Holderness, the Vale of York, and the Vale of Pickering are three fairly typical marshland areas, and all three were originally wasteland. Medieval reclamation improved the siltlands of each area for arable and pasture, but the peatlands remained waterlogged for three-quarters of the year and were used mainly for summer pasture and as sources of fish, fowl and fuel, until the mid-eighteenth century. Between 176o and 1900 they were drained by the use of large-scale engineering methods. Improvements were greatest in Holderness, while in the other two areas much still remained to be done in the twentieth century. There are various reasons both for the similarities and differences in the drainage history of the three regions, and for the differences between these regions and the other marshland areas of England and Wales. Location, size, the existence or otherwise of a frontage on tidal water and the resulting existence of a 'Court of sewers' - farming systems, patterns of ownership, navigation interests, and the influence of settlements, as well an the physical geography, are all shown to have had an influence both on the pace of improvement and on the pattern of drains developed. The present geography of the three areas shows clear traces of the earlier stages In their history.

<p>Controlled drainage is a management strategy designed to mitigate water quality issues caused by subsurface drainage. To improve controlled drainage system management and better understand its hydrological and environmental effects, this study analyzed water table recession rate, as well as drain flow, nitrate and phosphorus loads of both free and controlled drainage systems, and simulated the hydrology of a free drainage system to evaluate surface runoff and ponding at the Davis Purdue Agricultural Center located in Eastern Indiana. </p> <p>Statistical analyses, including paired watershed approach and paired t-test, indicated that controlled drainage had a statistically significant effect (<i>p</i>-value <0.01) on the rate of water table fall and reduced the water table recession rate by 29% to 62%. The slower recession rate caused by controlled drainage can have negative impacts on crop growth and trafficability by causing the water table to remain at a detrimental level for longer. This finding can be used by farmers and other decision-makers to improve the management of controlled drainage systems by actively managing the system during storm events. </p> <p>A method was developed to estimate drain flow during missing periods using the Hooghoudt equation and continuous water table observations. Estimated drain flow was combined with nutrient concentrations to show that controlled drainage decreased annual nitrate loads significantly (p<0.05) by 25% and 39% in two paired plots, while annual soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) loads were not significantly different. These results underscore the potential of controlled drainage to reduce nitrate losses from drained landscapes with the higher level of outlet control during the non-growing season (winter) providing about 70% of annual water quality benefits and the lower level used during the growing season (summer) providing about 30%. </p> <p>Three different methods including monitored water table depth, a digital photo time series and the DRAINMOD model simulations were used to determine the generation process of surface ponding and runoff and the frequency of incidence. The estimated annual water balance indicated that only 7% of annual precipitation contributed to surface runoff. Results from both simulations and observations indicated that all of the ponding events were generated as a result of saturation excess process rather than infiltration excess.</p> <p>Overall, nitrate transport through controlled drainage was lower than free drainage, indicating the drainage water quality benefits of controlled drainage, but water table remained at a higher level for longer when drainage was controlled. This can have negative impacts on crop yields, when water table is above a detrimental level, and can also increase the potential of nutrient transport through surface runoff since the saturation excess was the main reason for generating runoff at this field.</p>

