Successful treatment of canine pyoderma has become increasingly difficult due to the development of antimicrobial resistance and recurrence of infection. The development and spread of antimicrobial resistance has major implications because treatment failures have been associated with increased mortality, morbidity and costs related to disease. All canine skin samples submitted to Vetdiagnostix Veterinary Pathology Services for microbiological culture and sensitivity between January 2007 and June 2010, from which Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated, were selected for this investigation. A total of 319 samples from dogs of various ages, sexes and breeds from various locations throughout South Africa were obtained. In addition to the antimicrobial susceptibility data, data relating to dog signalment (age, gender, breed), case history and any other aspects of the history provided e.g. diagnosis, sample type and geographical location of the patient were collected. The number of skin samples yielding Staphylococcus intermedius was high in dogs up to the age of 6 years and, then decreased with only a few cases in dogs aged 11 years or older. The distribution of samples collected in 2010 was unusual in that there were two peaks, one in dogs two years old or less and one in 6 to 9-year-old dogs. With the exception of skin samples taken in 2008, a high percentage of dogs were under the age of one year old. 2008 had a lower percentage of affected dogs less than one year of age compared to the other years. Staphylococcal pyoderma is more common in dogs below the age of five years. Dogs above this age are less likely to contract this condition. The genders tended to be equally distributed throughout the years, with almost equal proportions of affected males and females present. The Bull Terrier types and Shepherd types were grouped separately as they were over-represented and are known to be prone to pyoderma. Large short haired dogs were consistently worse affected throughout the years sampled, followed by the Bull Terrier types. In 2010, small short haired breeds were worse affected compared to the numbers between 2007 and 2009. The monthly distribution, with the exception of 2009, tended to be consistent throughout the years. The unusual temporal distribution in 2009 could be associated with a general distribution in the number of samples compared to the other years sampled. Samples tended to be mainly from practices located in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. This is most likely due to the fact that the laboratory is located in this province, with a courier network that arranges collection from these practices. Practices in other regions send their samples to the laboratory via private courier companies and the South African Post Office. Antimicrobial resistance of S. intermedius was greatest to ampicillin followed by tetracycline and then potentiated sulphonamides. The results also showed that, in general, antimicrobial resistance was low. Very few methicillin resistant isolates were detected. Temporal trends were not noted, with the exception of ampicillin where isolates became more susceptible and potentiated sulphonamides (co-trimoxazole) where isolates were becoming more resistant. Staphylococcus intermedius is significantly less resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, cephalexin, oxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin and gentamicin, with most strains being susceptible to these drugs. Resistance to penicillin and tetracycline is frequently found in Staphylococcus intermedius and is on the increase. Resistance to most other antimicrobials, particularly newer generation antimicrobial agents such as the fluoroquinolones, is still comparatively low. In general, both the Kirby-Bauer and broth dilution MIC tests yielded similar results for the antimicrobial agents tested. The main difference between the two tests was evident in the over-estimation of resistance by the Kirby-Bauer test in the cases of ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, penicillin and doxycycline. This could be related to the instability of these particular drugs in vitro. Inoculum densities may also have played a role, with denser inocula producing smaller zone sizes for the drugs tested. Using the MIC method, all of the isolates tested were found to be completely sensitive to ticarcillin, oxacillin, amoxicillinclavulanic acid, imipenem, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, gentamicin, amikacin and co-trimoxazole. Of the isolates tested using the MIC method, between 2-40% showed some level of resistance to the following antimicrobials: erythromycin, penicillin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, clindamycin and marbofloxacin. The highest level of resistance observed was shown to erythromycin. The increase in resistance to the lincosamides, lincomycin, clindamycin and erythromycin may be attributed to the increased use of these drugs in the last decade. Knowledge of trends in bacterial resistance is important for veterinarians when determining treatment for canine skin infections. The information obtained from the analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from canine pyoderma cases will provide veterinarians with valuable information on choosing the most appropriate drug to treat S. intermedius skin infections as well as re-enforcing the need for the prudent use of antimicrobial drugs in companion animals. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted

