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Conventional energy sources are not only finite and depleting rapidly, but are a major source of global warming because they are key contributors of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Renewable energy sources are one important approach to these challenges. Distributed micro-generation energy sources are expected to increase the diversity of energy sources for the grid, but also increase the flexibility and resilience of the grid. Furthermore, it could reduce the domestic energy demand from the grid by enabling local consumption of energy generated through renewable sources. The most widely installed renewable energy generation systems in domestic environments, in UK, are based on solar power. However, there is a common recurring issue related to output intermittency of most promising renewable energy generation methods (e.g. solar and wind), resulting in a temporal energy mismatch between local energy generation and energy consumption. Current state-of-the-art technologies/solutions for tackling temporal energy mismatch rely on various types of energy storage technologies, most of which are not suitable for the domestic environments because they are designed for industrial scale application and relatively costly. As such energy storage system technologies are generally not deemed as economically viable or attractive for domestic environments. This research project seeks to tackle the temporal energy mismatch problem between local PV generated energy and domestic energy consumption without the need for dedicated energy storage systems; without affecting the householders comfort and/or imposing operational burdens on the householders. Simulation has been chosen as the major vehicle to facilitate much of the research investigation although data collated from related research projects in the UK and Jordan have been used in the research study. Solar radiation models have been established for predicting the solar radiation for days with clear-sky for any location at any time of the year. This model has achieved a correlation factor of 0.99 in relating to the experimental data-set obtained from National Energy Research Centre Amman/Jordan. Such a model is an essential component for supporting this research study, which has been employed to predict the amount of solar power that could be obtained in different locations and different day(s) of the year. A Domestic Energy Ecosystem Model (DEEM) has been established, which is comprised of two sub-models, namely “PV panels” and “domestic energy consumption” models. This model can be configured with different parameters such as power generation capacity of the photovoltaic (PV) panels and the smart domestic appliances to model different domestic environments. The DEEM model is a vital tool for supporting the test, evaluation and validation of the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategies. A novel temporal energy mismatch control strategy has been proposed to address these issues by bringing together the concepts of load shifting and energy buffering, with the support of smart domestic appliances. The ‘What-if’ analysis approach has been adopted to facilitate the study of ‘cause-effect’ under different scenarios with the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategy can successfully tackle the temporal energy mismatch problem for a 3 bedroom semi-detached house with 2.5kWp PV panels installed, which can utilise local generated energy by up to 99%, and reduce the energy demand from the grid by up to 50%. Further analysis using the simulation has indicated significant socio-economic impacts to the householders and the environment could be obtained from the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategy. It shows the proposed temporal energy mismatch control strategy could significantly reduce the annual grid energy consumption for a 3 bedrooms semi-detached house and produce significant carbon reductions.

Négligés par l’histoire des techniques, les objets de la vie domestique et du quotidien sont abordés dans cette thèse sur travaux, par le prisme des Arts ménagers culinaires. L’omniprésence des objets techniques à la maison et particulièrement en cuisine est inversement proportionnelle à l’intérêt accordé à ces objets en histoire des techniques. Témoins et acteurs, les objets culinaires sont en interrelations avec hommes et femmes. Ces objets sont imaginés, construits, achetés, donnés, utilisés, acceptés, rejetés, usés, détournés, modifiés, idéalisés, aimés, transmis, détestés, jetés, conservés, exposés… Autant de rapports et de modes d’appropriation qui révèlent des liens permanents entre les hommes et les femmes, inventeurs, concepteurs, utilisateurs, conservateurs, et des objets qui évoluent et se modifient à leurs contacts. Appropriation scientifique, patrimoniale, muséale, individuelle, sociétale ou encore familiale sont ainsi mises en avant. Ces échanges, confrontations et co-constructions sont interrogés et différents niveaux d’appropriation déclinés, afin de faire ressortir les valeurs heuristiques de ces objets (particulièrement l’autocuiseur et le réfrigérateur). Dans un XXe siècle élargi (1880-1980) en insistant sur l’entre-deux-guerres (objets assimilés à de la science) et les Trente Glorieuses (objets de consommation), l’analyse des cristallisations culturelles, politiques, sociales, techniques et géopolitiques inscrites dans ces objets familiers est abordée dans approche comparative afin de cerner la spécificité d’un mode d’appropriation français des Arts ménagers culinaires. / Often overlooked in the history of technology, objects of domestic, everyday life will be examined in this thesis through the lens of the culinary « Arts Ménagers » (the household culinary arts). The omnipresence of technical objects at home and especially in the kitchen is inversely proportional to the interest given to these objects in the history of technology. Witnesses, actors, culinary objects are interrelated with men and women. These objects are designed, constructed, bought, donated, used, embraced, discarded, worn out, misused, modified, idealized, loved, passed down, hated, preserved, displayed ... numerous relations and modes of appropriation which reveal permanent connections between men and women, inventors, designers, users, curators, and objects that evolve and change with their interactions. Appropriation by science, heritage, society, museums, families, and individuals, are consequently highlighted. These exchanges, confrontations, and co-constructions are questioned and different levels of appropriation are broken down in order to highlight the heuristic values of these objects (particularly the pressure cooker and the refrigerator). This work covers an expanded twentieth century (1880-1980), placing special emphasis on the interwar period (objects considered as science) and the glorious thirties (objects of consumption). The analysis of the cultural, political, social, technological and geopolitical crystallisations of these familiar items is studied in a comparative approach in order to identify the specificity of the French mode of adoption of the Culinary “Arts ménagers”.

