Submitted by LUMA CASTRO DE SOUZA null (lumasouza30@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-22T13:39:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luma_Castro_de_Souza.pdf: 1962132 bytes, checksum: d9f166261796c44cf5d9fa2c419999e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T19:35:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_lc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1962132 bytes, checksum: d9f166261796c44cf5d9fa2c419999e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T19:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_lc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1962132 bytes, checksum: d9f166261796c44cf5d9fa2c419999e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A operação de escarificação altera a estrutura do solo, afetando a dinâmica da emissão de CO2 do solo em curto período de tempo. Assim, com este estudo, objetivou-se: i - investigar a variação temporal da emissão de CO2 do solo após escarificação para o plantio da cana-de-açúcar em Latossolo e em Argissolo; ii - caracterizar a emissão de CO2, associada à distribuição de poros, em Latossolo e em Argissolo, submetidos à escarificação na linha de plantio e escarificação em área total para o plantio da cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em parcelas grandes pareadas. Os tratamentos utilizados consistiram na escarificação na linha de plantio (ELP) e escarificação em área total (EAT), em Latossolo e em Argissolo, localizados nos municipios de Guariba e Monte Alto, respectivamente. Para atender ao primeiro objetivo, avaliaram-se a emissão de CO2, a temperatura do solo (Tsolo) e a umidade do solo (Usolo) ao longo de 12 dias no Latossolo e em 11 dias no Argissolo, na camada de 0-0,10 m de profundidade. No Latossolo, não foi observado correlação entre a emissão de CO2, tanto com a Usolo como para Tsolo. No Argissolo, a emissão de CO2 foi correlacionada à Usolo, tanto no solo sob ELP (R2 = 0,86) quanto no solo sob EAT (R2 = 0,58). As emissões totais de CO2 no período de estudo foram maiores no Latossolo, no solo sob escarificação em linha de plantio e em área total (ELP = 1,042.6 kg CO2 ha-1 e EAT = 1,336.3 kg ha-1 de CO2), e menores no Argissolo (ELP = 659,1 kg CO2 ha-1 e EAT = 702,8 kg CO2 ha-1). No Latossolo, a emissão de CO2 foi menor no solo sob preparo com escarificação somente na linha de plantio do que no solo sob preparo com escarificação em área total. No Argissolo, a emissão de CO2 não diferiu em função do preparo. Para atender ao segundo objetivo, além de avaliar a emissão de CO2, temperatura e umidade do solo, avaliaram-se também a distribuição do tamanho de poros, o carbono orgânico associado aos minerais (COAM) e o carbono orgânico particulado (COP) na camada de 0-0,10 m de profundidade. No Latossolo, somente as propriedades: emissão de CO2, COP e classe de poro C4 (ɸ ≤ 0,04 mm) diferiram em função da escarificação. O modelo de regressão múltipla explicou 72% da variabilidade da emissão de CO2 no solo submetido a ELP para o COAM e C2 (0,05 < ɸ ≤ 0,1 mm). No Argissolo, a emissão de CO2, temperatura, umidade do solo, COAM, COP e as classes de tamanho de poros não diferiram em função das escarificações. Na regressão múltipla, a umidade do solo, C1 (ɸ ≥ 0,1 mm) e o COAM explicaram, juntas, 82% da variabilidade da emissão de CO2 no solo sob ELP. No Latossolo, a escarificação em linha de plantio e em área total afetaram diretamente a estrutura do solo, causando mudanças na porosidade e alterações na emissão de CO2 do solo. No Argissolo, a escarificação em linha de plantio e em área total não afetaram a emissão de CO2. / The chiseling operations alters the soil structure and affects the dynamics of the soil CO2 emission in a short period of time. Thus, the aim of this study was to: i- Investigate the temporal variation of CO2 emission after chiseling for the planting of sugarcane in Latossolo and Argissolo, ii – Characterize and correlation the soil CO2 emission and pore distribution in Latossolo and Argissolo with chiseling at line and total area to sugarcane planting. The experimental design used was in paired large plots. The treatments consisted of chiseling at the planting line (ELP) and chiseling at total area (EAT) in Latossolo and Argissolo, located in the municipalities of Guariba and Monte Alto, respectively. In order to attend the first aim, the CO2 emission, temperature and soil moisture were observed for 11 and 12 days, respectively at Argissolo and Latossolo, in the 0-0.10 m depth layer. The Latossolo did not show relationship among CO2 emission, Usoil and Tsoil to both chiseling. However, the Argissolo showed a significant relationship between