Acute phase proteins (APP) are ideal biomarkers for inflammation due to their stability, relative ease of assay and apparent relation between their concentration and the extent of the insult to tissue. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a positive major APP in dogs and can be used as a predictive marker for risk of disease and to monitor the response to treatment. Increased concentrations in certain diseases are associated with poor outcome. This cross-sectional, observational study of 75 dogs naturally infected with Babesia rossi, a cause of virulent canine babesiosis, was designed to examine the association of CRP concentration at admission and the magnitude of CRP change 24 hours after admission with outcome. Dogs were excluded if there was evidence of concurrent inflammatory diseases at the time of admission, infection with subtypes other than B. rossi, concurrent Ehrlichia canis infections or euthanasia for reasons other than poor prognosis. Diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot. CRP concentrations were determined by an automated human CRP Turbidometric Immunoassay (TIA), previously validated for use in dogs (Bayer CRP TIA, Newbury, UK), on serum samples collected by jugular venipuncture on admission, prior to any therapy, and thereafter daily until discharge or death. There was no significant difference in admission CRP concentration between survivors (n = 57; median = 97.4 mg/l; mean ± SD = 107.5 ± 49.5), and non-survivors (n = 11; median = 101.4 mg/l; mean ± SD = 122.1 ± 64.6) (p = 0.39). After elimination of non-significant predictors, a multiple exact logistic regression model for predicting mortality contained glucose and CRP. Mortality was associated with decreased glucose levels (p = 0.0002) and increased CRP levels (p = 0.045) on admission. Multiple regression analysis failed to show a significant relationship between admission CRP concentration and number of days of hospitalization in the survivors, adjusting for age and sex (p = 0.65). No significance was found in the relationship between the magnitude of change in CRP concentration 24 hours after admission, and the number of days of hospitalization in survivors, (p = 0.34). Using an admission CRP concentration cut-off of 60 mg/l, survival proportions between the two groups were no different (p = 0.34) and when applied to the group of dogs that survived, it was not associated with length of hospitalization (p = 0.25). In corroboration with previous reports glucose was identified as a major prognostic marker for mortality, but additionally the pro-inflammatory marker CRP was identified as a significant co-prognosticator. Copyright / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

No description available.

No description available.

Orientador: Cíntia Lúcia Maniscalco / Banca: Júlio Carlos Canola / Banca: Jorge Luiz Oliveira Costa / Resumo: Com o presente estudo relata-se a freqüência, localização e tipo de alterações encontradas em 77 cães com suspeita de lesão óssea na mandíbula, em imagens radiográficas, do arquivo do Setor de Radiologia do Hospital Veterinário "Governador Laudo Natel" (HV), da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, da Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Câmpus de Jaboticabal, SP, no período de janeiro de 2001 a janeiro de 2006, correlacionando sexo, idade e raça dos animais. A pesquisa revelou 37 (48,05%) cães com lesões mandibulares. Dentre os cães acometidos 44,16% eram de raça indefinida e 14,29% da raça Poodle. Do total 33,77% eram machos e a idade mais afetada estava entre seis e nove anos (23,38%). A fratura (38,96%) foi à alteração mais encontrada e o local de maior ocorrência foi à região de premolares (24,38%) e molares (10,39%) do corpo da mandíbula. / Abstract: The present study reported the frequency, placement and kind of changes in 77 dogs supposed to have lesions at jawbone in radiographic images from the Radiological Sector archive, at the Veterinary Hospital Governador Laudo Natel (HV), of the Veterinary Faculty from São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, between January 2001 to January 2006, correlating sex, age and the breed of the animals. The study revealed 37 (48, 5%) of dogs with jawbone lesions. Among the dogs that were taken ill, 44,16% had no defined breed and 14,29% were Poodle. They were 33,7% male and the most affected age range was between six and nine (23,38%). The fracture (38,96%) was the most common change and it occurred most frequently in the premolar region (10,39%) and molar region (10,39%) of the mandible body. / Mestre

published_or_final_version / Physiology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.

No description available.