<p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1987</p>

Investir dans l'utilisation et la production d'énergie est une nécessité pour lutter contre le changement climatique, mais aussi un défi pour l'adaptation climatique. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique des appareils électroménagers. Le Chapitre 1 analyse si les consommateurs prennent en compte les économies d'énergie des réfrigérateurs au moment de les acheter à partir de données de vente anglaises. Le Chapitre 2 présente l'étiquette énergie européenne, ses effets sur l'efficacité énergétique ainsi que les facteurs clés de succès de cette politique de grande envergure. La deuxième partie de cette thèse étend son champ d'étude aux impacts que le changement climatique aura sur les comportements d'investissement. Le chapitre 3 s'intéresse à la sensibilité du secteur électrique au climat et propose des pistes de réflexion sur la prise en compte du changement climatique dans les décisions d'investissement. Le chapitre 4 est constitué d'une étude longitudinale de l'évolution du parc immobilier américain (1985-2011) et sa sensibilité au climat, dans le but d'établir des prédictions de long terme de l'impact du changement climatique sur la demande résidentielle de gaz et d'électricité. / Energy investments are a requirement to mitigate climate change, but also a challenge for adaptation. The first part of this PhD dissertation focuses on improving the energy efficiency of domestic appliances. Chapter 1 analyses if consumers take into account energy costs when they purchase refrigerators with UK market data. Chapter 2 presents the EU Energy Label, its expected effects on energy efficiency and the key factors of success of such a large scale information-based policy. The second part of this PhD dissertation broadens the scope of analysis to the impacts of climate change on energy investment behaviour. Chapter 3 reviews the climate sensitiveness of the electricity sector and provides elements of discussion on how investments decisions could better take into account climate change in the future. Chapter 4 provides a longitudinal analysis of the evolution of US housing (1985-2011) and its sensitivity to climate, with the objective of forecasting the long-run impact of climate change on both residential gas and electricity consumptions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalton Oswaldo Buccelli.pdf: 2831737 bytes, checksum: 4f576a32182eb524fa9adebecf93d6a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study analyses the relationship between the investment in innovative activities and domestic appliances and personal care companies growth from 2005 to 2008. The wide and diversified literature about the theme doesn t show any field results confirming this relationship in the sector. The theoretical references of this study are the works of Schumpeter (1949, 1950), Penrose (2006), Urabe (1988), Porter (1986, 1990), Stokes (2005), Dismukes (2005), Hannan e Freeman (1977), Hamel (2003) and OECD (2004). This study involved a double-step descriptive field research. In the first step, a quantitative research was developed with 48 manufacturers. In the second step, an exploratory case study was conducted in a worldwide industry leader. Finally, it is possible to conclude that innovative activities have a positive relationship with domestic appliances and personal care Brazilian companies growth and that a representative part of this growth came from product innovation. Other conclusions came from Philips case study, showing a new business value chain in the last few years with technological alliances assuming a strategic role in product, process and business models innovation system. / Este estudo analisa a relação existente entre o investimento em atividades inovativas e o crescimento das empresas fabricantes de eletrodomésticos, no período de 2005 a 2008. A ampla e diversificada literatura existente sobre o tema não apresenta resultados empíricos que evidenciem essa relação no setor. Como referenciais teóricos foram utilizados os trabalhos de Schumpeter (1949, 1950), Penrose (2006), Urabe (1988), Porter (1986, 1990), Stokes (2005), Dismukes (2005), Hannan e Freeman (1977), Hamel (2003) e OECD (2004). O trabalho compreendeu uma pesquisa descritiva, desenvolvida em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa quantitativa junto a uma amostra de 48 fabricantes de eletrodomésticos. Na segunda etapa foi conduzido um estudo de caso exploratório numa empresa líder mundial da indústria. Os resultados do estudo permitem concluir que o modelo teórico proposto se confirma na prática, ou seja, o investimento em atividades inovativas possui relação positiva com o crescimento das empresas de eletrodomésticos brasileiras e que uma parcela representativa desse crescimento se deve ao fato de que as empresas inovam em produto. Outras conclusões extraídas do estudo de caso são que a cadeia de valor nos negócios da Philips sofreu uma reconfiguração nos últimos anos e as alianças tecnológicas passaram a assumir um papel estratégico no seu sistema de inovação de produtos, processos e modelos de negócio.

