No presente trabalho são apresentados resultados de simulação numérica transiente de um sistema de refrigeração doméstico de compressão a vapor considerando o procedimento descrito por JAKOBSEN (1995). O modelo matemático empregado se baseia num sistema de equações algébrico-diferenciais (EAD) de primeira ordem, obtido a partir do balanço de energia nos diferentes componentes do sistema de refrigeração, e de algumas outras relações necessárias para simular o comportamento global do sistema de refrigeração. O sistema de equações resultante é resolvido numericamente no software livre WinDali, da Universidade Técnica de Dinamarca. Dito software permite resolver sistemas de EADs que apresentam descontinuidades matemáticas usando o método de Runge- Kutta de quarta ordem. O modelo matemático empregado permite calcular a eficiência do sistema de refrigeração, predizer o consumo de energia, caracterizar termodinamicamente o sistema de refrigeração e suas interações, e descrever quantitativamente as perdas termodinâmicas (geração de entropia) do sistema funcionando em regime de operação. Esses resultados são obtidos em função da estratégia de controle do compressor, eficiência do compressor e do dimensionamento dos diferentes componentes do sistema de refrigeração. Os resultados comprovam que o modelo matemático e o programa computacional empregados permitem descrever corretamente o comportamento de um sistema de refrigeração doméstico, resultando numa ferramenta muito útil para otimização de refrigeradores domésticos. / In the present work are presented transient numerical simulation results of a vapor compression domestic refrigeration system considering the procedure described by JAKOBSEN (1995). The employed mathematical model is based on first order differential-algebraic equation (DAE) systems, obtained from energy balance in the different components of the refrigeration system, and from others relations that are necessary to simulate the global behavior of a refrigeration system. The resulting equation system is solved numerically in the free software WinDali developed at Technical University of Denmark. This software allows solving DAE systems that present mathematical discontinuities, using the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order. The employed mathematical model allows calculating the refrigeration system efficiency, predict the energy consumption, thermodynamically characterize the refrigeration system and its interactions and quantitatively describe the thermodynamic losses (entropy generation) of the system running in the operation regime. These results are obtained as a function of the compressor control strategy, compressor efficiency, and sizing of different components of the refrigeration system. The results confirm that the mathematical model and the computational program allow describing correctly the behavior of a domestic refrigeration system, resulting in a very useful tool for optimization of domestic refrigerators.

No presente trabalho são apresentados resultados de simulação numérica transiente de um sistema de refrigeração doméstico de compressão a vapor considerando o procedimento descrito por JAKOBSEN (1995). O modelo matemático empregado se baseia num sistema de equações algébrico-diferenciais (EAD) de primeira ordem, obtido a partir do balanço de energia nos diferentes componentes do sistema de refrigeração, e de algumas outras relações necessárias para simular o comportamento global do sistema de refrigeração. O sistema de equações resultante é resolvido numericamente no software livre WinDali, da Universidade Técnica de Dinamarca. Dito software permite resolver sistemas de EADs que apresentam descontinuidades matemáticas usando o método de Runge- Kutta de quarta ordem. O modelo matemático empregado permite calcular a eficiência do sistema de refrigeração, predizer o consumo de energia, caracterizar termodinamicamente o sistema de refrigeração e suas interações, e descrever quantitativamente as perdas termodinâmicas (geração de entropia) do sistema funcionando em regime de operação. Esses resultados são obtidos em função da estratégia de controle do compressor, eficiência do compressor e do dimensionamento dos diferentes componentes do sistema de refrigeração. Os resultados comprovam que o modelo matemático e o programa computacional empregados permitem descrever corretamente o comportamento de um sistema de refrigeração doméstico, resultando numa ferramenta muito útil para otimização de refrigeradores domésticos. / In the present work are presented transient numerical simulation results of a vapor compression domestic refrigeration system considering the procedure described by JAKOBSEN (1995). The employed mathematical model is based on first order differential-algebraic equation (DAE) systems, obtained from energy balance in the different components of the refrigeration system, and from others relations that are necessary to simulate the global behavior of a refrigeration system. The resulting equation system is solved numerically in the free software WinDali developed at Technical University of Denmark. This software allows solving DAE systems that present mathematical discontinuities, using the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order. The employed mathematical model allows calculating the refrigeration system efficiency, predict the energy consumption, thermodynamically characterize the refrigeration system and its interactions and quantitatively describe the thermodynamic losses (entropy generation) of the system running in the operation regime. These results are obtained as a function of the compressor control strategy, compressor efficiency, and sizing of different components of the refrigeration system. The results confirm that the mathematical model and the computational program allow describing correctly the behavior of a domestic refrigeration system, resulting in a very useful tool for optimization of domestic refrigerators.