Ce travail s’intéresse au phénomène de colmatage créé par la précipitation de la calcite dans les dispositifs des systèmes de drainage du réseau ferroviaire en particulier des lignes à grande vitesse (LGV). En effet, le colmatage de ces drains peut indirectement affecter la tenue géométrique de la voie. Maintenir les équipements hydrauliques dans leur état de fonctionnement optimal est un enjeu fort pour SNCF Réseau. L’objectif de cette recherche est de déterminer les processus et causes de l’entartrage et sa cinétique, en intégrant l’environnement naturel (géologie) et ferroviaire (matériaux anthropiques) ainsi que les types de dispositifs de drainage. La finalité de cette recherche est un double enjeu industriel: préventif et curatif. Les dysfonctionnements de ces dispositifs que ce soit en pleine voie ou en tunnel entrainent en effet une présence d’eau dans les structures d’assise des voies ferrées pouvant provoquer une dégradation de leurs caractéristiques mécaniques, et à terme induire des défauts de nivellement de rail pouvant mener à des impacts sur les circulations. L’obstruction des dispositifs de drainage par des dépôts carbonatés précipités est une cause majeure de réduction de la fonctionnalité de ces dispositifs sur le RFN : 546,8 km de linéaire de LGV (LN1 à LN6) sont potentiellement sous cet impact. Sur certaines lignes, cet impact est important. Par exemple, on a estimé que sur 78 km (LN2) de linéaire de LGV drainée par un collecteur drainant (CD), que le colmatage des CD lié à la précipitation de dépôts carbonatés pouvait représenter jusqu’à 80 % des cas de dysfonctionnement de drainage. Les techniques actuelles utilisées sont l’hydrocurage ou le marteau piqueur pour les dépôts très durcis mais tous les deux de faible rentabilité au vu du linéaire potentiellement colmaté. Afin de proposer des solutions innovantes de conception ou de traitement adaptées, l’étude des mécanismes en jeu a fait l’objet d’une campagne de mesures de plus de deux ans sur un site pilote de LGV (Chauconin, 77) instrumenté à cet effet permettant l’analyse des paramètres physico-chimiques de l’eau drainée ainsi que celle des dépôts précipités dans leur contexte géologique, géotechnique et hydrométéorologique. Cette approche a été complétée par l’étude de 8 sites complémentaires choisis en pleine voie et en tunnels à l’échelle de RFN et présentant une diversité de contextes environnementaux et ferroviaires. Le modèle hydrogéochimique développé ensuite sur cette base offre la possibilité de reproduire les processus observés sur le site de Chauconin: processus physique (Pluie-Débit) et processus physico-chimique (Modèle Transfert-Réaction), et de quantifier les quantités de dépôts prévisibles à terme dans les dispositifs. Ce modèle conceptuel est basé sur un modèle hydrologique empirique de deux réservoir de terrain en couplant les processus transport et réaction (dissolution – précipitation). Les premières analyses d’eau et de matériaux encaissants sur le site de Chauconin montrent que, en absence d’une nappe drainée, celle-ci est riche en calcium et sulfates. L’analyse fine des matériaux montre qu’une partie des matériaux rapportés utilisés dans la fondation de la plateforme ferroviaire contient du gypse dont la dissolution par l’eau d’infiltration pourrait expliquer la composition de l’eau du drainage. Les eaux sur les sites supplémentaires que soit avec une présence de nappe permanent ou temporelle, sont essentiellement calcium carbonate. La composition de ces eaux est cohérente avec la géologie calcaire. Le modèle développé peut être extensible à d’autres sites ferroviaires comme tunnels. A ce stade de notre travail de recherche, nous proposons donc un outil d’aide à la décision à double objectif : diagnostic du risque de précipitation de calcite et justification du choix des typologies de solutions techniques préventives ou curatives / This thesis focuses on the clogging phenomenon linked to the precipitation of calcite in high-speed line drainage systems (HSL). Indeed, the clogging of these drains can affect the geometric behavior of the track. Maintaining hydraulic devices in its optimal operating condition is a major challenge for SNCF Réseau. The objective of this research is to determine the processes and causes of calcite formation and its kinetics, by integrating the natural environment (geology) and railway context (anthropogenic materials) as well as the types of drainage devices. The purpose of this research has double industrial goals: preventive and curative. The dysfunction of the devices of the HSL drainage systems, whether along the track or in the tunnel, cause the presence of water in the foundation of the tracks, which can lead to a degradation of their mechanical characteristics, and in the long term induce rail levelling that can lead to impacts on traffic. The clogging of drainage devices by precipitated carbonate deposits is a major cause of reducing the functionality of these devices on the French Railway Networks (RFN): 546.8 km of HSL (Line 1 to 6) are potentially under this impact. In some ways, this impact is essential. For example, it has been estimated that over 78 km (HSL 2) of HSL equipped with draining collector, that the clogging of the devices related to the precipitation of carbonate deposits could represent up to 80% of cases of drainage dysfunction. The curent techniques used are the hydrocuring or the jackhammer for very hardened deposits but both of low profitability in view of the potentially clogged kilometers. In order to propose innovative design or treatment solutions adapted to the different site contexts, the study of the mechanisms involved was the subject of a site monitoring lasting more than two years at a HSL pilot site (Chauconin, 77) instrumented for this purpose allowing the analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of the drained water as well as that of precipitated deposits in their geological, geotechnical and hydrometeorological context. This approach was complemented by the study of 8 other complementary sites selected in full-scale of RFN including tunnels under variant geology as well as covering all existing drainage devices in the railway infrastructure.The hydrogeochemical model developed on this basis offers the possibility of reproducing the processes observed on the Chauconin site: the physical process (Rain-Flow) and the physicochemical process (Transfer-Reaction Model) according to their context in order to quantify predictably the deposits in the drainages devices. This conceptual model is based on an empirical hydrology model of two ground reservoir by coupling the processes of transfer and reaction (dissolution - precipitation). The first analysis of water and surrounding materials on the Chauconin site show that, in the absence of a drained aquifer, this drained water is rich in calcium and sulphates. The detailed analysis of the materials shows that some of the reported materials used in the foundation of the railway platform contain gypsum whose dissolution by infiltration water could explain the composition of the drained water. The waters on the additional sites with a presence of permanent or temporal aquifer are essentially calcium carbonate. These drained waters are consistent with their calcareous or Gypsums geology.The developed conceptual model could be expanded to other railway sites as tunnel. At this stage of our research work, we propose a conceptual decision-making tool with two objectives: diagnosis the calcite precipitation and justification of the choice of typologies of solutions

