This research proposed developing a multivariate intelligence scoring system for human figure drawings. The 115 subjects were drawn from clinical, medical, and noninstitutionalized populations. Initially, 72 of these drawings were analyzed for detail, proportion, perspective, and overall quality. The initial factor analysis revealed two factors corresponding roughly to the WAIS Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization factors. DAP items evidencing high colinearity with FSIQ were retained. Two-stage regression of DAP items within subtests onto the WVAIS FSIQ using the data from all 115 subjects yielded the final model (R = 0.85, p < 0.0001). Cronbach's Alpha and mean item commonality were computed as estimates of internal consistency (0.95 to 0.999). A second factor analysis revealed six factors associated with intelligence in the DAP.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-51). Available onlilne via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-36).

published_or_final_version / Educational Psychology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.-- To test the hypothesis that poor language achievement in children of average to better intelligence and middle class background is attributable to basic anxiety. PROCESS EMPLOYED.-- To a group of fourth-grade children of such background and intelligence there were administered a language test (composed of the subtests Information and Vocabulary of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and three projective tests (the Gilmore Sentence Completion Test, the Bellak Children's Apperception Test, and the Machover Draw-A-Person Test) for the purpose of ascertaining the nature of the relationship, if any, between their language achievement and the degree of basic anxiety manifested in their responses to the projective tests. The number of Freudian defense mechanisms expressed in their responses to the projective tests was designated as the index of anxiety. The defense mechanisms used were selected, defined, and a glossary for their interpretations set up only after consultations with a group of child psychiatrists and child psychologists in practice in the Boston area. Their consensus of opinion was that these defense mechanisms were the ones most likely to be employed by children in this age group. They consist of the following: denial, introjection-incorporation, projection, regression, reaction-formation, displacement, and isolation. The scores resulting from the language test were divided into a High and a Low Language Group. They were then correlated with the defense mechanisms scores obtained from each of the three projective tests and with the total defense mechanisms scores resulting from all three projective tests. FINDINGS.-- The correlation of the High and Low Language Groups, taken as one, revealed no significant relationship between poor language achievement and high anxiety but did indicate a trend in the opposite direction from the one that had been hypothesized. Analysis of the verbal responses revealed that Verbal Output was the deciding factor with regard to the number of defense mechanisms expressed. However, this phenomenon was not considered as negating the original hypothesis but rather as pointing to the possibility that anxiety not only inhibited language achievement but inhibited the expression of verbal defense mechanisms as well. The separate correlation of High and Low Language Group scores with defense mechanisms scores did indicate a trend towards the hypothesized direction but not to a significant degree. The correlation of the defense mechanisms expressed in the drawings for the Draw-A-Person Test likewise failed to establish the predicted inverse relationship between anxiety and language achievement. Here again, production automatically controlled the expression of defense mechanisms, thus bringing about a situation in which those subjects who did not complete their drawings earned the lowest defense mechanisms scores. INDICATIONS OF THE STUDY.-- (1) That a more sensitive language test is needed for the purpose of establishing sharper differentiations between language achievers as a preliminary basis for similar studies. (2) That the study of the types of language employed by the subjects might be more revealing of anxiety than the utilizing of defense mechanisms as indicators of anxiety. (3) That the limiting agent in the non-verbal projective test employed (the Machover Draw-A-Person Test) may have been the anxious individual's self image. This would suggest the need for devising ways of uncovering the self image and using it as one index of anxiety. (4) That there may be a significant relationship among the self image, the type of verbal output, the quantity of verbal output, and basic anxiety. / 2031-01-01

This study examined the psychometric properties for the Draw-A-Person (DAP) test (Naglieri, 1988). Data were collected from 191 children following the accepted procedure from an earlier study (Badger & Jones, 1988). Drawings were scored using both Harris' (1963) and Naglieri's (1988) scoring systems following the procedures outlined in the manuals. Basically, the DAP test demonstrated reliable and valid properties. The Naglieri's (1988) scoring system was favored in this study because it demonstrated more consistent internal consistency, higher inter- and intra-rater reliability and satisfactory construct validity. Positive and moderate high correlations with the scores obtained from Goodenough-Harris's scoring systems supported that the Naglieri's version measured the same concept as the old system. Psychometric properties of the DAP test support use in clinical and research settings to gather data from children about their general abilities.

