O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as correntes de inrush que surgem nos momentos de energização dos alimentadores de sistemas de distribuição. Desta forma, são relevantes em projetos cotidianos de concessionárias de energia elétrica como por exemplo, nos cálculos de ajustes dos dispositivos de proteção. Foram estudadas 291 (duzentas e noventa e uma) amostras extraídas de oscilografias de medidores alocados nas saídas de alimentadores de distribuição, os quais armazenaram informações de tais correntes nos momentos em que houveram religamentos bem sucedidos (carga quente), bem como em energizações após longos períodos de interrupção (carga fria). Todos os alimentadores analisados pertencem a AES-ELETROPAULO. Os valores (em magnitude) das correntes de inrush foram analisados nos primeiros instantes (16,66 ms e 100 ms) logo após o momento da energização dos alimentadores, sendo os valores estudados como variáveis probabilísticas. As análises desta dissertação fundamentaram-se na comparação dos dados oriundos de medição com os resultados de cálculo segundo o modelo tradicional (aplicação de fatores multiplicativos), na qual se observa uma clara majoração que tende a sobredimensionar os resultados das correntes. Desta forma este trabalho sugere a adoção de valores (ou faixa de valores) mais adequados e que tendem a garantir uma aproximação mais consistente com as medições. Comparando os valores (magnitude) dos fatores multiplicativos para as correntes de inrush entre carga quente e carga fria, verifica-se que as correntes de inrush em carga fria tendem a ser maiores do que em carga quente. Bem como em ambas as cargas, observa-se a relação direta de proporcionalidade do fator multiplicativo com a potência instalada dos alimentadores em termos dos transformadores de distribuição. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the inrush currents generated upon the energization of distribution system feeders. These said currents are relevant for typical designs in electric power concessionaries, for example upon calculating the ideal settings for protection devices. It was analyzed (or studies) 291 (two hundred and ninety one) oscilography samples extracted from measuring devices oscilographs were analyzed. These devices were placed in the beggining of distribution feeders, and stored information on such currents both in successful reclosing (hot load) events and re-energization after long periods of outage (cold load) events. All feeders analyzed belong to the AES-Eletropaulo. The inrush current values (in magnitude) were analyzed right after (more specifically 16.66 ms and 100 ms) the feeder energization. For this reason, its corresponding values were studied as a probabilistic variables. This analysis was based on the comparison between measured data and traditional model (application of factor coefficients) calculation results, in this way, observed it that the traditional model yields over-dimensioned results which lead to oversizement of the results currents. It has thus suggested revised, more suitable values (or bands of values) which are bound to ensure a more consistent approximation to the real measurements. Upon comparing the final value (in magnitude) results on the analysis of the factor coefficients for inrush currents for hot load and cold load, it is observed that the cold load inrush currents tend to be higher than those for hot load. Furthermore, it was observed the direct relation of proportionality of the factor coefficients to the ratings capacity transformer power installed along the feeder lines.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as correntes de inrush que surgem nos momentos de energização dos alimentadores de sistemas de distribuição. Desta forma, são relevantes em projetos cotidianos de concessionárias de energia elétrica como por exemplo, nos cálculos de ajustes dos dispositivos de proteção. Foram estudadas 291 (duzentas e noventa e uma) amostras extraídas de oscilografias de medidores alocados nas saídas de alimentadores de distribuição, os quais armazenaram informações de tais correntes nos momentos em que houveram religamentos bem sucedidos (carga quente), bem como em energizações após longos períodos de interrupção (carga fria). Todos os alimentadores analisados pertencem a AES-ELETROPAULO. Os valores (em magnitude) das correntes de inrush foram analisados nos primeiros instantes (16,66 ms e 100 ms) logo após o momento da energização dos alimentadores, sendo os valores estudados como variáveis probabilísticas. As análises desta dissertação fundamentaram-se na comparação dos dados oriundos de medição com os resultados de cálculo segundo o modelo tradicional (aplicação de fatores multiplicativos), na qual se observa uma clara majoração que tende a sobredimensionar os resultados das correntes. Desta forma este trabalho sugere a adoção de valores (ou faixa de valores) mais adequados e que tendem a garantir uma aproximação mais consistente com as medições. Comparando os valores (magnitude) dos fatores multiplicativos para as correntes de inrush entre carga quente e carga fria, verifica-se que as correntes de inrush em carga fria tendem a ser maiores do que em carga quente. Bem como em ambas as cargas, observa-se a relação direta de proporcionalidade do fator multiplicativo com a potência instalada dos alimentadores em termos dos transformadores de distribuição. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the inrush currents generated upon the energization of distribution system feeders. These said currents are relevant for typical designs in electric power concessionaries, for example upon calculating the ideal settings for protection devices. It was analyzed (or studies) 291 (two hundred and ninety one) oscilography samples extracted from measuring devices oscilographs were analyzed. These devices were placed in the beggining of distribution feeders, and stored information on such currents both in successful reclosing (hot load) events and re-energization after long periods of outage (cold load) events. All feeders analyzed belong to the AES-Eletropaulo. The inrush current values (in magnitude) were analyzed right after (more specifically 16.66 ms and 100 ms) the feeder energization. For this reason, its corresponding values were studied as a probabilistic variables. This analysis was based on the comparison between measured data and traditional model (application of factor coefficients) calculation results, in this way, observed it that the traditional model yields over-dimensioned results which lead to oversizement of the results currents. It has thus suggested revised, more suitable values (or bands of values) which are bound to ensure a more consistent approximation to the real measurements. Upon comparing the final value (in magnitude) results on the analysis of the factor coefficients for inrush currents for hot load and cold load, it is observed that the cold load inrush currents tend to be higher than those for hot load. Furthermore, it was observed the direct relation of proportionality of the factor coefficients to the ratings capacity transformer power installed along the feeder lines.