The pathology of canine cerebral babesiosis was examined at the gross, histological and ultrastructural levels. Gross lesions could be categorised as either global or regional. Congestive brain swelling , diffuse cerebral congestion and diffuse cerebral pallor were classified as global lesions. Multifocal haemorrhage and malacia were classified as regional lesions. Oedema was inconsistently present and could be either focal or diffuse. The majority of histological changes were observed in both cerebral babesiosis and control cases. Regional lesions were unique to cerebral babesiosis and had specific histological features. Highly localised endothelial injury was the primary lesion. Early lesions were multifocal and strictly associated with the microvasculature. Intermediate lesions, with perivascular haemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration, were suggestive of reperfusion injury. Advanced lesions were locally extensive and similar in appearance to haemorrhagic infarction. It is likely that the pathogenesis of regional lesions is by a process of microvascular infarction, as venous thrombosis could not be demonstrated. Ultrastructural evidence for adherent contact between erythrocytes and capillary endothelium was demonstrated. Endothelial cell necrosis occurred early in the development of lesions, before neuronal and glial injury. It is postulated that endothelial injury is the primary event in the development of regional lesions and secondary lesions develop as a consequence of microvascular infarction. / Die patologie van die serebrale vorm van bosluiskoors in honde is ondersoek. Die letsels is makroskopies, histologies en elektronmikroskopies beskryf. Letsels kon makroskopies in twee groepe verdeel word: Globale letsels en gelokaliseerde letsels. Kongestiewe brein swelling, diffuse serebrale kongestie en serebrale anemie kom voor as globale letsels in serebrale babesiose. Multifokale bloeding en nekrose kom voor as gelokaliseerde letsels. Edeem was nie konsekwent teenwoordig nie, en was algemeen of verspreid. Die meeste algemene histologiese veranderinge was in beide serebrale en kontrole gevalle teenwoordig. Gelokaliseerde letsels waarin spesifieke hisotpatologiese veranderinge voorgekom het, was kenmerkend van serebrale babesiose. Die primere letsel is hoogs gelokaliseerde beskadiging van endoteelselle. Beskadiging van die kapillere bloedvate ontstaan vroeg in die ontwikkeling van letsels. Verdere ontwikkeling van die letsel word gekenmerk deur peri-vaskulere bloeding en neutrofiel infiltrasie wat aanduidend is van reperfusie beskadiging. Volontwikkelde letsels is plaaslik-ekstensief en het die voorkoms van hemoragiese infarkte Dit is waarskynlik dat mikrovaskulere infarksie 'n rol speel in die patogenese van die letsels, aangesien veneuse trombose nie ontstaan nie. Noue kontak tussen rooibloedselle en kapillere endoteel is elektronmikroskopies bevestig. Endoteelselnekrose ontstaan voordat tekens van beskadiging geidentifiseer kan word in neurone of gliaselle. Dit blyk dat kapillere endoteelselbeskadiging die primere letsel by die ontstaan van gelokaliseerde lese Is is, en dat sekondere lesels ontwikkel as gevolg van mikrovaskulere infarksie. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Paraclinical Sciences / Unrestricted

Orientador: Maria Jaqueline Mamprim / Banca: Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço / Banca: Noeme Sousa Rocha / Banca: Raquel Sartor Marcelino / Banca: Maria Cristina Ferrarini Nunes Soares Hage / Resumo: A doença degenerativa crônica da válvula mitral é a doença cardíaca com maior frequência e uma das causas da insuficiência cardíaca em cães. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e comparar nos rins, velocidade de pico sistólico, velocidade diastólica final, índice de resistividade e índice de pulsatilidade das artérias renais e interlobares; e no fígado as dimensões, áreas e relações da artéria aorta, veia cava caudal e veia porta; volume de fluxo da veia porta e índice de congestão portal; e índice de resistividade da artéria hepática em 19 cães com doença degenerativa crônica da válvula mitral classificados em três grupos (B2, C e D) de acordo com American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). Os resultados mostraram que o índice de resistividade e o índice de pulsatilidade renais aumentaram com a progressão da doença. Com relação aos dados do fígado, o índice de congestão portal aumentou com a evolução da doença e o volume de fluxo portal apresentou o mesmo perfil observado em outras hepatopatias, como cirrose. Os resultados do presente trabalho são complementares na avaliação de cães com doença degenerativa crônica da válvula mitral, auxiliando no diagnóstico e no tratamento desses animais / Abstract: Chronic degenerative mitral valve disease is heart disease more often and one of the causes of heart failure in dogs. The aim of the study was to describe and compare the kidneys, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistive index and pulsatility index of renal and interlobar arteries; and liver dimensions, areas and relationships of the aorta, caudal vena cava and portal vein; volume flow of the portal vein and portal vein congestion index; and resistivity index of the hepatic artery in 19 dogs with chronic degenerative mitral valve disease classified into three groups (B2, C, D) according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). The results showed that the resistivity index and renal pulsatility index increased with disease progression. With regard to liver data, the congestion index increased with the progression of the disease and the volume of portal blood flow showed the same profile observed in other liver diseases such as cirrhosis. The results of this work are complementary in the evaluation of dogs with chronic mitral valve degenerative disease, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of these animals / Doutor