In dieser Arbeit werden neuartige Flachrohre für die Verwendung als Rückwandverflüssiger in der Haushaltskältetechnik mit numerischen und dynamischen Simulationen sowie Experimenten untersucht. Dabei kommen unterschiedliche überströmte Längen sowie der Einfluss horizontaler Abstände auf den Wärmeübergang durch freie Konvektion zur Betrachtung. Realisiert wird die numerische Strömungssimulation mit der Software Fluent 3.6.26, wobei das RNG-k-epsilon- als Turbulenzmodell und diskrete Ordinaten zur zusätzlichen Modellierung des Strahlungswärmeübergangs verwendet werden. Zur Verifizierung werden experimentelle Untersuchungen mit natürlicher Konvektion durchgeführt. Ebenso kommt ein kompakter Verflüssiger bei erzwungener Konvektion zur experimentellen Analyse. Mit einem neuen Verflüssigermodell wird außerdem ein Haushaltskühlschrank in Modelica 2.2.1 dynamisch simuliert. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass die Verwendung eines Flachrohrverflüssigers großes Potenzial einer konkurrenzfähigen Alternative zu konventionellen Verflüssigern besitzt. / In this work novel flat tubes used as rear panel condensers in the household refrigeration technology are examined with numerical and dynamic simulations as well as experiments. Therefore different overflowed lengths and the influence of horizontal spacing on the heat transfer by free convection are taken into consideration. The CFD calculations are realized with the software Fluent 3.6.26, where the RNG-k-epsilon turbulence model and discrete ordinates for an additional modelling of radiation heat transfer are applied. For the verification, experimental studies with natural convection are carried out. Likewise, a compact condenser is experimentally analysed in forced convection. With a new model for the liquefier a domestic refrigerator is also dynamically simulated in Modelica 2.2.1. This work shows that the use of a flat tube condenser has a great potential of a competitive alternative to conventional liquefiers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IgorMGA_DISSERT_1-100.pdf: 3498388 bytes, checksum: 478be24ae351a921f1a23bafc58492ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / This research this based on the seminar on Use of Natural Fluids in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems conducted in 2007 in Sao Paulo. The event was inserted in the National Plan for Elimination of CFCs, coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The objective of this research is analyze the performance of the hydrocarbons application as zeotropic mixtures in domestic refrigerator and validate the application of technical standards for pull down and cycling (on-off) tests to the mixture R290/R600a (50:50) in domestic refrigerator. It was first developed an computational analysis of R290/R600a (50:50) compared to R134a and other mass fractions of the hydrocarbons mixtures in the standard ASHRAE refrigeration cycle in order to compare the operational characteristics and thermodynamic properties of fluids based on the software REFPROP 6.0. The characteristics of the Lorenz cycle is presented as an application directed to zeotropic mixtures. Standardized pull down and cycling (on-off) tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the hydrocarbons mixture R290/R600a (50:50) as a drop-in alternative to R134a in domestic refrigerator of 219 L. The results showed that the use of R290/R600a (50:50) with a charge of refrigerant reduced at 53% compared to R134a presents reduced energy performance than R134a. The COP obtained with hydrocarbon mixture was about 13% lower compared to R134a. Pull down times in the refrigerator compartments for fluids analyzed were quite close, having been found a 4,7% reduction in pull down time for the R290/R600a compared to R134a, in the freezer compartment. The data indicated a higher consumption of electric current from the refrigerator when operating with the R290/R600a. The values were higher than about 3% compared to R134a. The charge of 40 g of R290/R600a proved very low for the equipment analyzed / Esta pesquisa