Este estudo procurou investigar as evidências de validade de estratégias globais de avaliação do Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) na identificação de problemas emocionais em crianças. Foram considerados os aspectos de validade de construto a partir de diferentes fontes de evidências para as medidas de qualidade artística, normalidade e diferenciação sexual. Definições operacionais gerais e um conjunto de figuras ilustrativas, diferenciadas por sexo e faixas etárias das crianças que produziram o desenho, foram desenvolvidos para cada uma das escalas, segundo a avaliação de três juízes com ampla experiência na avaliação de desenhos. Além do DFH, os instrumentos utilizados foram as Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, o Child Behavior Checklist, a Escala de Identificação de Problemas, a Escala Infantil de Indicadores Emocionais do DFH e um Questionário Sócio-demográfico. A amostra constituiu-se de 198 crianças de idades entre 6 e 12 anos, sendo 100 em atendimento psicológico e 98 que não estavam em atendimento. Os DFHs foram avaliados por quatro juízes segundo as três escalas globais estudadas. Os resultados foram obtidos através de correlações parciais de Pearson, análises multivariadas de covariância e análises de covariância. A variável inteligência foi controlada em todas as análises. Observaram-se bons índices de fidedignidade entre os juízes e escores significativamente diferentes nas três escalas para os dois grupos de crianças. Os achados forneceram indícios da validade do DFH como instrumento de triagem, sendo adequado para diferenciar grupos clínicos de crianças daqueles com desenvolvimento normal. Por fim, sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados para que o DFH possa ser considerado uma ferramenta útil no contexto clínico da Avaliação Psicológica. / This study investigated the evidence of validity of global assessments of the Draw-a-person test (DAP) to identify children’s emotional problems. The aspects of construct validity were considered from different sources of evidence for measures of artistic quality, normality, and sexual differentiation. Operational definitions and illustrative figures, separated by sex and age groups of children who produced the draw were developed for each of the scales, according to the evaluation of three judges with extensive experience with the test. In addition to the DAP, the Colored Progressive Matrices of Raven, the Child Behavior Checklist, the School Problem’s Identification Scale, the Child Scale of DAP Emotional Indicators, and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire were used. The sample comprised 198 children aged 6 to 12 years (100 in psychological treatment and 98 non-clinical children). Four judges evaluated the DAPs using the three global scales. Analyses included Pearson partial correlations, analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance. The variable intelligence was controlled in each test. Good levels of reliability were observed across raters and significant group differences were observed in the three scales. The findings provided evidence of validity for the DAP as a screening tool, showing that it was able to differentiate clinical groups of children from those with normal development. Finally, we suggest that more studies should be carried out so that the DAP could be considered a useful tool in the clinical context of Psychological Assessment.

Este estudo procurou investigar as evidências de validade de estratégias globais de avaliação do Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) na identificação de problemas emocionais em crianças. Foram considerados os aspectos de validade de construto a partir de diferentes fontes de evidências para as medidas de qualidade artística, normalidade e diferenciação sexual. Definições operacionais gerais e um conjunto de figuras ilustrativas, diferenciadas por sexo e faixas etárias das crianças que produziram o desenho, foram desenvolvidos para cada uma das escalas, segundo a avaliação de três juízes com ampla experiência na avaliação de desenhos. Além do DFH, os instrumentos utilizados foram as Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, o Child Behavior Checklist, a Escala de Identificação de Problemas, a Escala Infantil de Indicadores Emocionais do DFH e um Questionário Sócio-demográfico. A amostra constituiu-se de 198 crianças de idades entre 6 e 12 anos, sendo 100 em atendimento psicológico e 98 que não estavam em atendimento. Os DFHs foram avaliados por quatro juízes segundo as três escalas globais estudadas. Os resultados foram obtidos através de correlações parciais de Pearson, análises multivariadas de covariância e análises de covariância. A variável inteligência foi controlada em todas as análises. Observaram-se bons índices de fidedignidade entre os juízes e escores significativamente diferentes nas três escalas para os dois grupos de crianças. Os achados forneceram indícios da validade do DFH como instrumento de triagem, sendo adequado para diferenciar grupos clínicos de crianças daqueles com desenvolvimento normal. Por fim, sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados para que o DFH possa ser considerado uma ferramenta útil no contexto clínico da Avaliação Psicológica. / This study investigated the evidence of validity of global assessments of the Draw-a-person test (DAP) to identify children’s emotional problems. The aspects of construct validity were considered from different sources of evidence for measures of artistic quality, normality, and sexual differentiation. Operational definitions and illustrative figures, separated by sex and age groups of children who produced the draw were developed for each of the scales, according to the evaluation of three judges with extensive experience with the test. In addition to the DAP, the Colored Progressive Matrices of Raven, the Child Behavior Checklist, the School Problem’s Identification Scale, the Child Scale of DAP Emotional Indicators, and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire were used. The sample comprised 198 children aged 6 to 12 years (100 in psychological treatment and 98 non-clinical children). Four judges evaluated the DAPs using the three global scales. Analyses included Pearson partial correlations, analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance. The variable intelligence was controlled in each test. Good levels of reliability were observed across raters and significant group differences were observed in the three scales. The findings provided evidence of validity for the DAP as a screening tool, showing that it was able to differentiate clinical groups of children from those with normal development. Finally, we suggest that more studies should be carried out so that the DAP could be considered a useful tool in the clinical context of Psychological Assessment.