La problématique développée dans la thèse est d'estimer, dans une démarche prospective et dans un but d'anticipation, les impacts en puissance induits par les ruptures technologiques et comportementales qui ne font pas aujourd'hui l'objet de mesures dans les panels. Pour évaluer les modifications sur les appels de puissance du parc résidentiel engendrées par ces profondes transformations,un modèle paramétrique, bottom-up, techno-explicite et agrégatif est donc nécessaire. Celui-ci serait donc destiné à la reconstitution, de manière non tendancielle, de la courbe de charge électrique résidentielle. Il permettrait ainsi de conduire la simulation de différents scénarios d'évolution contrastés. L'élaboration d'un tel modèle constitue le sujet de ce doctorat.Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous proposons une méthode conceptuelle originale de reconstitution de courbe de charge. Sa mise en application centrée sur la génération de foisonnement d'origine comportementale a conduit à la modélisation d'un certain nombre de concepts. Ce travail a abouti à l'élaboration d'un algorithme stochastique destiné à représenter le déclenchement réalistedes appareils domestiques. Différents cas d'application ont pu être testés et les résultats en puissance ont été étudiés. Plus particulièrement pour analyser le foisonnement visible à un niveau agrégé, nous avons mis en place une méthodologie nouvelle basée sur une distance adaptée aux courbes de charge. Finalement, nous avons cherché à identifier des comportements réels d'usage des appareils. Pour cela, nous avons conduit différents travaux de classification de courbes de charge. / In this dissertation, we focus on the estimation of the impacts in terms of power demand caused by the technological and behavioural breaks that will affect the domestic sector in the future. These deep changes are not measured in the existing panels and the estimation is required for prospective (long-term) studies. To evaluate the very likely modifications of the domestic power demand that will follow previous influences, a bottom-up, technically-explicit and aggregative model is needed. This one aims at reconstituting the electric residential load curve according to a non-trending manner. Thanks to it, various evolution scenarios can be simulated. The purpose of this PhD is the elaboration of such a model.A functional analysis was carried out to build up a new method to reconstitute the domestic electric load curve. Since the clarifying of the diversity represents one of the key points of our research, we decided to begin the modelling task with focus on it. More precisely, we elaborated a stochastic algorithm whose purpose is the realistic starting of domestic appliances. Some application cases have been tested. We studied the diversity affecting aggregated power demand and we propose a new methodology able to visualise and to analyse it. This method is based on a distance adapted to the load curve. Finally we tried to identify human behaviour concerning the use of appliances thanks to load curve classifications.

This thesis discusses the operational coordination of electrical appliances and devices in a smart home. At present, the diminishing volume of fossil fuels and the increasing pressure to use renewable sources of energy necessitate the integration of such volatile sources into electrical grids. This process, however, results in higher energy costs, and the consumers are thus more willing to change their behaviour to either reduce the expenses or maintain them at a reasonable level. One of the relatively few customer-oriented options to optimise energy costs consists in the demand – response principle, which utilises external information to minimise energy consumption during high price periods. Assuming the constantly changing conditions in electrical grids, and thus also the varying demands, it is vital to provide for automatic optimisation excluding the need of user intervention. The thesis presents a method which, after being implemented into the control member, will facilitate the optimal use of appliances and devices within a smart home. As the behaviour considered optimal from the perspective of demand - response is often inconsistent with the consumer‘s requirements for comfortable use of the appliances, the proposed technique offers a compromise through enabling the consumer to select the appropriate strategy. Five universal optimisation models are designed within the thesis; these models facilitate description of common home appliances and local electricity sources. The core of the method lies in formulating and optimising a mixed integer quadratic problem (MIQP). The optimisation task yields an operational schedule for the individual appliances, and this scheme considers the energy costs, the working cycle of the appliance, the user’s demands, the system restrictions and/or other input data. Furthermore, the author extends the above-discussed general technique, enabling it to adopt robust behaviour. The method then secures the preset strategy even during a marked change of the input conditions, and its robustness is a viable precondition for the overall applicability of the technique in the real control member.

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