est? baseada no semin?rio Uso de Fluidos Naturais em Sistemas de Refrigera??o e Ar-Condicionado realizado em 2007 na cidade de S?o Paulo. O evento esteve inserido no Plano Nacional de Elimina??o de CFC?s, coordenado pelo Minist?rio do Meio Ambiente e implementado pelo Programa das Na??es Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). O objetivo do trabalho ? analisar a performance da aplica??o de hidrocarbonetos como misturas zeotr?picas em refrigerador dom?stico e validar a aplica??o das normas t?cnicas de ensaios de abaixamento de temperatura e ciclagem para a mistura R290/R600a (50:50) em refrigerador dom?stico. Foi desenvolvida primeiramente uma an?lise computacional do R290/R600a (50:50) em rela??o ao R134a e outras fra??es de massa da mistura de hidrocarbonetos operando no ciclo de refrigera??o padr?o ASHRAE de modo a comparar as caracter?sticas operacionais e termodin?micas destes fluidos com base no software REFPROP 6.0. As caracter?sticas do ciclo Lorenz s?o apresentadas como aplica??o direcionada ?s misturas zeotr?picas. Ensaios normalizados de abaixamento de temperatura e ciclagem foram desenvolvidos para avaliar a performance da mistura de hidrocarbonetos R290/R600a (50:50) como uma alternativa de drop-in do R134a em refrigerador dom?stico de 219 litros de capacidade. Os resultados mostraram que a utiliza??o do R290/R600a (50:50) com uma carga reduzida em 53% da carga de R134a apresenta desempenho energ?tico ligeiramente inferior ao R134a. O COP obtido para a opera??o com a mistura de hidrocarbonetos foi cerca de 13% inferior em rela??o ao R134a. Os tempos de abaixamento de temperatura nos compartimentos do refrigerador para os fluidos analisados foram bastante pr?ximos, tendo sido verificada uma redu??o de 4,7% no tempo de abaixamento para o R290/R600a em compara??o ao R134a, no compartimento do freezer. Foi verificado um maior consumo de corrente el?trica do refrigerador quando operando com o R290/R600a. Os valores obtidos foram superiores cerca de 3% em rela??o ao R134a. A carga de 40 g do R290/R600a se mostrou diminuta para o equipamento analisado

In dieser Arbeit werden neuartige Flachrohre für die Verwendung als Rückwandverflüssiger in der Haushaltskältetechnik mit numerischen und dynamischen Simulationen sowie Experimenten untersucht. Dabei kommen unterschiedliche überströmte Längen sowie der Einfluss horizontaler Abstände auf den Wärmeübergang durch freie Konvektion zur Betrachtung. Realisiert wird die numerische Strömungssimulation mit der Software Fluent 3.6.26, wobei das RNG-k-epsilon- als Turbulenzmodell und diskrete Ordinaten zur zusätzlichen Modellierung des Strahlungswärmeübergangs verwendet werden. Zur Verifizierung werden experimentelle Untersuchungen mit natürlicher Konvektion durchgeführt. Ebenso kommt ein kompakter Verflüssiger bei erzwungener Konvektion zur experimentellen Analyse. Mit einem neuen Verflüssigermodell wird außerdem ein Haushaltskühlschrank in Modelica 2.2.1 dynamisch simuliert. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass die Verwendung eines Flachrohrverflüssigers großes Potenzial einer konkurrenzfähigen Alternative zu konventionellen Verflüssigern besitzt. / In this work novel flat tubes used as rear panel condensers in the household refrigeration technology are examined with numerical and dynamic simulations as well as experiments. Therefore different overflowed lengths and the influence of horizontal spacing on the heat transfer by free convection are taken into consideration. The CFD calculations are realized with the software Fluent 3.6.26, where the RNG-k-epsilon turbulence model and discrete ordinates for an additional modelling of radiation heat transfer are applied. For the verification, experimental studies with natural convection are carried out. Likewise, a compact condenser is experimentally analysed in forced convection. With a new model for the liquefier a domestic refrigerator is also dynamically simulated in Modelica 2.2.1. This work shows that the use of a flat tube condenser has a great potential of a competitive alternative to conventional liquefiers.