Este estudo procurou investigar as evidências de validade de estratégias globais de avaliação do Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) na identificação de problemas emocionais em crianças. Foram considerados os aspectos de validade de construto a partir de diferentes fontes de evidências para as medidas de qualidade artística, normalidade e diferenciação sexual. Definições operacionais gerais e um conjunto de figuras ilustrativas, diferenciadas por sexo e faixas etárias das crianças que produziram o desenho, foram desenvolvidos para cada uma das escalas, segundo a avaliação de três juízes com ampla experiência na avaliação de desenhos. Além do DFH, os instrumentos utilizados foram as Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, o Child Behavior Checklist, a Escala de Identificação de Problemas, a Escala Infantil de Indicadores Emocionais do DFH e um Questionário Sócio-demográfico. A amostra constituiu-se de 198 crianças de idades entre 6 e 12 anos, sendo 100 em atendimento psicológico e 98 que não estavam em atendimento. Os DFHs foram avaliados por quatro juízes segundo as três escalas globais estudadas. Os resultados foram obtidos através de correlações parciais de Pearson, análises multivariadas de covariância e análises de covariância. A variável inteligência foi controlada em todas as análises. Observaram-se bons índices de fidedignidade entre os juízes e escores significativamente diferentes nas três escalas para os dois grupos de crianças. Os achados forneceram indícios da validade do DFH como instrumento de triagem, sendo adequado para diferenciar grupos clínicos de crianças daqueles com desenvolvimento normal. Por fim, sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados para que o DFH possa ser considerado uma ferramenta útil no contexto clínico da Avaliação Psicológica. / This study investigated the evidence of validity of global assessments of the Draw-a-person test (DAP) to identify children’s emotional problems. The aspects of construct validity were considered from different sources of evidence for measures of artistic quality, normality, and sexual differentiation. Operational definitions and illustrative figures, separated by sex and age groups of children who produced the draw were developed for each of the scales, according to the evaluation of three judges with extensive experience with the test. In addition to the DAP, the Colored Progressive Matrices of Raven, the Child Behavior Checklist, the School Problem’s Identification Scale, the Child Scale of DAP Emotional Indicators, and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire were used. The sample comprised 198 children aged 6 to 12 years (100 in psychological treatment and 98 non-clinical children). Four judges evaluated the DAPs using the three global scales. Analyses included Pearson partial correlations, analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance. The variable intelligence was controlled in each test. Good levels of reliability were observed across raters and significant group differences were observed in the three scales. The findings provided evidence of validity for the DAP as a screening tool, showing that it was able to differentiate clinical groups of children from those with normal development. Finally, we suggest that more studies should be carried out so that the DAP could be considered a useful tool in the clinical context of Psychological Assessment.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estabelecer normas para o Desenho da Figura Humana, especificamente para o Desenho do Homem, avaliado pelo Teste Goodenough-Harris (1963) e pelos Indicadores Maturacionais de Koppitz (1973), bem como obter dados relativos à precisão e à validade. A amostra foi composta por 1540 crianças, de 5 a 11,5 anos, de ambos os sexos, sorteadas de modo a ser representativa de escolares da cidade de São Paulo. Foram controladas as variáveis: idade, sexo e tipo de escola que a criança freqüenta, este último como indicativo do nível socioeconômico. As crianças foram avaliadas individualmente, tendo sido solicitado o Desenho de um Homem e depois aplicado o Teste R-2. Foram realizadas análises de variância, considerando como variáveis a idade, o