Dados de s´eries temporais s~ao originados a partir de estudos em que se reportam, por exemplo, taxas de mortalidade, n´umero de hospitaliza¸c~oes, de infec¸c~oes por alguma doen¸ca ou outro evento de interesse, em per´?odos definidos (dia, semana, m^es ou ano), objetivando-se observar tend^encias, sazonalidades ou fatores associados. Dados de contagem s~ao aqueles representados pelas vari´aveis quantitativas discretas, ou seja, observa¸c~oes que assumem valores inteiros, no intervalo {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}, por exemplo, o n´umero de filhos de casais residentes em um bairro. Diante dessa particularidade, ferramentas estat´?sticas adequadas devem ser utilizadas, e modelos baseados na distribui¸c~ao de Poisson apresentam-se como op¸c~oes mais indicadas do que os baseados nos m´etodos propostos por Box e Jenkins (2008), usualmente utilizados para an´alise de dados cont´?nuos, mas empregados para dados discretos, ap´os transforma¸c~oes logar´?tmicas. Uma limita¸c~ao da distribui¸c~ao de Poisson ´e que ela assume m´edia e vari^ancia iguais, sendo um obst´aculo nos casos em que h´a superdispers~ao (vari^ancia maior que a m´edia) ou subdispers~ao (vari^ancia menor que a m´edia). Diante disso, a distribui¸c~ao Poisson Dupla, proposta por Efron (1986), surge como alternativa, pois permite se estimarem os par^ametros de m´edia e vari^ancia, nos casos em que a vari^ancia dos dados ´e menor, igual ou maior que a m´edia, fornecendo grande flexibilidade aos modelos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de modelos Bayesianos de s´eries temporais para dados de contagem, utilizando-se distribui¸c~oes de probabilidade para vari´aveis discretas, tais como de Poisson e Poisson Dupla. Al´em disso, foi introduzido um modelo baseado na distribui¸c~ao Poisson Dupla para dados de contagem com excesso de zeros. Os resultados obtidos pelo ajuste dos modelos de s´eries temporais baseados na distribui¸c~ao Poisson Dupla foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por meio do uso da distribui¸c~ao de Poisson. Como aplica¸c~oes principais, foram apresentados resultados obtidos pelo ajuste de modelos para dados de registros de acidentes com picadas de cobras, no Estado de S~ao Paulo, e picadas de escorpi~oes, na cidade de Ribeir~ao Preto, SP, entre os anos de 2007 e 2014. Com rela¸c~ao a esta ´ultima aplica¸c~ao, foram consideradas covari´aveis referentes a dados clim´aticos, como temperaturas m´aximas e m´?nimas m´edias mensais e precipita¸c~ao. Nas situa¸c~oes em que a vari^ancia era diferente da m´edia, modelos baseados na distribui¸c~ao Poisson Dupla mostraram melhor ajuste aos dados, quando comparados aos modelos de Poisson. / Time series data are derived from studies in which there are reported mortality, number of hospitalizations infections by disease or other event of interest per day, week, month or year, in order to observe trends, seasonality or associated factors. Count data are represented by discrete quantitative variables, i.e. observations that take integer values in the range {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. In view of this particular characteristic, such data must be analyzed by adequate statistical tools and the Poisson distribution is an option for modeling, being more suitable than models based on methods proposed by Box and Jenkins (2008), usually applied for continuous data, but used in the modeling of discrete data after logarithmic transformation. A limitation of the Poisson distribution is that it assumes equal mean and variance being an obstacle in cases which there are data overdispersion (variance higher than mean) or underdispersion (variance lower than mean). Therefore the Double Poisson distribution, proposed by Efron (1986), is an alternative because it allows to estimate the mean and variance parameters in cases wich variance of the data is lower, equal, or higher than mean providing great flexibility to the models. This work aims to develop time series models for count data, under Bayesian approach using probability distributions for discrete variables such as Poisson and Double Poisson. Furthermore it will be introduced a zero-inflated Double Poisson model to excess zeros counting data. The results obtained by adjusting the time series models based on Double Poisson distribution are compared with those obtained by considering the Poisson distribution. As main applications modeling of snake bites reports in the State of S~ao Paulo and scorpion stings in the city of Ribeir~ao Preto considering covariates as maximum and minimum average monthly temperatures and rainfall among the years 2007 and 2014 will be presented. Regression models based on double Poisson distribution showed a better fit to the data, when compared to Poisson models.

