B. A. Richeverry in his book, Land Drainage and Flood Protection, states that inadequate drainage causes: (1) a public health menace, (2) an animal health menace, (3) lower grade plant life, (4) inadequate soil aeration, (5) lower soil temperatures, (6) shallow root penetration and, therefore, plant suffering in late summer months from effects of drought, (7) poor soil texture and workability, (8) increased surface washing and erosion of land surface, and (9) alkali and saline conditions, other factors such as poorer roads and highways, decreased tax revenues, ets., might be added to this list. The advantages of aequate drainage are absence of these disadvantages. Many public as well as privae benefits are realised from land drainage.

Water quality degradation is the foremost environmental issue faced by the mining industry. Negative impacts on water quality are commonly associated with unmitigated drainage emanating from sulfide-bearing mine waste deposits. These impacts stem from the liberation of acidity, sulfate, metals (e.g. Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb), and trace elements (e.g. Co, As, Cd, Sb and Tl) during the oxidation of sulfide minerals. Drainage at operational mines is commonly treated using techniques such as chemical oxidation and acid neutralization, which can succeed in achieving regulatory discharge guidelines. However, active treatment techniques are commonly burdened by high capital and operating costs. The development of passive technologies for treatment of mine drainage, which promote sulfate reduction, metal-sulfide precipitation and alkalinity production, therefore present a cost-effective alternative for managing mine drainage quality. This thesis describes laboratory and field evaluations of techniques for passive in situ treatment of acidic and neutral mine waters. Laboratory batch experiments evaluated the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) with mixtures of organic carbon and zero-valent iron (ZVI) for use in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Modest increases in sulfate-reduction rates up to 15 % were achieved by amending organic carbon mixtures with 5 to 10 % (dry wt.) ZVI. Reactive mixtures containing organic carbon supported growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and facilitated removal of Fe, Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb. However, organic carbon was necessary to support SRB growth and sulfate reduction. Removal of Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb in the absence of organic carbon is attributed to sorption and (co)precipitation reactions at the ZVI surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of secondary Fe-sulfides in mixtures containing organic carbon. The dominant reaction product in these mixtures was identified as disordered mackinawite [Fe1+xS]. The addition of ZVI to organic carbon enhanced AMD treatment over the duration of this experiment; however, long-term evaluation is required to identify optimal reactive mixtures. Field-based investigations into passive management of near-neutral pH tailings pore-water were carried out at the Greens Creek mine, located near Juneau, Alaska, USA. These studies focused on delineation of mechanisms controlling tailings pore-water chemistry, and a evaluation of the effectiveness of organic carbon amendment of tailings for passive in situ management of pore-water quality. Results demonstrate that sulfide-mineral oxidation and carbonate dissolution are the primary influences on tailings pore-water composition. Pyrite [FeS2] accounted for < 20 to > 35 wt. % of the tailings mineral assemblage, whereas dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] and calcite [CaCO3] were present at ≤ 30 and 3 wt. %, respectively. The sulfide-mineral assemblage was dominated by pyrite; however, sphalerite [(Zn,Fe)S] and galena [PbS] were commonly observed, and tetrahedrite [(Fe,Zn,Cu,Ag)12Sb4S13], arsenopyrite [FeAsS], and chalcopyrite [CuFeS2] were present in lesser amounts. Geochemical analysis of tailings core samples generally agreed with mineralogical data. The occurrence of Cd, Cr, Co, Mo, Ni, Se, and Tl is attributed to their occurrence as impurities in primary sulfide phases. Most probable number (MPN) populations of neutrophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (nSOB) and SRB were elevated at several locations within the tailings deposit. Near-neutral pH conditions dominated; however, elevated concentrations of dissolved SO4, S2O3, Fe, Zn, As, Sb, and Tl were observed within and below the oxidation zone. Field-scale experiments conducted over four years evaluated passive in situ treatment of pore-water by amending unoxidized tailings with 5 and 10 vol. % organic carbon. Field-scale cells were constructed to evaluate amendments containing differing mixtures of peat, dried spent brewing grain (SBG), and municipal biosolids (MB). Organic carbon amendment of the tailings supported the development of conditions favorable to sulfate reduction. Decreases in aqueous SO4 concentrations were observed in three cells amended with mixtures of peat, SBG, and MB. Removal of SO4 was generally accompanied by H2S production, enrichment in 34S-SO4, and increased SRB populations. Undersaturation of pore-water with respect to gypsum was observed. Sulfate reduction was sustained for the duration of the experiment in cells amended with 5 vol. % peat + SBG and 10 vol. % peat + SBG + MB. The addition of organic carbon also supported reductive dissolution of Fe(III) (oxy)hydroxides and mobilization of Fe and As. The largest increases in aqueous Fe and As concentrations were observed in cells amended with MB. Subsequent decreases in Fe and As concentrations were observed under sulfate-reducing conditions. Attenuation of Zn, Sb, and Tl accompanied SO4 removal. Mineralogical examination by SEM revealed the presence of secondary Zn-S and Fe-S precipitates on surfaces of organic carbon particles, and carbonate and aluminosilicate grains. This study demonstrates that amendment of tailings with a small and dispersed mass of organic carbon has potential to improve the quality of tailings pore water.

