signal et déterminer des bandes passantes efficaces que nous pouvons alors utiliser pour limiter notre traversée dans un arbre dual d'ombrage et d'illumination. Finalement, nous démontrons un algorithme novateur d'illumination globale diffuse en temps réel qui utilise des sondes d'irradiance dynamiques. Grâce à des mises à jour efficaces de distribution de radiance, nous pouvons mettre à jour des sondes d'irradiance pendant l'exécution, prenant en compte les objets dynamiques et une illumination changeante, et nous le combinons avec une requête d'irradiance filtrée plus robuste, rendant une grille de sondes d'irradiance dense traitable en temps réel avec des artefacts minimes. / Modern computer generated imagery strives to be ever more faithful to the physical reality around us, and one such key physical phenomenon is the notion of distribution effects. Distribution effects are a category of light transport behaviors characterized by their distributed nature across some given dimension(s). For instance, motion blur is a distribution effect across time, while depth of field introduces a physical aperture for the camera, thus adding two more dimensions. These effects are commonplace in film and real life, thus making them desirable to reproduce. In this manuscript-based thesis, we present four papers which leverage, extend or inspire themselves from distribution effects. First, we propose a novel technique to render non-linear motion blur for real-time applications while conserving important scalability and efficiency characteristics. We leverage Bézier curves to approximate non-linear motion from just a few keyframes and rasterize synthesized geometry to replicate motion. Second, we present an algorithm to render glinty high-frequency materials illuminated by large environment maps. Using a combination of a compact half-vector histogram scheme and multiscale spherical harmonics, we can efficiently represent dense surface normals and render their interaction with large, filtered light sources. Third, we introduce a new method for rendering subsurface scattering by taking advantage of frequency analysis and dual-tree traversal. Computing screen-space subsurface light transport, we can quickly analyze signal frequency and determine efficient bandwidths which we then use to limit our traversal through a shading/illumination dual-tree. Finally, we show a novel real-time diffuse global illumination scheme using dynamically updated irradiance probes. Thanks to efficient spherical radiance distribution updates, we can update irradiance probes at runtime, taking into consideration dynamic objects and changing lighting, and combine it with a more robust filtered irradiance query, making dense irradiance probe grids tractable in real-time with minimal artifacts.