Thesis (M.Com. Taxation) -- University of Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, School of Accountancy, 2014. / The taxation of dividends at shareholder level has been the norm in the majority of the international market. South Africa is a developing country that is constantly increasing its market share in the international stage and in order to be more competitive in the international market South Africa has to align itself with international norms and practices and this resulted, amongst other things, with the introduction of dividends tax in 2012. This study analysed the new dividends tax legislation that became effective on 1 April 2012 in South Africa, by way of a normative literature review, and briefly discusses how South Africa compares with Russia, India and China, three other developing countries. The literature review confirmed the benefits with regards to the dividends tax system; however, the review also confirmed that there are challenges within the dividends tax system. The benefits of the dividends tax system that were noted include amongst others; aligning South Africa with international tax norms, the increased tax base and the establishment of a familiar withholding tax system that can attract more foreign investment. The levying of dividends tax on beneficial owners results in an increased tax base because the number of taxpayers increases to companies and individuals, versus levying secondary tax on companies only on the companies paying the dividend. Some of the challenges of the dividends tax system are the administrative burden placed on companies and regulated intermediaries, the rate of 15% might be considered to be too high in comparison to other developing countries and the taxation of dividends in the hands of the individuals might be a disincentive to invest in equity shares. South African legislation on dividends tax differs from that of China; with the latter country taxing the dividends in the hands of the beneficial owners without a requirement on company‘s paying the dividend to withhold the dividends tax. The Russian legislation on taxation of dividends is similar to that of South Africa but taxes the dividend on the net amount. In India the dividend distribution tax is levied in the company making a dividend distribution.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-10T13:19:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Milton Lanzarini Pagini.pdf: 515097 bytes, checksum: db2105af9eb3ad071abbc4bea3b09e40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T13:19:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milton Lanzarini Pagini.pdf: 515097 bytes, checksum: db2105af9eb3ad071abbc4bea3b09e40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / Nenhuma / A presente dissertação objetivou analisar quais são os fatores de natureza financeira determinantes da constituição da reserva de lucros a realizar (RLR) pelas empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA. A constituição dessa reserva, além de ser opcional, representa uma retenção de parte do lucro líquido do exercício não realizado financeiramente e guarda estreita relação com a estrutura de capital e a política de dividendos. Dessa forma, as pesquisas abrangeram a teoria internacional sobre estrutura de capital e política de dividendos e, principalmente, estudos empíricos realizados no âmbito de empresas brasileiras sobre política de dividendos. Com base nos dados das demonstrações financeiras dos anos de 2010 e 2011 dessas empresas, foi obtida uma amostra de 170 observações, das quais 27 se referem a empresas que constituíram a RLR em questão, e 143 que não a constituíram. A partir da teoria e dos estudos empíricos relacionados à estrutura de capital e política de dividendos, foram estabelecidos oito índices econômico-financeiros com potencial impacto na constituição da RLR. Utilizando a regressão logística, foram testados vários modelos, dos quais resultou a equação composta pelas variáveis explicativas ROA (Retorno sobre o Ativo), ICJ (Índice de Cobertura de Juros) e IREP (Índice de Realização da Equivalência Patrimonial), todas significantes ao nível de 5%. Ficou evidenciado que as variáveis dessa equação representam os fatores financeiros com maior poder preditivo da probabilidade de constituição da RLR. A variável ROA, que mede a rentabilidade da empresa, apresentou coeficiente positivo e, portanto, de acordo com o modelo, quanto maior o seu valor, maior a chance de a empresa constituir a RLR. Tomando por base, contudo, os resultados de estudos empíricos brasileiros, para os quais a rentabilidade tem uma relação positiva com a distribuição de dividendos, a expectativa era de uma relação negativa entre ROA e a RLR, já que quanto maior a distribuição de dividendos (e maior ROA, a rentabilidade), menor a chance de ser constituída a RLR. Este resultado sugere que, particularmente no que tange à RLR, o nível de distribuição de lucros não exerce influência na sua constituição, o que merece ser investigado. O coeficiente da variável IREP, por sua vez, se apresentou negativo, confirmando, portanto, a expectativa inicial, já que IREP mede a capacidade de geração de caixa, via realização financeira do resultado positivo de equivalência patrimonial de investimentos permanentes. Finalmente, a baixa contribuição da variável ICJ para o resultado final do poder preditivo do modelo sugere a necessidade de realização de testes mais amplos para esta variável. / This thesis aims to analyze what financial factors are determinants to establish the RLR (reserve for unearned revenue) by companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA. This reserve, besides being optional, represents a withholding of unearned net profit and it is closely related to capital structure and dividend policy. Thus, this research covers international theory about capital structure and dividend policy and mostly empirical studies within Brazilian companies on dividend policy. Based on the available data of these companies in their financial statements for years 2010 and 2011, we obtained a sample of 170 observations, for which establishing the