Dados de s´eries temporais s~ao originados a partir de estudos em que se reportam, por exemplo, taxas de mortalidade, n´umero de hospitaliza¸c~oes, de infec¸c~oes por alguma doen¸ca ou outro evento de interesse, em per´?odos definidos (dia, semana, m^es ou ano), objetivando-se observar tend^encias, sazonalidades ou fatores associados. Dados de contagem s~ao aqueles representados pelas vari´aveis quantitativas discretas, ou seja, observa¸c~oes que assumem valores inteiros, no intervalo {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}, por exemplo, o n´umero de filhos de casais residentes em um bairro. Diante dessa particularidade, ferramentas estat´?sticas adequadas devem ser utilizadas, e modelos baseados na distribui¸c~ao de Poisson apresentam-se como op¸c~oes mais indicadas do que os baseados nos m´etodos propostos por Box e Jenkins (2008), usualmente utilizados para an´alise de dados cont´?nuos, mas empregados para dados discretos, ap´os transforma¸c~oes logar´?tmicas. Uma limita¸c~ao da distribui¸c~ao de Poisson ´e que ela assume m´edia e vari^ancia iguais, sendo um obst´aculo nos casos em que h´a superdispers~ao (vari^ancia maior que a m´edia) ou subdispers~ao (vari^ancia menor que a m´edia). Diante disso, a distribui¸c~ao Poisson Dupla, proposta por Efron (1986), surge como alternativa, pois permite se estimarem os par^ametros de m´edia e vari^ancia, nos casos em que a vari^ancia dos dados ´e menor, igual ou maior que a m´edia, fornecendo grande flexibilidade aos modelos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de modelos Bayesianos de s´eries temporais para dados de contagem, utilizando-se distribui¸c~oes de probabilidade para vari´aveis discretas, tais como de Poisson e Poisson Dupla. Al´em disso, foi introduzido um modelo baseado na distribui¸c~ao Poisson Dupla para dados de contagem com excesso de zeros. Os resultados obtidos pelo ajuste dos modelos de s´eries temporais baseados na distribui¸c~ao Poisson Dupla foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por meio do uso da distribui¸c~ao de Poisson. Como aplica¸c~oes principais, foram apresentados resultados obtidos pelo ajuste de modelos para dados de registros de acidentes com picadas de cobras, no Estado de S~ao Paulo, e picadas de escorpi~oes, na cidade de Ribeir~ao Preto, SP, entre os anos de 2007 e 2014. Com rela¸c~ao a esta ´ultima aplica¸c~ao, foram consideradas covari´aveis referentes a dados clim´aticos, como temperaturas m´aximas e m´?nimas m´edias mensais e precipita¸c~ao. Nas situa¸c~oes em que a vari^ancia era diferente da m´edia, modelos baseados na distribui¸c~ao Poisson Dupla mostraram melhor ajuste aos dados, quando comparados aos modelos de Poisson. / Time series data are derived from studies in which there are reported mortality, number of hospitalizations infections by disease or other event of interest per day, week, month or year, in order to observe trends, seasonality or associated factors. Count data are represented by discrete quantitative variables, i.e. observations that take integer values in the range {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. In view of this particular characteristic, such data must be analyzed by adequate statistical tools and the Poisson distribution is an option for modeling, being more suitable than models based on methods proposed by Box and Jenkins (2008), usually applied for continuous data, but used in the modeling of discrete data after logarithmic transformation. A limitation of the Poisson distribution is that it assumes equal mean and variance being an obstacle in cases which there are data overdispersion (variance higher than mean) or underdispersion (variance lower than mean). Therefore the Double Poisson distribution, proposed by Efron (1986), is an alternative because it allows to estimate the mean and variance parameters in cases wich variance of the data is lower, equal, or higher than mean providing great flexibility to the models. This work aims to develop time series models for count data, under Bayesian approach using probability distributions for discrete variables such as Poisson and Double Poisson. Furthermore it will be introduced a zero-inflated Double Poisson model to excess zeros counting data. The results obtained by adjusting the time series models based on Double Poisson distribution are compared with those obtained by considering the Poisson distribution. As main applications modeling of snake bites reports in the State of S~ao Paulo and scorpion stings in the city of Ribeir~ao Preto considering covariates as maximum and minimum average monthly temperatures and rainfall among the years 2007 and 2014 will be presented. Regression models based on double Poisson distribution showed a better fit to the data, when compared to Poisson models.