the CO2 emission and Usoil to both chiseling, ELP (R2 = 0.86) and EAT (R2 = 0.58). The total CO2 emission was higher at Latossolo in both chiseling (ELP = 1,042.6 kg CO2 ha-1 and EAT = 1,336.3 kg ha-1 CO2) when compared with the Argissolo (ELP = 659.1 kg CO2 ha-1 and EAT = 702.8 kg CO2 ha-1). In the Latossolo, CO2 emission was lower in the soil under preparation with chiseling only in the planting line than in the soil under preparation with chiseling in the total area. In the Argissolo, the CO2 emission did not differ according to the preparation. In order to attend the second aim, the CO2 emission, temperature and soil moisture were also observed. Moreover, the distribution of pores size, organic carbon associated with minerals (COAM) and particulate organic carbon (COP) were also evaluated, in the 0-0.10 m depth layer. To Latossolo, the CO2 emission, COP and the distribution of pores size (C4; ɸ ≤ 0.04 mm) had significate difference between the chiseling. The multiple regression model was able to explain 72% of the CO2 emission variability to COAM and C2 (0.05 <ɸ ≤ 0.1 mm) at soil under ELP. To Argissolo, the CO2 emission, temperature, soil moisture, COAM, COP and distribution of pores size were not different between the chiseling. The soil moisture, C1 (ɸ ≥ 0,1 mm) and COAM were able to explain 82% of CO2 emission variability at soil under ELP. Therefore, the chiseling affected the soil porosity and soil CO2 emission directly at Latossolo. However, the chiseling did not affect the soil CO2 emission at Argissolo.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The intensive use of agricultural soils caused a significant degradation of its chemical, physical, biological and microbiological structure. Aiming to maintain or promote improvements in soil quality, several techniques were developed, including the no-tillage system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rotation plans and tillage system on physical and hydraulic properties of a Rhodic Eutrudox in grain yield and development of soybean. The study was carried out in a long-lived experiment, implemented in 1993, on a very clayey Rhodic Eutrudox. The experiment presents a 2x3 factorial scheme (tillage system x rotation plans). The tillage factor is composed of: I) conventional tillage; and II) no-tillage. The rotation plans factor is composed of: I) soybean/wheat succession; II) rotation maize/lupine-soybean/oatssoybean/ wheat-soybean/wheat; and III) succession soybean/maize + brachiaria. Soil physical and hydraulic parameters such as density, total porosity, macro and microporosity, infiltration and hydraulic conductivity were evaluated. The plant parameters evaluated were root length density, plant height, weight of one thousand grains and yield of soybean crop. The available water fraction, hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil, frequency and volume of pores and uniformity of distribution of pore classes were obtained from the fit of the Van Genuchten model. The no-tillage compared to the conventional tillage provides greater stability in soybean grain yield. The isolated assessment of basic soil physical attributes can provide limited and erroneous information on the actual condition of its structure. Soil hydraulic conductivity, soil water infiltration, and frequency of soil pore distribution were effective in explaining soybean productivity more adequately. The soil pore continuity index proposed in this paper corroborates the other soil attributes, measured and estimated, and can be used quickly and efficiently to estimate soil pore continuity. / O uso intensivo dos solos agrícolas provocou acentuada degradação de sua estrutura química, física, biológica e microbiológicas. Com o intuito de manter ou promover melhorias na qualidade do solo diversas técnicas foram desenvolvidas, entre elas o sistema plantio direto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito de planos de rotação e do sistema de preparo do solo nas propriedades físicas e hídricas de um Latossolo, na produtividade de grãos e no desenvolvimento da cultura da soja. O estudo foi realizado em um experimento de longa duração, implantado em 1993, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico muito argiloso. O experimento apresenta esquema fatorial 2x3 (sistema de preparo do solo x planos de rotação). O fator preparo do solo é composto por: I) Preparo convencional; e II) Plantio direto. O fator planos de rotação é composto por: I) sucessão soja/trigo; II) rotação milho/tremoço-soja/aveiasoja/ trigo-soja/trigo; e III) sucessão soja/milho+brachiaria. Foram avaliados parâmetros físicos e hídricos do solo como a