Water quality degradation is the foremost environmental issue faced by the mining industry. Negative impacts on water quality are commonly associated with unmitigated drainage emanating from sulfide-bearing mine waste deposits. These impacts stem from the liberation of acidity, sulfate, metals (e.g. Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb), and trace elements (e.g. Co, As, Cd, Sb and Tl) during the oxidation of sulfide minerals. Drainage at operational mines is commonly treated using techniques such as chemical oxidation and acid neutralization, which can succeed in achieving regulatory discharge guidelines. However, active treatment techniques are commonly burdened by high capital and operating costs. The development of passive technologies for treatment of mine drainage, which promote sulfate reduction, metal-sulfide precipitation and alkalinity production, therefore present a cost-effective alternative for managing mine drainage quality. This thesis describes laboratory and field evaluations of techniques for passive in situ treatment of acidic and neutral mine waters. Laboratory batch experiments evaluated the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) with mixtures of organic carbon and zero-valent iron (ZVI) for use in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Modest increases in sulfate-reduction rates up to 15 % were achieved by amending organic carbon mixtures with 5 to 10 % (dry wt.) ZVI. Reactive mixtures containing organic carbon supported growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and facilitated removal of Fe, Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb. However, organic carbon was necessary to support SRB growth and sulfate reduction. Removal of Zn, Cd, Ni, Co and Pb in the absence of organic carbon is attributed to sorption and (co)precipitation reactions at the ZVI surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of secondary Fe-sulfides in mixtures containing organic carbon. The dominant reaction product in these mixtures was identified as disordered mackinawite [Fe1+xS]. The addition of ZVI to organic carbon enhanced AMD treatment over the duration of this experiment; however, long-term evaluation is required to identify optimal reactive mixtures. Field-based investigations into passive management of near-neutral pH tailings pore-water were carried out at the Greens Creek mine, located near Juneau, Alaska, USA. These studies focused on delineation of mechanisms controlling tailings pore-water chemistry, and a evaluation of the effectiveness of organic carbon amendment of tailings for passive in situ management of pore-water quality. Results demonstrate that sulfide-mineral oxidation and carbonate dissolution are the primary influences on tailings pore-water composition. Pyrite [FeS2] accounted for < 20 to > 35 wt. % of the tailings mineral assemblage, whereas dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] and calcite [CaCO3] were present at ≤ 30 and 3 wt. %, respectively. The sulfide-mineral assemblage was dominated by pyrite; however, sphalerite [(Zn,Fe)S] and galena [PbS] were commonly observed, and tetrahedrite [(Fe,Zn,Cu,Ag)12Sb4S13], arsenopyrite [FeAsS], and chalcopyrite [CuFeS2] were present in lesser amounts. Geochemical analysis of tailings core samples generally agreed with mineralogical data. The occurrence of Cd, Cr, Co, Mo, Ni, Se, and Tl is attributed to their occurrence as impurities in primary sulfide phases. Most probable number (MPN) populations of neutrophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (nSOB) and SRB were elevated at several locations within the tailings deposit. Near-neutral pH conditions dominated; however, elevated concentrations of dissolved SO4, S2O3, Fe, Zn, As, Sb, and Tl were observed within and below the oxidation zone. Field-scale experiments conducted over four years evaluated passive in situ treatment of pore-water by amending unoxidized tailings with 5 and 10 vol. % organic carbon. Field-scale cells were constructed to evaluate amendments containing differing mixtures of peat, dried spent brewing grain (SBG), and municipal biosolids (MB). Organic carbon amendment of the tailings supported the development of conditions favorable to sulfate reduction. Decreases in aqueous SO4 concentrations were observed in three cells amended with mixtures of peat, SBG, and MB. Removal of SO4 was generally accompanied by H2S production, enrichment in 34S-SO4, and increased SRB populations. Undersaturation of pore-water with respect to gypsum was observed. Sulfate reduction was sustained for the duration of the experiment in cells amended with 5 vol. % peat + SBG and 10 vol. % peat + SBG + MB. The addition of organic carbon also supported reductive dissolution of Fe(III) (oxy)hydroxides and mobilization of Fe and As. The largest increases in aqueous Fe and As concentrations were observed in cells amended with MB. Subsequent decreases in Fe and As concentrations were observed under sulfate-reducing conditions. Attenuation of Zn, Sb, and Tl accompanied SO4 removal. Mineralogical examination by SEM revealed the presence of secondary Zn-S and Fe-S precipitates on surfaces of organic carbon particles, and carbonate and aluminosilicate grains. This study demonstrates that amendment of tailings with a small and dispersed mass of organic carbon has potential to improve the quality of tailings pore water.