sexo e o tipo de escola. Foi constatado que as faixas etárias com amplitude de seis meses não discriminavam os grupos. Outra análise com faixas com amplitude um ano se mostrou satisfatória e as médias de pontos mostraram crescimento progressivo com a idade pelos dois sistemas de avaliação. Para a avaliação Goodenough-Harris, foram obtidas diferenças significantes entre os sexos apenas na Educação Infantil e não houve diferenças entre os tipos de escola, mostrando que o desenho pode estar associado em maior grau a fatores maturacionais do que a ambientais. As normas em percentis são apresentadas por idade, com amplitude de um ano e separadas por sexo apenas aos 5 e 6 anos. O mesmo ocorreu na avaliação Koppitz, e as normas estabelecidas por idade e separadas por sexo apenas para 5, 6 e 7 anos. As correlações entre os pontos do Desenho do Homem nas duas avaliações e o teste R-2 foram significantes, sendo para a amostra total de 0,575 (Koppitz) e 0,606 (Goodenough-Harris). A correlação entre as duas avaliações do desenho foi de 0,899 para a amostra total, que é significante e alta. Os coeficientes de precisão pelo reteste foram satisfatórios, sendo de 0,808 na avaliação Goodenough-Harris e 0,708 na Koppitz, para a amostra total. A precisão pelo Método das Metades para a amostra total foi de 0,923 e 0,857, respectivamente. Foram obtidas as freqüências de cada item, por idade e para a amostra total nas duas avaliações, e calculadas as correlações ponto-bisserial dos itens por idade e amostra total. Os resultados foram comparados com os de Harris (1963), Alves (1979), Koppitz (1973), Hutz e Antoniazzi (1995) e Sarti (1999). Concluiu-se que os dois sistemas de pontuação do Desenho do Homem são adequados para avaliação cognitiva das crianças escolares da cidade de São Paulo, podendo ser empregados na triagem e avaliação psicológica infantil. / The purpose of this work was to establish norms for the Human Figure Drawing, specifically for the Man’s Drawing, evaluated by Goodenough-Harris Test (1963) and by the Koppitz Maturity Indicators (1973), as well to get data relating to reliability and validity. The sample was composed by 1540 children, from 5 to 11½ years old, both sexes and school type and it was designed to be a representative sample of students from São Paulo city. Variables aspects age, sex and school type was controlled, this last one as a socioeconomic level indication. Children were assessed individually, and it was asked to Draw a Man and then was applied the R-2 Test. It was performed a Variance Analysis, considering as variables age, sex and school type. It was found that age levels with six months range did not discriminate groups. Another Variance Analysis indicated that age groups with one year range could discriminate age groups and the means scores increased with age in both assessment systems. For Goodenough-Harris system it was found sex differences only in preschool children, but it was not found school type differences, showing that drawing is more associated to maturational factors than environmental factors. Norms were presented in percentiles scores by age, and separated by sex only for 5 and 6 years old. Similar results were found in Koppitz assessment and norms are presented by age and separated by sex only for 5, 6 and 7 years old children. Correlations coefficients between two assessment systems of Man Drawing scores and the R-2 Test for global sample were significant (r= 0,575 to Koppitz and r= 0,606 to Goodenoough-Harris). Correlations between two assessment systems of drawing were high and significant (0,899). Reliability retest coefficients were satisfactory (r= 0,808 to Goodenough-Harris and 0,708 to Koppitz to global sample). The Split-Half reliability to total sample was 0,923 to Goodenough-Harris and 0,857 to Koppitz. It was calculated passing items frequencies and point-biserial correlations for age and for total sample in both systems. Results were compared with researches of Harris (1963), Alves (1979), Koppitz (1973), Hutz & Antoniazzi (1995) and Sarti (1999). It was concluded that both scores systems of Man’s Drawing were adequate to cognitive assessment of São Paulo city children and can be used to screening and psychological diagnostic.