Nos recherches ont porté sur l’élimination du diuron en solution aqueuse, soit par photocatalyse sous irradiation artificielle et solaire avec le TiO2, soit par adsorption sur le charbon actif préparé à partir de coques de noix de coco.L’influence de certains paramètres tels que la masse du catalyseur, la masse du polluant en solution ainsi que la présence des ions nitrate, ammonium et sulfate a été étudiée. Nous avons mis en évidence que la disparition du diuron suivait le modèle de Langmuir – Hinshelwood observé pour de nombreux polluants. La présence d’ions en général influence peu l’activité photocatalytique du catalyseur. L’utilisation et surtout la réutilisation de catalyseur supporté sur matériaux cellulosiques sous irradiation solaire sans perte d’activité photocatalytique a permis de montrer que le procédé est applicable industriellement. Dans le souci de valoriser les ressources naturelles de la Côte d’ivoire, des charbons actifs ont été préparés à partir de coques de noix de coco suivant les deux modes d’activation. Ces matériaux ont développé une bonne porosité de mélange de méso et de micro porosité. Les surfaces spécifiques obtenues sont comprises entre 200 m2/g et 1300 m2/g. Ces surfaces sont importantes et les tests de Boehm ont montré que tous ces charbons contiennent de nombreuses fonctions de surfaces majoritairement des fonctions lactone et acide carboxylique. Les études cinétiques du diuron faites ont révélé que ces charbons ont montré une bonne affinité avec polluant. Cependant les charbons activés physiquement ont une meilleure diffusion par rapport à ceux obtenus par la méthode chimique. Nous avons montré que ces deux techniques de traitement des eaux sont les meilleures méthodes surtout pour les pays en voie de développement situés pour la plupart sous les tropiques où il y a du soleil pratiquement toute l’année / Our researches were about the elimination of diuron in aqueous solution. It is concerned the degradation exclusively by the TiO2 under artificial and solar irradiation, either by adsorption on the activated carbon prepared from coconut shells.The influence of the catalyst concentration, pollutant mass and inorganic ions in solution (as well nitrate, ammonium and sulphate) has been studied. We brought to the fore that the disappearance of diuron followed the model of Langmuir-Hinshelwood like many other pollutants. The presence of ions has little influence on the photocatalytic activity of catalyst. The use of catalyst and especially re-use supported catalyst on cellulose materials under solar irradiation without loss of photocatalytic activity made it possible to show that the process is applicable industrially.With the aim of develop the natural resources of the ivory Coast some activated carbons have been prepared from coconut shells according two methods of activation. These materials developed a good porosity of meso and micro porosity. Specific surfaces are comprised between 200 and 1300 m2.g-1. These surfaces are important and tests of Boehm showed that all these carbons contain many surface functions. These functions are mainly lactone and carboxylic acid. The kinetic studies of the diuron revealed that these carbons showed a good affinity with pollutant. However the activated carbons have a better diffusion physically in relation to those gotten by the chemical method. We showed that these two techniques of water treatment are especially the best methods peasants in way of the Third World countries

Orientador: Eduardo Alves de Almeida / Banca: Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira / Banca: Gustavo O. Bonilla Rodriguez / Resumo: A utilização do praguicida Diuron na agricultura e a sua metabolização no ambiente em compostos potencialmente tóxicos pode comprometer a saúde dos ecossistemas aquáticos e de organismos não alvo ali presentes. O objetivo principal deste estudo avaliou se os metabólitos 3-(3,4-diclorofenil)-3-metilureia (DCPMU), o 3,4-diclorofenilureia (DCPU) e o 3,4- dicloroanilina (DCA) gerados a partir da biotransformação do diuron, geram mais ou menos efeitos que o próprio diuron em parâmetros genotóxicos e bioquímicos em peixes Astyanax sp. Foram realizados testes de toxicidade com o diuron e os metabólitos a fim de obter a CL50 de cada composto. Foi visto que o diuron e o DCA possuem semelhante toxicidade a lambaris, uma vez que seus valores de CL50 foram muito próximos (0,75 e 0,89 mg/L, respectivamente). O valor de CL50 para o DCPMU foi duas vezes maior (1,42 mg/L) e para o DCPU foi de três vezes maior que a do diuron (>3,0 mg/L), o que indica ser o metabólito de menor potencial tóxico. A partir do valor de CL50, realizou-se a exposição dos lambaris a concentrações