Increased Distributed Generation (DG) presence on radial distribution feeders is becoming a common trend. The existing Overcurrent Protection (OCP) scheme on such feeders consists mainly of overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) such as fuses and reclosers. When DG is placed on the remote end of a 3-phase lateral, the radial configuration of the feeder is lost. As a result, OCP issues may arise which lead to permanent outages even when the fault is temporary. This thesis presents a new approach that revises the existing OCP scheme of a radial feeder to address the presence of DG. The fuses on the laterals with DGs are removed and multifunction recloser/relays (MFRs) are added to address three specific OCP issues; fuse fatigue, nuisance fuse blowing, and fuse misoperation. The new approach requires no communication medium, provides backup protection for the DG unit, and allows the remaining laterals to retain their existing protective devices. The results are reported using the IEEE 34 node radial test feeder to validate the new approach and the IEEE 123 node radial test feeder to generalize the approach. The new approach completely mitigated the fuse misoperation and nuisance fuse blowing issues and most of the fuse fatigue issues that were present on the radial test feeders. Specifically, the approach demonstrates that coordination between the existing protection devices on radial distribution feeders is maintained in the presence of DG.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_jrg_me_bauru.pdf: 4191682 bytes, checksum: d4e7ba9da361bba449aa5305e441f61c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O sistema de distribuiçã de energia elétrica no Brasil é constituído, na grande maioria, de alimentadores aéreos na classe 15 kV sujeitos a muitos tipos de defeitos. Embora existam muitos trabalhos propondo técnicas para a identificação e a localização das faltas, a maioria deles foi desenvolvida objetivando as redes de transmissão pouco ramificadas. Em se tratando de redes muito ramificadas e extensas, características princiapais de redes de distribuição elétrica, esses métodos não apresentam alta confiabilidade e segurança em termos de detecção, dificultando a localização das faltas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento de um sistema de medição de baixo custo voltado para a monitoração de alimentadores aéreosm de distribuição de energia elétrica, que possibilite a identificação e a localização de faltas bem como a avaliação da qualidade da energia elétrica fornecida. Para tal, uma rede de sensores sem fio no padrão IEEE 802.15.4 é utilizada para adquirir os dados de tensão e corrente de cada frase e, a partir do processamento dessas informações, possibilitar a identificação de um ramal sob falta e a determinação do seu tipo. Com a instação de mediadores em pontos onde a rede de distribuição se ramifica, o ramal sob falta pode ser localizado, reduzindo assim o tempo de desligamento e os custos de manutenção / The system of eletrecity distribution in Brazil is made mostly of air handlers in the class 15 kV, subject to many kinds of defects. Although there are many papers proposing techniques for the identification and location of faults, most of them were developed aiming at the broadcast networks little branched. In terms of networks very extensive and branched, like in distribution networks, these methods have low reliability and safety in terms of detection, makind the location of faults difficult. This paper aims to describe the development of a measurment system focused on low-cost monitoring of overhead distribution feeders of electricity, allowing for the identification and location of faults and the quality of power supplied. For this purpose, a network of wireless sensors on the IEEE 208.15.4 is used for data acquisition of each phase voltage and current and from the processing of such information is possible to determine a faulted extension and identification of its type. With the installation of meters at points where the distribution networks branches, the faulted extension can be located, thereby reducing the shutdown time and maintenance costs

Distribution feeders form the last leg of the bulk power system and have the responsibility of providing reliable power to the customers. These feeders experience voltage drops due to a combination of feeder length, load distribution, and other factors. Traditionally, voltage drop was a major concern. Now, due to an ever-increasing PV penetration, overvoltage has also become a major concern. This limits the amount of solar PV that may be integrated. Few solutions exist to improve the voltage profile, where the most common is the use of voltage control devices like shunt capacitors and voltage regulators. Due to a large number of design parameters to be considered, the determination of the numbers and locations of these devices is a challenging problem. Significant research has been done to address this problem, utilizing a wide array of optimization techniques. However, many utilities still determine these locations and numbers manually. This is because most algorithms have not been adequately validated. The