Acid rock drainage (ARD), caused by the oxidation of sulphide bearing minerals, continues to be an environmental impact of both closed and operational mines, leading to waters with low pH values and high metal concentrations (Park et al., 2019). A potential treatment method for ARD is controlled eutrophication, where algae growth is stimulated in the water and metals are accumulated within the algae cells or sorbed to the outside of the cell walls (Samal et al., 2020). The aim of this study is to determine if the addition of wood ash to acidic mine waters can increase the pH, stimulate algal growth, and lower metal concentrations in the water. Two types of wood ash, as well as KNO3 and KH2PO4 were utilized for this study, along with three water sample types: neutral (pH of 7.0) water from Åkerberg pit lake, acidic (pH of 5.7) water from Maurliden mine site (Maurliden East), and very acidic (pH of 2.3) water from Maurliden mine site (Maurliden West). Two experiments were performed, Experiment I (Exp. I) involved a one-time addition of wood ash and KNO3 to samples from each of the three sites, and Experiment II (Exp. II) involved a feeding style ash addition where ash was added every five days to samples from Åkerberg and Maurliden East. Exp. II also included one sample set where artificial nutrients only (KNO3 and KH2PO4) were added to Maurliden East samples. Samples were placed inside of a climate chamber to provide daily irradiation and pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and fluorescence signal measurements were taken daily. Additionally, absorbance samples and O2 saturation measurements were taken daily for Exp. II. At the end of each experiment, samples were sent to an accredited laboratory for elemental analysis and chl-a analysis.  Algal growth was observed in Exp. I in Åkerberg samples only, and in Exp. II in Åkerberg samples and in Maurliden East samples with artificial nutrient additions only. The algal growth rate was similar in both experiments; however, Exp. II yielded a higher concentration of chl-a than Exp. I. Precipitates were observed in all samples in both experiments, including in control samples. pH results cannot confirm the ability of the wood ash to increase the pH in the samples from Maurliden East or West, and metal concentration decreases in these samples are most likely due to precipitation reactions. Metal concentration decreases in Åkerberg samples could be due to precipitation reactions and/or algal uptake.

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Water and energy are two of the most precious and essential resources which are inseparably connected; vital for the survival and well-being of humanity. Sustainable water resources and energy management emphasizes the requirement for a holistic approach in meeting the needs of the present and future generations. In order to indentify the needs and obstacles relating to water reuse and renewable energy initiatives, Hanson Formpave in partnership with The University of Edinburgh implement a five-year pilot project between May 2005 and June 2010. The research project addressed the use of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) such as permeable pavements systems (PPS) and integration of renewable energy tools such as geothermal heat pumps (GHPs). The research uses the novel and timely urban drainage system and focuses on water quality assessment when incorporated with GHPs. Twelve-tanked laboratory scaled experimental PPS were evaluated at The King’s Building campus (The University of Edinburgh, Scotland) using different compositions. Variations in designs included the presence of geotextiles layers and geothermal heating/cooling applications. The experimental rigs were examined for a two year period (March 2008 to April 2010). Two types of urban stormwater were used in the analysis; (i) gully pot liquor and (ii) gully pot liquor spiked with Canis lupus familiaris (dog) faeces. This urban wastewater represented the extreme worstcase scenario from a storm event, which can occur on a permeable pavement parking lot. The pavement systems operated in batch-flow to mimic weekly storm events and reduce pumping costs. Six PPS were located indoor in a controlled environment and six corresponding PPS were placed outdoors to allow for a direct comparison of controlled and uncontrolled environmental conditions. The outdoor rig simulated natural weather conditions whilst the indoor rig operated under controlled environmental conditions such as regulated temperature, humidity and light. The project assessed the performance of these pavement rigs with the integration of ground-source heating and cooling, standalone PPS and the abilities for water quality treatment from a physical, chemical and microbiological perspective. The performance efficiency of the GHP was measured by the energy efficiency ration (EER) for steady state cooling efficiency and the coefficient of performance (COP) for the heating cycle efficiency. Findings from the combined PPS and GHP system and standalone systems were able to significantly lower levels for all physiochemical and microbial water quality parameters in the range of (70-99.99%) respectively. Outflow concentrations for all pavement systems met the European Commission Environment Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). The presence of geotextiles resulted in a significant reduction of contaminants when compared to PPS systems without (p <0.05). Photocatalytic disinfection with titanium dioxide (TIO2) was applied to the effluent from PPS for further treatment and polishing of the stormwater. After the photocatalytic disinfection, the water met the requirements for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) water recycling guidelines and the World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for potable water consumption with regards to microbial contamination. An Energy and temperature balance was developed for two PPS using a 4th order Runge-Kutta numerical method to model the heat fluxes and energy balance within the pavement system. Machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks (backpropagatioin feed forward neural networks) and self-organising maps (SOM) were applied and successfully predicted the effluent concentrations of nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and microbial pollutants. The overall outcome of this research is a significant contribution to the development of a new generable of sustainable and eco-friendly pavements. The research project proves scientifically that PPS is one of the most appropriate systems for GHP installation and does not affect its efficiency for water pollutant removal.