A computer simulation model, LINKFLOW, has been developed to simulate the movement of water during various water table management practices, such as subsurface drainage, controlled drainage and subirrigation. Water movement is simulated to, or from, a buried tile drainage system through a heterogeneous and anisotropic soil to a zone of water extraction by plant roots and the atmosphere. The computer package links a newly-developed one-dimensional unsaturated ground water flow model to a three-dimensional saturated water flow model that was modified for the linkage and for simulating water flow under different water table management systems and varying climatic conditions. The movement of water is determined for a region of the field and the model can show the effectiveness of a water table management scheme to meet moisture conditions for crop growth for a wide range of soil, topographical, drain layout and weather conditions. LINKFLOW was validated and verified with measurements on subsurface drainage, controlled drainage and subirrigation systems in a corn field in southwestern Quebec. The model provides a powerful tool for the design and evaluation of water table management systems, and it can assist in developing control strategies for efficient management of water resources. LINKFLOW is unique among soil water models for the following features: (1) it can be used to simulate with varying topography; (2) it determines 3-D flows from drains in a heterogeneous, anisotropic soil; (3) it presents results in tabular format, contour map format, or 3-D surface format; and (4) it contains software routines for automated control in subirrigation. The formation of the conceptual model, numerical relations, methods of solution, validation, field verification and examples are presented.

The treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) has been reported in the literature as a possible alternative to chemical treatment. The overall objective of this study was to implement such a treatment process at the mine site and specifically within the open mine pit itself. The first step of this study was to characterize process parameters. To accomplish this, a reactor was designed and built to simulate hydrodynamic conditions found in the mine pit. This reactor contained a 6$ sp{ prime prime}$ deep gravel bed in which a mixed population of SRB was inoculated. The operation of this reactor demonstrated that treatment of a continuous flow of AMD by SRB was possible, however, the response to changes in the composition of the AMD and to flow conditions was limited. The results indicated that further studies should be directed at the gravel bed itself since this was where the SRB are located and is the active site within the system. / The role of various physical parameters of a gravel bed in the biological treatment of AMD by SRB was examined. This was accomplished by using gravel of different sizes (0.25$ sp{ prime prime}$ vs. 0.5$ sp{ prime prime})$ and composition (granite vs limestone) to form 12$ sp{ prime prime}$ beds in a series of column reactors. The difference in size results in variations in the total surface area, the void volume and various volume ratios within the system. The effect of potential geological buffering by limestone was examined by using and comparing with beds composed of granite. / The gravel beds were inoculated with a mixed culture of SRB and overlaid with 6 L of AMD. After the SRB were established, a series of experiments were performed in which 16.7%, 25%, 75% and 100% of the water column was replaced with an equivalent quantity of fresh AMD. Changes in pH, ORP, electric conductivity, and concentrations of metal and sulfate were monitored for at least 28 days. Sulfate and metal removal at days 7 and 28 of each experiment were compared. The SRB can tolerate a wide range of disturbances, however, an increase in the load of fresh AMD decreased the performance of the system. The results indicated that the total surface area is of greater importance than the void volume in the overall treatment process by SRB. / A dimensionless number was constructed to describe the relationships between the physical parameters of the gravel bed. A plot of the proportion of sulfate removed and this dimensionless number could provide essential information for the sizing of a gravel bed for the purposes of sulfate reduction. This was done for each type of gravel and comparison of the two curves indicated that there was no significant difference between the two gravels. / The importance of the physical substrate for the SRB has been reported in the literature. However, no known attempt has been made to quantify the relationships between the physical parameters and the biological activity. Such information would be useful for the sizing of wetlands and other passive treatment system that uses SRB activity for the purposes of treating AMD. This study is a step towards filling this void.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

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