In traffic safety analysis, a large number of distributions have been proposed to analyze motor vehicle crashes. Among those distributions, the traditional Poisson and Negative Binomial (NB) distributions have been the most commonly used. Although the Poisson and NB models possess desirable statistical properties, their application on modeling motor vehicle crashes are associated with limitations. In practice, traffic crash data are often over-dispersed. On rare occasions, they have shown to be under-dispersed. The over-dispersed and under-dispersed data can lead to the inconsistent standard errors of parameter estimates using the traditional Poisson distribution. Although the NB has been found to be able to model over-dispersed data, it cannot handle under-dispersed data. Among those distributions proposed to handle over-dispersed and under-dispersed datasets, the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson (COM-Poisson) and double Poisson (DP) distributions are particularly noteworthy. The DP distribution and its generalized linear model (GLM) framework has seldom been investigated and applied since its first introduction 25 years ago. The objectives of this study are to: 1) examine the applicability of the DP distribution and its regression model for analyzing crash data characterized by over- and under-dispersion, and 2) compare the performances of the DP distribution and DP GLM with those of the COM-Poisson distribution and COM-Poisson GLM in terms of goodness-of-fit (GOF) and theoretical soundness. All the DP GLMs in this study were developed based on the approximate probability mass function (PMF) of the DP distribution. Based on the simulated data, it was found that the COM-Poisson distribution performed better than the DP distribution for all nine mean-dispersion scenarios and that the DP distribution worked better for high mean scenarios independent of the type of dispersion. Using two over-dispersed empirical datasets, the results demonstrated that the DP GLM fitted the over-dispersed data almost the same as the NB model and COM-Poisson GLM. With the use of the under-dispersed empirical crash data, it was found that the overall performance of the DP GLM was much better than that of the COM-Poisson GLM in handling the under-dispersed crash data. Furthermore, it was found that the mathematics to manipulate the DP GLM was much easier than for the COM-Poisson GLM and that the DP GLM always gave smaller standard errors for the estimated coefficients.

On construit et étudie la généralisation des algèbres double Poisson décalées à toute catégorie monoïdale symétrique additive. On s’intéresse notamment aux algèbres double Poisson linéaires et quadratiques. Dans un second temps, on étudie la koszulité des propérades DLie et DPois = As ⮽c DLie qui encodent respectivement les algèbres double Lie et les algèbres doubles Poisson. On associe à chacune de ces propérades, un S-module muni d’une structure de monoïde pour un nouveau produit monoïdal dit de composition connexe : on appelle de tels monoïdes protopérades. On montre notamment l’existence, pour toutS-module, d’une protopérade libre associée et l’on explicite la combinatoire sous-jacente en terme de briques et de murs. On définit une adjonction bar-cobar, une dualité de Koszul et une notion de base PBW pour les protopérades. On présente également une tentative de théorème PBW à la Hoffbeck pour les protopérades, de laquelle on déduit la koszulité de la diopérade associée à la propérade DLie. / We construct and study the generalization of shifted double Poisson algebras to all additive symmetric monoidal categories. We are especially interested in linear and quadratic double Poisson algebras. We then study the koszulity of the properads DLie and DPois = As ⮽c DLie which encode double Lie algebras and double Poisson algebras respectively. We associate to each, a S-module with a monoidal structure for a new monoïdal product call the connected composition product : we call such monoids protoperads. We show, for any S-module, the existence of the associated free protoperad and we make explicit the underlying combinatorics. We define a bar-cobar adjunction, the notion of Koszul duality and PBW bases for protoperads. We present an attempt of prove a PBW theorem à la Hoffbeck for protoperads, and prove the koszulity of the dioperad associated to the properad DLie.