validation of a voltage profile design (VPD) algorithm has been presented here. The validation of this algorithm was carried out on a set of statistically relevant feeders. These feeders were chosen based on the results obtained from a feeder taxonomy study using clustering analysis. The algorithm was found to be effective in enhancing the amount of solar PV a feeder may host, while still maintaining all the voltages within the ANSI standard limits. Furthermore, the methodology adopted here may also be used for the validation of other algorithms. / Master of Science / Utilities have the responsibility of providing reliable power supply to their customers. Traditionally, bulk power was generated and transmitted over long distances incurring losses and voltage drops along the way. Now, with the integration of distributed energy resources, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) generators at the customer locations, overvoltage has also become a problem. This requires adoption of measures which can help in maintaining the voltages within standard limits. Several options exist to compensate for these voltage issues, the most commonly used is voltage control devices like capacitor banks and voltage regulators. However, determining the required numbers of these devices and their appropriate locations is a challenging problem. Even though a number of algorithms have been proposed to give automated solutions to this problem, most utilities still use a manual approach. This is because these algorithms have not been validated on a statistically relevant set of feeders. To solve this issue, the validation of a voltage profile design (VPD) algorithm is presented in this thesis. The ability of this algorithm to enhance the amount of PV that may be connected to a distribution network has been validated on a set of feeders. The feeders were chosen based on the results obtained from clustering analysis, a machine learning concept. The cost effectiveness of this algorithm has also been investigated and significant savings were observed. Furthermore, the methodology adopted here can be easily extended for the validation of other algorithms as well.

Orientador: José Alfredo Covolan Ulson / Banca: Rogério Andrade Flauzino / Banca: Mario Eduardo Bordon / Resumo: O sistema de distribuiçã de energia elétrica no Brasil é constituído, na grande maioria, de alimentadores aéreos na classe 15 kV sujeitos a muitos tipos de defeitos. Embora existam muitos trabalhos propondo técnicas para a identificação e a localização das faltas, a maioria deles foi desenvolvida objetivando as redes de transmissão pouco ramificadas. Em se tratando de redes muito ramificadas e extensas, características princiapais de redes de distribuição elétrica, esses métodos não apresentam alta confiabilidade e segurança em termos de detecção, dificultando a localização das faltas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento de um sistema de medição de baixo custo voltado para a monitoração de alimentadores aéreosm de distribuição de energia elétrica, que possibilite a identificação e a localização de faltas bem como a avaliação da qualidade da energia elétrica fornecida. Para tal, uma rede de sensores sem fio no padrão IEEE 802.15.4 é utilizada para adquirir os dados de tensão e corrente de cada frase e, a partir do processamento dessas informações, possibilitar a identificação de um ramal sob falta e a determinação do seu tipo. Com a instação de mediadores em pontos onde a rede de distribuição se ramifica, o ramal sob falta pode ser localizado, reduzindo assim o tempo de desligamento e os custos de manutenção / Abstract: The system of eletrecity distribution in Brazil is made mostly of air handlers in the class 15 kV, subject to many kinds of defects. Although there are many papers proposing techniques for the identification and location of faults, most of them were developed aiming at the broadcast networks little branched. In terms of networks very extensive and branched, like in distribution networks, these methods have low reliability and safety in terms of detection, makind the location of faults difficult. This paper aims to describe the development of a measurment system focused on low-cost monitoring of overhead distribution feeders of electricity, allowing for the identification and location of faults and the quality of power supplied. For this purpose, a network of wireless sensors on the IEEE 208.15.4 is used for data acquisition of each phase voltage and current and from the processing of such information is possible to determine a faulted extension and identification of its type. With the installation of meters at points where the distribution networks branches, the faulted extension can be located, thereby reducing the shutdown time and maintenance costs / Mestre