reserve was optional. Of these, 27 opted to do so and 143 did not. From the available academic references and collected data, we established eight financial indexes with potential impact on the establishment of a RLR. With the use of logistic regression, we tested several models, resulting in the equation including the explanatory variables ROA (return over assets), ICJ (interest coverage ratio) and IREP (equity realization ratio), all significant at the 5% level. Thus, it was evident that the variables of this equation represent the financial factors with the highest forecasting capability of establishing the RLR. The variable ROA, which measures the profitability of the company, presented a positive coefficient, and therefore, according to the model, the higher the value, the greater the chance the company establishes the reserve. However, based on the results of empirical studies in Brazil, for which profitability has a positive relationship with distribution of dividends, we expected a negative relationship between ROA and reserves, since higher dividend distribution (and higher ROA, profitability), results in a lower chance of establishing the reserve. This result suggests that, particularly with respect to the RLR, the level of profit distribution does not influence its establishment, which merits further investigation. The coefficient of the IREP variable was negative, thereby confirming the initial expectation, since IREP measures the ability to generate cash, via financial realization of assets by recognition of profits arising from equity income from investment to meet dividend obligations on profits of the same nature. Finally, the low contribution of variable ICJ of the model ́s forecasting capability suggests conducting further tests for this variable.

Submitted by Luciana Fernandez (lucianalopescsf@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T22:08:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Luciana Lopes - FGV MEX 2017 final.pdf: 9572334 bytes, checksum: c289a6af3459a55d5724d697acf092aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-12-20T11:29:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Luciana Lopes - FGV MEX 2017 final.pdf: 9572334 bytes, checksum: c289a6af3459a55d5724d697acf092aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-26T18:37:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Luciana Lopes - FGV MEX 2017 final.pdf: 9572334 bytes, checksum: c289a6af3459a55d5724d697acf092aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / Este estudo pretende inferir sobre a influência que a política tributária brasileira de dividendos exerce, quando prevê a isenção do imposto, na capacidade das empresas de angariarem recursos através do investimento direto, especificamente as empresas L TOA. Para atender ao objetivo deste trabalho, a metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo exploratório e explicativa, considerando uma amostragem não probabilística, usando a seleção por julgamento. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade com 16 profissionais. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio da técnica de análise de entrevista utilizando o método de análise de conteúdo à luz das seguintes categorias: atratividade na captação de recursos, planejamento tributário, falta de transparência e divulgação, carga tributária e risco, e boa prática para a sociedade. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que a política de dividendos é um instrumento de atratividade para o investimento, especialmente o estrangeiro. Todavia, o investidor brasileiro vê risco na prática dado o histórico de constantes mudanças na legislação brasileira e no inócuo esclarecimento e divulgação sobre o tema. Salientam-se as limitações do estudo quanto à difícil organização das informações colhidas nas entrevistas: a pouca sistematização, a dificuldade de expressão do entrevistado; a incompreensão acerca das perguntas; a disposição do entrevistado em dar informações; e a retenção de dados importantes por parte dos entrevistados. A partir desses resultados a autoridade política pode identificar pontos de melhoria, objetivando otimizar a aplicabilidade da política atual. Ao identificar focos que inibem o engajamento da sociedade, os cidadãos podem avaliar o papel e importância do investimento privado no desenvolvimento da economia brasileira. / This study intends to infer about the influence that the Brazilian tax policy of dividends exerts, when it foresees the exemption of the tax, in the ability of the companies to raise resources through the direct investment, specifically the companies LTDA.In order to meet the objective of this study, the methodology used was the qualitative research, of the exploratory and explanatory type, considering a non-probabilistic sampling, using selection by judgment. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 professionals. The data obtained were analyzed through the interview analysis technique using the content analysis method in light of the following categories: attractiveness in fundraising, tax planning, lack of transparency and disclosure, tax burden and risk, and good practice for the society.The research results showed that the dividend policy is an instrument of attractiveness for investment, especially to foreigner. However, the Brazilian investor sees risk in practice given the history of constant changes in Brazilian legislation and in innocuous clarification and disclosure on the subject.The limitations of the study regarding the difficult organization of the information collected in the interviews are highlighted: the lack of systematization, the interviewee's difficulty of expression; misunderstanding about the questions; the willingness of the interviewee to give information; and the retention of important data by respondents.From these results the political authority can identify improvement points, aiming to optimize the applicability of the current policy.By identifying focuses that inhibit the engagement of society, citizens can assess the role and importance of private investment in the development of the Brazilian economy.