densidade, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, infiltração e condutividade hidráulica. Os parâmetros de planta avaliados foram a densidade do comprimento radicular, altura de plantas, peso de mil grãos e produtividade da cultura da soja. A fração de água disponível, condutividade hidráulica de solo não saturado, a frequência e o volume de poros e a uniformidade de distribuição de classes de poros foram obtidos do ajuste do modelo de Van Genuchten. O sistema plantio direto em comparação ao sistema de preparo convencional do solo proporciona maior estabilidade na produtividade de grãos de soja. A avaliação isolada de atributos físicos básicos do solo pode fornecer informações limitadas e errôneas da real condição de sua estrutura. A condutividade hidráulica do solo, infiltração de água do solo, frequência e distribuição de poros do solo foram eficazes para explicar de forma mais adequada a produtividade da soja. O índice de continuidade de poros do solo proposto neste trabalho corrobora com os demais atributos do solo, medidos e estimados, podendo então ser utilizado de forma rápida e eficiente para estimativa da continuidade de poros do solo.

A procedure to evaluate the leaching properties of radionuclides from irradiated graphite waste has been developed by combining ANSI 16.1 (USA) and NEN 7345 (Netherlands) standardised diffusion leaching techniques. The ANSI 16.1 standard has been followed to the acquire the leachates and to determine the leach rate/ diffusion coefficient and NEN 7345 standard technique has been used to determine the diffusion mechanism of radionuclides. The investigation employs simulated Drigg groundwater as a leachant using semi-dynamic technique for the production of leachate specimens. From gamma spectroscopy analysis the principal radionuclides present in terms of activity were 60Co, 137Cs, 134Cs, 155Eu, 133Ba and 46Sc. The dominant radionuclides are 60Co, 134Cs and 133Ba which together account for about 91 % of the total activity. The 91 % can be broken down into 73.4 % 60Co, 9.1 % 134Cs and 8.1 % 133Ba. Analysis of total beta and total beta without tritium activity release from Magnox graphite was measured using liquid scintillating counting. Preliminary results show that there is an initial high release of activity and decreases when the leaching period increases. This may be due to the depletion of contaminants which were absorbed by the internal pore networks and the surface. During the leaching test approximately 275.33 ± 18.20 Bq of 3H and 106.26 ± 7.01 Bq of 14C was released into the leachant within 91 days. Irradiation induced damages to the nuclear graphite crystal structure have been shown to cause disruption of the bonding across the basal planes. Moreover, the closures of Mrozowski cracks have been observed in nuclear graphite, the bulk property are governed by the porosity, in particular, at the nanometre scale. Therefore, knowledge of the crystallite structure and porosity distribution is very important; as it will assist in understand the affects of irradiated damage and location and the mechanism of the leaching of radionuclides. The work reported herein contributed several key findings to the international work on graphite leaching to offer guidance leading toward obtaining leaching data in the future: (a) the effective diffusion coefficient for 14C from graphite waste has been determined. The diffusion process for 14C has two stages resulting two different values of diffusion coefficient, i.e., for the fast and slow components; (b) the controlling leaching mechanism for 3H radionuclide from graphite is shown to be surface wash–off; and for that of 14C radionuclide the initial controlling leaching mechanism is surface wash-off following by diffusion which is the major transport mechanism ; (c) The weight loss originates from the open pore structure which has been opened up by radiolytic oxidation; at the higher weight losses much of the closed porosity in the graphite has been opened. The investigation indicates that weigh loss has a major influence on the leaching of elements from the irradiated graphite; and (d) the analysis of the pores in nuclear graphite can be categorised into three types. These three types of pores are: (1) small pores narrow which are slit-shaped pores in the binder phase or matrix, (2) gas evolution pores or gas entrapment pores within the binder phase or matrix and (3) lenticular pores which are large cracks within the filler particles. It is shown in this thesis that by using tomography to study the morphology of the different pores coupled with the distribution of impurities an understanding of the role of porosity in leaching is possible.