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This work investigated the influence of photo-voltaic generators on the voltage control of distribution feeders and the methods that can be used to increase the maximum penetration levels of these feeders. Initially, a brief overview of the reasons why it is necessary to increase the generation penetration levels on distribution feeders was provided. A review of various issues associated with connecting generation to the distribution network; methods and technologies that can be used to increase penetration levels; and ways to improve voltage regulation on MV feeders was given. The grid code for renewable power plants and the voltage apportionment standard were reviewed to determine what limits penetration levels and what can be done to increase them. The operation and control of a typical distribution network, without any connected generation, was initially investigated. A control strategy was implemented that provided suitable voltage regulation on the feeder during both high and low load. The influence of connecting generation to this typical distribution network, without making any modifications to the control of the feeder, was investigated. Base penetration levels, for various generation connection cases, were found. It was shown that the penetration is limited by the rapid voltage change or voltage rise. The base penetration levels were compared to the optimal amount of generation that provides the lowest losses. It was shown that the penetration needs to be increased by between 100% and 200% for the feeder’s losses to be minimised. Voltage regulator and capacitor control was influenced by the generation and they could not function as expected. It was shown that flicker will not be an issue, even with penetration limits well above the current allowable limits. Various methods that can be used to increase the amount of generation that is connected to the typical network were investigated. On-load tap changer setpoint reduction, reactive power control and electronic voltage regulators are some of the methods or technologies that can be used to increase penetration levels. It was shown that each of the technologies can assist, depending on the circumstance, in increasing penetration. The individual modifications can increase penetration up to 100% at the cost of increased tap changes and in some cases losses. Two proposed control strategies were assessed, that combine the investigated technologies. The results showed that it is possible to increase penetration levels by 50-80%, while improving power quality and reducing losses when compared to the base generation connection case. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werk ondersoek die invloed van die foto- voltaïes kragopwekkers op die spanning beheer van die verspreiding voerder asook die metodes wat gebruik kan word om die maksimum penetrasie vlakke van hierdie voerders te verhoog. Aanvanklik is 'n kort oorsig van die redes waarom dit nodig is om die opwekking penetrasie vlakke op die verspreiding voerders, te verhoog voorsien . Eerstens word 'n hersiening van verskeie kwessies wat verband hou met die koppeling van generasie na die verspreidingsnetwerk gegee. Tweedens word metodes en tegnologie wat gebruik kan word om penetrasie te verhoog gegee en laastens word maniere om spanning regulasie op medium spanning voerders te verbeter, gegee. Die rooster kode "grid code => probeer liewer netwerk regulasies" vir hernubare krag aanlegte en die spanning toedeling standaard is hersien om te bepaal wat beperk die penetrasie vlakke en wat gedoen kan word om dit te verhoog. Die werking en beheer van 'n tipiese verspreiding netwerk, sonder enige verbonde generasie, is aanvanklik ondersoek. 'n Beheer-strategie is toe geïmplementeer wat geskikte spanning regulasie op die voerder tydens beide hoë en lae belasting verskaf. Die invloed van die koppeling van opwekking tot hierdie tipiese verspreiding netwerk, sonder om enige veranderinge aan die beheer van die voerder, is ondersoek. Basis penetrasie vlakke, vir verskeie generasie verband gevalle, is gevind. Daar is bewys dat die penetrasie word beperk deur die vinnige spanning verandering of spanning styging. Die basis penetrasie vlakke word vergelyking met die optimale aantal generasie wat die laagste verliese bied. Daar is bewys dat die penetrasie moet met tussen 100% en 200% verhoog word sodat die voerder se verliese beperk kan word. Die spanning reguleerder en kapasitor beheer is beïnvloed deur die opwekking en hulle kon nie reageer soos verwag nie. Daar is getoon dat flikker nie 'n probleem sal wees nie; selfs al is die penetrasie vlakke ver bo die huidige toelaatbare grense. Verskillende metodes wat gebruik kan word om die aantal generasie wat gekoppel is aan die tipiese netwerk te verhoog is ondersoek. Aan-las tap wisselaar vermindering, reaktiewe krag beheer en elektroniese spanning reguleerders is 'n paar van die tegnieke wat gebruik kan word om penetrasie te verhoog. Daar is bewys dat elkeen van die tegnologieë kan help, afhangende van die omstandighede, vir toenemende penetrasie. Die individuele veranderinge kan penetrasie verhoog tot 100% by die koste van 'n verhoogde tap veranderinge en in sommige gevalle verliese. Twee voorgestelde beheer strategieë is beoordeel, wat die ondersoek tegnologie kombineer. Die resultate het getoon dat dit moontlik is om penetrasie te verhoog met 50% tot 80%, terwyl die verbetering van gehalte en die vermindering van krag verliese in vergelyking met die basis generasie verband hou.