subletais (CL1= 0,015 mg/L e CL10=0,15 mg/L do diuron) por dois e sete dias para avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos e genotóxicos desses compostos. A genotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo método do cometa e foi visto que a metabolização do diuron não minimiza os efeitos genotóxicos em lambaris uma vez que os metabólitos DCA, DCPMU e DCPU são capazes de causar lesões no DNA dos peixes. Parâmetros bioquímicos foram avaliados pela medida da atividade de enzimas de biotransformação (EROD e GST), de defesa antioxidante (SOD, GPx e CAT) e ocorrência de peroxidação lipídica (MDA). A atividade da EROD aumentou pela exposição dos lambaris aos três metabólitos em brânquias e fígados. A GST foi inibida pela exposição ao DCA, nas brânquias e pela exposição ao DCPMU e DCPU em brânquias e fígado. A atividade da GST aumentou no fígado de lambaris expostos ao ... / Abstract: Diuron is a pesticide used in the agriculture and its transformation in potential toxic compounds can be harmful to aquatic ecosystem and animals. This work had as main objective discover if the metabolites 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylurea (DCPMU), 3,4- dichlorofhenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) produced in the diuron degradation may cause more or less effects than the pesticide in genotoxic and biochemistry parameters in fish. Toxicity tests were performed with the diuron and its metabolites to obtain the LC50. We observed that the diuron and the DCA have similar toxicity to fish observed by the low values of LC50. The DCPMU LC50 is twice higher and DCPU is three times higher than diuron and DCA. It indicating that these metabolites can be less toxic than the others compounds. From LC50 values, fish exposures were performed at LC1 (0.015 mg/L) and LC10 (0.15 mg/L) of diuron concentration by two and seven days. The genotoxicity was measured by comet assay and we observed that the degradation of diuron increase the genotoxic effects, whereas the DCA, DCPMU and DCPU are able to promote DNA damage. Biochemistry parameters were measured by analysis of biotransformation enzymes (EROD and GST), antioxidant defenses (SOD, GPx and CAT) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). EROD activity is increased after all metabolites exposure in both tissues. GST activity is inhibited after DCA gill exposure and DCPMU and DCPU gill and liver exposures. GST activity also is increased after DCA exposure in liver. SOD is induced in all metabolites treatment and GPx to DCPMU and DCPU exposure. CAT activity is increased after DCA exposure and it is inhibited after DCPMU and DCPU exposures in both tissues. CAT is also inhibited after diuron exposure in the liver. The exposure of diuron and its three main metabolites can change biochemistry parameters indicators of oxidative stress in Astyanax sp. in the conditions tested in this study. In general, the ... / Mestre

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 176-203). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 176-203). Also available in print.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1976. / Bibliography: leaves 162-177. / Microfiche. / 177 leaves ill

The solubility of diuron was determined in binary and ternary cosolvent-water systems. The binary systems were composed of a completely miscible organic solvent (CMOS) and water while the ternary systems incorporate partially miscible organic solvents (PMOS) into the binary systems. Due to the low aqueous solubilities of trichloroethylene and toluene, the PMOS's do not behave as cosolvents and they do not play an important role in altering solubility.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gelang es, katalytische Antikörper zur Hydrolyse von Benzylphenylcarbamaten sowie zahlreiche monoklonale Antikörper gegen Haptene herzustellen.<br /> <br /> Es wurden verschiedene Hapten-Protein-Konjugate unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Kopplungsmethoden hergestellt und charakterisiert. Zur Generierung der hydrolytisch aktiven Antikörper wurden Inzuchtmäuse mit KLH-Konjugaten von 4 Übergangszustandsanaloga (ÜZA) immunisiert. Mit Hilfe der Hybridomtechnik wurden verschiedene monoklonale Antikörper gegen diese ÜZA gewonnen. Dabei wurden sowohl verschiedene Immunisierungsschemata als auch verschiedene Inzuchtmausstämme und Fusionstechniken verwendet. Insgesamt wurden 32 monoklonale Antikörper gegen die verwendeten ÜZA selektiert. Diese Antikörper wurden in großen Mengen hergestellt und gereinigt. <br /> <br /> Zum Nachweis der Antikörper-vermittelten Katalyse wurden verschiedene Methoden entwickelt und eingesetzt, darunter immunologische Nachweismethoden