The oil production from well fractured carbonate reservoirs is a considerable part of the total oil production in the world. The petroleum resource base in naturally fractured reservoirs is estimated to be in the range of billions of barrels in the U.S and in addition, a multibillion- barrel international oil resource base exists in naturally fractured reservoirs. Gravity drainage is important in some of oil recovery processes, either acting as the driving force in processes using horizontal wells or altering the displacement patterns during water-flooding, chemical flooding, CO2 flooding and other EOR methods. The gravity drainage process has a major effect on oil recovery from oil reservoirs. Gravity drainage driven oil production in naturally fractured and other complex reservoirs falls into two regimes: the balk flow regime and the film flow regime. Oil recovery by gravity drainage in a fractured reservoir strongly depends on the capillary height of the porous medium. Capillarity and gravity forces are usually the major driving forces in fractured reservoirs. This PhD thesis consists of two main parts namely: 1) Experimental works on gravity drainage, and 2) Modeling and simulation of the gravity drainage processes using COMSOL® software. An appropriate design of experiment (DOE) method was selected to find the most important parameters contributing in gravity drainage and then conduct the experiments in a useful as well as economic manner. A two-dimensional experimental setup was employed to investigate free fall gravity drainage (FFGD) and controlled gravity drainage (CGD) using unconsolidated glass beads fractured porous media having various fractures configurations. Flow visualization measurements were carried out. Following the flow visualization experiments, parametric sensitivity analysis was performed considering the effects of different system parameters such as fracture aperture, matrix height, permeability, and fluid properties on the dependent variables including drainage rate, critical pumping rate, maximum drainage rate, recovery factor and so on. These experiments enabled us to capture some aspects of the recovery mechanism and the flow communication between matrix block and fracture during gravity drainage. After analyzing the experimental data for the FFGD test runs, it was found that the rate of liquid flowing from matrix to fracture is proportional to the difference of liquid levels in the matrix and in the fracture. In addition, the characteristic rate and the maximum liquid drainage rate from the fractured models were determined for such a stable gravity-dominated process. The experiments showed that the presence of fracture is more influential in lower matrix permeability systems. For a given fracture-matrix system with different initial liquid saturation conditions, it was seen that the production history can be correlated by plotting the fraction of recoverable liquid as a function of time. Furthermore, the recovery factor can be correlated using dimensionless numbers such as the Bond number and the dimensionless time. For the controlled gravity drainage (CGD) test runs conducted, the experimental results indicated that higher pumping rates cause a higher difference between the liquid levels in the fracture and in the matrix, thus the gas breakthrough happens sooner. Moreover, it was found that as long as the porous medium is drained with a constant liquid pumping rate but lower than critical rate, the height difference between the G-L interfaces in matrix and fracture remains constant. In this study, a new concept of “Critical Pumping Rate” (CPR) was defined at which each particular porous medium has recovery factor equal to the recovery factor for higher rates just before gas breakthrough. The difference between liquid levels in fracture and matrix remains unchanged at rates higher than CPR. Known this particular withdrawal rate, there are two main advantages, namely: 1) choosing a pumping rate lower than it to drain the reservoir without getting gas breakthrough; and 2) understanding the physics of pumping behaviour from fractured media and extending the concept to the real cases. In addition, the maximum liquid pumping rate from each physical model was studied and it was found that the rate depends strongly on the storage capacity of the fractures, petrophysical properties of each model as well as physical properties of test fluids. The critical rate, maximum rate, recovery factor at gas breakthrough and difference of gas liquid interface positions in matrix and fracture were correlated by dimensionless numbers such as Bond number, Capillary, and the ratio of permeabilities. Linear regression correlations presented in this study can predict production history and flow behaviour in the fractured porous media for a wide range of dimensionless numbers. The COMSOL® software was used to numerically simulate the gravity drainage processes in the two-dimensional flow experiments for fractured porous media. The parameters of the model were based on theory, as well as on the results of the two-dimensional gravity drainage experiments. The simulation results for the gravity drainage processes compared favourably with the experimental results, as a good match between the numerical solution and the experimental data was found. The simulation model developed provides a basis for further modeling of gravity drainage process in more complicated porous media.

Colloid-borne Heavy Metals in the Drainage Gallery of an Abandoned Zn-Pb-Ag Mine (in German). The colloid inventories and the colloid-borne heavy metals in the Rothschönberger Stolln adit, the main drainage gallery of the Freiberg, Germany, mining district, were investigated. This adit runs from Freiberg to the village of Rothschönberg, where it flows into the river Triebisch, a tributary of the river Elbe. The water of the adit is a typical mine water from a flooded ore mine. The main reason for choosing the Rothschönberger Stolln adit for colloid investigations was that ample knowledge concerning the origin of the water and the geology of its catchment area exists. The aim was to characterize the colloids at the mouth of the adit and to elucidate if important contaminants occur in a colloid-borne form. A colloid concentration of about 1 mg/L was found. The particles have a size of 50 to 150 nm. They primarily consist of iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide and carry trace elements such as Pb, As, Cu, Y, La. The contaminants Pb and As are almost entirely colloid-borne. Colloids can have both a retarding and a stimulating influence on the transport of contaminants. The existence of colloids should be taken into account if mine waters flow to the biosphere or if mine waters are to be purified by permeable reactive barriers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [135]-139). Also available on the Internet.

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine. Anesthésie Réanimation : Nantes : 2008. / Bibliogr.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 66 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 210 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--Auburn University, 2010. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (p.104-107).