Die interventionelle radiologische Drainagenbehandlung ist heutzutage ein unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der modernen minimalinvasiven Therapie von Abszessen und infizierten Flüssigkeitsansammlungen. 180 Drainagebehandlungen an 131 Patienten der Chirurgischen Uniklinik Würzburg wurden im Zeitraum von Januar 2001 bis Juli 2003 untersucht. Es werden die beiden angewandten Verfahren der Seldinger- und Trokartechnik beschrieben und nach ihrem Erfolg bewertet. Dargestellt werden zunächst die rein technischen Ergebnisse der Punktionen. Danach werden die Behandlungen im Hinblick auf Erfolg und Misserfolg bewertet. Der Abszess wird bei der Behandlung unterschiedlicher Verhalte besonders berücksichtigt. Verglichen werden die Behandlungserfolge bei septischen Patienten mit denen bei nicht-septischen Patienten. Außerdem wird der Gesundheitszustand von intensivpflichtigen Patienten mithilfe des APACHE III-Scores bewertet. / Today, interventional radiologic drainage therapy is an indispensable part of modern minimal- invasive therapy of abcesses and infected fluid collections. 180 treatments with drainage therapy in 131 patients of the surgical unit of the university wuerzburg from january 2001 to july 2003 have been analysed. The applied methods, trocar and the technique of seldinger are described and evaluated. First the pure technical results are presented. Then the therapies are evaluated by success or failure. Within the treatment of diverse fluid collections, especially, abscesses are regarded, followed by a comparison of successful therapy in patients with and without sepsis. Futhermore, patients of intensive care unit are stated with help of the APACHE III scoring system.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Science, School of Geosciences, 2017. / The costs of acid mine drainage (AMD) monitoring result in the quest for alternative noninvasive method that can provide qualitative data on the progression of the pollution plume and ground geophysics was the ideal solution. However, the monitoring of AMD plume progression by ground geophysics (time-lapse electrical resistance) proves to be noninvasive but also time consuming. This study focuses on the modeling of different geophysical anomalies (mainly geoelectrical resistivity response) of the karstic aquifers. The models are generated from field parameters such as the electrical resistivity of the host rock and the target rock, depth to the target, noise level and electrode configuration in order to ensure that the model outcomes represent the actual field data. This process uses Complex Resistivity Model (CRMod) and Complex Resistivity Tomography (CRTomo) to generate geoelectric subsurface models. Different resistivity values are applied to targets in order to assess the difference against the baseline model for each target scenario. The resistivity difference is reduced to smallest possible value between the reference and new models in order to gauge the lowest percentage change in the model at which the background noises start to have impact on the results. The study shows that the behavior of targets (aquifer) could be clearly detected through resistivity difference tomography rather than inversion tomography. The electrode array plays a significant part in the detection of target areas and their differences in resistance because of its sensitivity. This therefore indicates that the electrode array should be chosen according to study requirements. Furthermore, this study shows that the modelling of different target sizes, alignments and shapes plays huge role in the final results. Future studies that can provide a correlation between the field quantitative data from sampling and the model outcomes have the ability to add to the knowledge of geophysical modeling, thus reducing costs associated with field based plume AMD monitoring. Key words: Acid mine drainage, geophysics, karst aquifer, complex resistance, modelling, tomography / XL2018