mit Anti-Substrat- und Anti-Produkt-Antikörpern und eine photometrische Methode mit Dimethylaminozimtaldehyd. Der Nachweis der hydrolytischen Aktivität gelang mit Hilfe eines Enzymsensors, basierend auf immobilisierter Tyrosinase. Die Antikörper N1-BC1-D11, N1-FA7-C4, N1-FA7-D12 und R3-LG2-F9 hydrolysierten die Benzylphenylcarbamate POCc18, POCc19 und Substanz 27. Der Nachweis der hydrolytischen Aktivität dieser Antikörper gelang auch mit Hilfe der HPLC. <br /> <br /> Der katalytische Antikörper N1-BC1-D11 wurde kinetisch und thermodynamisch untersucht. Es wurde eine Michaelis-Menten-Kinetik mit Km von 210 &#181;M, vmax von 3 mM/min und kcat von 222 min-1 beobachtet. Diese Werte korrelieren mit den Werten der wenigen bekannten Diphenylcarbamat-spaltenden Abzyme. Die Beschleunigungsrate des Antikörpers N1-BC1-D11 betrug 10. Das ÜZA Hei3 hemmte die hydrolytische Aktivität. Dies beweist, dass die Hydrolyse in der Antigenbindungsstelle stattfindet. Weiter wurde zwischen der Antikörperkonzentration und der Umsatzgeschwindigkeit eine lineare Abhängigkeit festgestellt. Die thermodynamische Gleichtgewichtsdissoziationskonstante KD des Abzyms von 2,6 nM zeugt von einer sehr guten Affinität zum ÜZA. <br /> <br /> Hydrolytisch aktiv waren nur Antikörper, die gegen das Übergangszustandsanalogon Hei3 hergestellt worden waren. Es wird vermutet, dass die Hydrolyse der Benzylphenylcarbamate über einen Additions-Eliminierungsmechanismus unter Ausbildung eines tetraedrischen Übergangszustandes verläuft, dessen analoge Verbindung Hei3 ist.<br /> <br /> Im Rahmen der Generierung von Nachweisantikörpern zur Detektion der Substratabnahme bei der Hydrolyse wurden Anti-Diuron-Antikörper hergestellt. Einer der Antikörper (B91-CG5) ist spezifisch für das Herbizid Diuron und hat einen IC50-Wert von 0,19 &#181;g/l und eine untere Nachweisgrenze von 0,04 &#181;g/l. Ein anderer Antikörper (B91-KF5) reagiert kreuz mit einer Palette ähnlicher Herbizide. Mit diesen Antikörpern wurde ein empfindlicher Labortest, der ein Monitoring von Diuron auf Grundlage des durch die Trinkwasserverordnung festgeschriebenen Wertes für Pflanzenschutzmittel von 0,1 &#181;g/l erlaubt, aufgebaut. <br /> <br /> Der Effekt der Anti-Diuron-Antikörper auf die Diuron-inhibierte Photosynthese wurde in vitro und in vivo untersucht. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass sowohl in isolierten Thylakoiden, als auch in intakten Algen eine Vorinkubation der Anti-Diuron-Antikörper mit Diuron zur Inaktivierung seiner Photosynthese-hemmenden Wirkung führt. Wurde der Elektronentransport in den isolierten Thylakoiden oder in Algen durch Diuron unterbrochen, so führte die Zugabe der Anti-Diuron-Antikörper zur Reaktivierung der Elektronenübertragung. / Attempts to produce catalytic antibodies for hydrolysis of arylcarbamates and arylureas:<br /> The aim of the investigations was to produce antibodies which are able to cleave herbicides resistant to naturally occuring enzymes. Structurally similar carbamate and urea derivatives were chosen for the experiments.<br /> <br /> Phosphonate derivatives were synthesized that mimick possible transition state analogues in structure and charge. Mice were immunized with 4 different derivatives after conjugating them to carrier proteins. 32 hybridomas were established that produce monoclonal antibodies binding to these derivatives. <br /> <br /> The possible cleavage of substrates was determined by immunoassays with monoclonal antibodies against the substrate and the products and with a photometric method based on dimethylaminocinammonaldehyde. The measuring of cleavage products was succeeded by an amperometric method. The enzyme sensor was based on immobilized tyrosinase which oxidizes p-chlorophenol and phenol.<br /> <br /> The antibodies N1-BC1-D11, N1-FA7-C4, N1-FA7-D12 und R3-LG2-F9 hydrolysed the benzylphenylcarbamates POCc18, POCc19 und Substance 27. The hydrolytic activity of these antibodies was also succeeded with HPLC.<br /> <br /> The catalytic antibody N1-BC1-D11 was investigated kinetically and thermodynamically. A Michaelis-Menten-Kinetic was observed (at pH 8.0 exhibited a Km 210 &#181;M, a vmax 3 mM/min and a kcat 222 min-1). These values are in the range of the values obtained for the antibody-catalysed hydrolysis of diphenylcarbamates. The rate enhancement of N1-BC1 was 10. The reaction was completely inhibited by stoichiometric quantities of the transition state analogue Hei3. This is consistent with the affinity of the abzyme to Hei3 of 2.6 nM, determined by BIAcore assay.