The absorption and distribution of metals via the gut of fish is not well known. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to describe the movement of metals along the gut, their absorption and binding to gut tissues, and their distribution to the internal tissues following model dietary exposure. Two different approaches were employed, an in vivo gastric dosing procedure, and an in vitro gut bag protocol and two different metals were studied: an essential metal, zinc, and a non-essential (and more toxic) metal, cadmium. The dietary uptake and distribution of zinc and cadmium to 0.3 kg rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was examined at l5°C at 1, 2, 3, or 7 days following a single bolus dose to the stomach of 0.5 mM of radio labelled metaL After exposure, all internal organs and the remaining carcass were individually counted for radioactivity. Uptake, distribution and excretion of both zinc and cadmium was rapid, occurring largely within the first 24 h of exposure. By 24 h, fish exposed to Zn had absorbed 20.0% of the dose, 21.0% was bound in the gastrointestinal tissues and the remainder was either excreted (38.1 %) or was present in the gut lumen (20.9%). Cadmium showed a much different pattern of uptake, with only 2.9% of the dose absorbed after 24 h, and the remainder found either in the gut tissue (30.2%) and the lumen (19.0%) or excreted (47.9%). Over the following six days, very little uptake and internal metal redistribution occurred.When exposed to higher doses of metal in vivo (0.5 - 50 mM), there were distinct differences in the handling of the two metals. Zinc concentrations in the gut tissues continued to rise at higher doses until apparent saturation. In contrast, gut tissues were saturated with cadmium at the lowest dose employed (0.5 mM). Both metals bound most avidly to the distal intestine but all gut tissues had a higher binding capacity for zinc, as compared to cadmium. Target tissues (liver, gills, kidney) all saturated with zinc at high doses. In contrast, cadmium concentrations in these tissues continued to rise in a linear fashion with increasing dose. In vitro studies revealed that the most important region of the gut for metal uptake in rainbow trout was the mid-intestine. Studies using the metabolic uncoupler, 2,4-DNP, suggested that the transfer of both zinc and cadmium across intestinal cells was passive at the brush border membrane, but was at least partly dependent on A TP for movement across the basolateral membrane. Furthermore, this transport mechanism was not shared by calcium, as the presence of calcium had no inhibitory effect on the transport of either metal. Mucus within the intestinal lumen appears to have a higher binding affinity but lower capacity for cadmium than zinc. Calcium did not displace cadmium from the mucus layer. In contrast, zinc was displaced by an equimolar exposure to calcium in the medium. Gut mucus apparently impedes the movement of metals along the intestine with the extent of the delay likely being related to the binding affinity of the metal. The impediment was greatest for cadmium, as 10% of the metal remained in the lumen of fish exposed in vivo, after a period of7 days. In contrast, only 2% ofthe original dose of zinc remained in the gut lumen after only 3 days. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

With Canada's increasing population, natural disasters such as flooding events will have an increasing impact on human populations. The severity of these events requires that decision makers have a clear understanding of the flood risks that communities face in order to plan for and mitigate flood risks. One key component to understanding flood risk is flood exposure, an element of which is the presence of structures (e.g., residences, businesses, and other buildings) in an area that could be damaged by flooding. Presently, several resources exist at both the national and global level that can be used to estimate the spatial distribution of structures. These resources are typically generated at global scales and do not account for regional or local data or processes that could enhance the accuracy and precision of exposure estimation in sparsely populated areas. The present study investigates the feasibility of creating a region-specific dwelling distribution model that helps improve estimation of residential structures in rural areas. Herein, we describe a rural dwelling distribution model for the province of Alberta that can be used to assist in the estimation of structural exposure to flood risk. The model is based on a random forest classification algorithm and several publicly available datasets associated with dwelling and population density. The model was validated using visually referenced data collected from earth imagery. The resulting dwelling layer was then evaluated in its ability to spatially disaggregate census dwelling counts, as well as predict dwelling exposure in several scenarios. This method appears to be a useful alternative to globally scaled models, or using the census alone, particularly for rural areas of Canada. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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No / This paper looks at the doctrines of ‘Wicca’, or what might be termed as pagan or white magic by its adherents, in terms of the economics of religion. The primary focus of the paper is the issue of the degree of product differentiation involved from established religion in terms of two things: the concept of God (or deities) and the ideas of sin. The main contribution of the paper is that it presents (for the first time ever, so far as the author is aware) an economic analysis of the doctrine of a ‘rebound’ effect of any attempts to do harm to other people through the practice of magic. Some basic microeconomic concepts suggest that the moral force of this rebound law is a difficult one to sustain except under very unreasonable assumptions.