<br /> <br /> Only antibodies generated against Hei3 showed hydrolytic activity. The hydrolysis of benzylphenylcarbamates presumably occurs via an addition-elimination-Mechanism involving a tetrahedral intermediate. <br /> <br /> In summary, this work presents the first example of antibody-catalysed hydrolysis of benzylphenylcarbamates. <br /> <br /> Monoclonal anti-diuron antibodies were generated that bind to the herbicide diuron with an extremely low equilibrium dissociation constant. A sensitive immunoassay with a low detection limit of 0.2 nM for diuron was established. This is the most sensitive immunological method for detection of diuron known so far.<br /> <br /> These antibodies were also used in vitro and in vivo to prevent diuron-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis or to restore photosynthesis after inhibition. In isolated thylakoids prepared from spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea L.) the diuron-inhibited Hill reaction was reconstituted immediately following the addition of the monoclonal antibodies. In an in vivo approach the photosynthetic oxygen evolution of the cell wall deficient mutant (cw 15) of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard was monitored. The antibodies prevented the diuron-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis and restored photosynthesis after inhibition. Transgenic plants that synthesize and accumulate these antibodies or antibody fragments and are therefore diuron-resistant can be created.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1978. / Bibliography: leaves 193-205. / Microfiche. / xv, 205 leaves ill. 28 cm

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Orientador: Maria Luiza Cotrim Sartor de Oliveira / Resumo: Ratos Wistar expostos por dois anos ao diuron (3-(3,4-diclorofenil)-1,1-dimetilureia) produto técnico (PT) à 2500ppm pela ração desenvolveram alta incidência de tumores uroteliais, sendo esse herbicida classificado pela U.S. Environmental Protection Agency como "provável cancerígeno para o homem''. Durante a última década, nosso laboratório tem realizado estudos sobre a toxicidade urotelial do diuron PT fornecido pela ração a ratos Wistar machos. Porém, o diuron na forma de produto formulado (PF) ou comercial, composto por 50% de diuron PT e 50% de ingredientes inertes, não tem sido avaliado em ratos. Em lagartos P. sicula machos expostos ao diuron PF à 50% na concentração de 1100ppm na ração ou na água de beber, durante 3 semanas, houve toxicidade direta no sistema reprodutivo com alteração na espermatogênese, morfologia do epidídimo e diminuição dos níveis plasmáticos dos hormônios sexuais, sendo os efeitos mais severos nos grupos que receberam diuron na água de beber. O presente estudo objetivou comparar o potencial tóxico do diuron PF ou PT à 1250ppm oferecido pela ração ou água de beber no urotélio e nos parâmetros reprodutivos de ratos. Cinquenta ratos Wistar machos de seis semanas de idade foram distribuídos em cinco grupos (ração basal, ração com PF, água de beber com PF, ração com PT, água potável com PT) e expostos ao diuron à 1250ppm por 13 semanas. Na eutanásia foram avaliados a morfologia, concentração, motilidade e viabilidade dos espermatozoides. Os rins, fígad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Wistar rats exposed during two years to 2500ppm dietary diuron technical product (TP) (3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) developed high incidence of urothelial tumors, being classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a ‘‘known/likely human carcinogen’’. During the last decades our laboratory conducted studies on the urothelial toxicity of the diuron (TP) provided through diet to male Wistar rats. The diuron formulated product (FP) composed by 50% diuron TP and 50% inert ingredients, has not been evaluated in rats. The diuron (FP) was harmful to reproductive system of male P. sicula lizards exposed to 1100ppm during 3 weeks; the toxic effects were more prominent in the groups receiving diuron FP in drinking water. This study aimed to compare the potential toxicity of diuron TP or FP 1250ppm offered through diet or drinking water on the urothelium and reproductive parameters of rats. Fifty six-week old Wistar male rats were allocated to five groups (basal diet, FP diet, FP drinking water, TP diet, TP drinking water) and exposed to 1250ppm diuron for 13 weeks. At the end, body weight and weight of kidneys, liver, spleen, testes and epididymis, histopathology of the kidneys and testes and sperm parameters were evaluated. Urinary bladders were bisected and processed for histologic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses. At the end of the study, all groups exposed to diuron had decreased body weight gain compared to control greater than 10%, indicat... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre