El presente artículo tiene por finalidad comentar la posición tomada por la Administración Aduanera, ratificada por la Sala de Aduanas del Tribunal Fiscal del Perú, relacionada con lo que debe entenderse como la “regularización” de una exportación y el impacto que tiene esa interpretación para el acogimiento y goce del régimen aduanero del drawback. Previamente, se desarrollará la parte conceptual de la figura del drawback en la legislación peruana, haciendo un breve recuento de sus orígenes, antecedentes, su regulación supranacional, actual panorama y los requisitos que lo constituyen como un beneficio para los exportadores para finalmente analizar la posición antes referida.

外銷品沖退稅制度於民國四十四年全面實施之後，外銷品之成長與日俱增，同時帶動經濟之發展，終於創造所謂台灣奇蹟。1960年代，美援停止時期，外匯不足仍為其政治經濟問題，因此政府採高關稅和嚴厲管制進口以促進國內以出口導向產業發展。此時期外銷品沖退稅制度便成了主要的關稅政策，使國內出口工業得以降低生產成本，有利國際市場上競爭。民國七十年代，是沖退稅最高峰的時期，當時外銷品之數量急驟增加，但是關稅稅率仍處在高檔，所以沖退稅的案件非常多。以民國七十三年為例，申請沖退稅案件有六十萬件，沖退稅金額高達新台幣二八六億元，幾乎占全年進口稅總額新台幣九一七億元的三分之一，早期可見廠商對沖退稅的依賴非常的深，也因此衍生一些弊端及困擾。 首先就發生查核人手不足的困擾，譬如要處理六十萬件的沖退稅案件，在進出口方面要投入很多的人力處理，引起人力調動之困擾。其次，發現一些假出口真退稅之弊病等等，包括以內銷國產原料冒充進口原料或在出口虛報原料用量來退稅，第三，妨礙到業者產業升級之意願與浪費資源。 財政部有所謂的「取消外銷品沖退稅方案」之構想，在當時的環境是不太可能的，我們的出口非常多，但是原料的關稅稅率也很高，而基礎原料工業未建立，若取消退稅，會大大影響到我們的外銷品競爭能力。而另有一替代方案，就是採取逐步漸進的方式取消退稅與簡化退稅行政業務。 這些措施實施之後，對退稅業務之改進，有很大的幫助。申請退稅案件從民國七十三年的六十萬件，降低到九十二年的十一萬件，減少了約四分之三還多，在沖退稅金額方面，也從民國七十三年的新台幣二八六億，降低到九十二年的四十二點五億元，沖退稅案件辦理時間也從七十三年的兩個多月到現在大約十個工作天就可以辦結完成。沖退稅業務有很大的改善，一方面業者對退稅制度之依賴也減輕，另一方面，海關的人力與物力的負荷方面也減少很多壓力。 外銷品沖退稅制度之取消是我國政府既定的政策，何時取消、如何取消，有待財政部的長官作政策性的決定，但在還沒有完全取消沖退稅制度之前，海關會持續地簡化退稅業務，加強行政效率以為民服務。 我國已加入世界貿易組織（WTO），為了堅持貿易自由化、公平化原則，穩定貿易發展，進口原料關稅免稅或分段逐步調降稅率已為必然之趨勢，目前外銷品退稅案件辦理情形及其對外銷廠商之影響又如何？勢必有深入探討的必要。 目前辦理外銷品進口原料關稅及貨物退稅之貨品，據統計，主要為鋼鐵、交通器材、電視機、機械、及非鐵卑金屬製品等原料。其中退稅金額最高之鋼鐵產品，根據我國加入世貿組織（WTO）之入會談判，將執行零對零關稅方案，屆時大部份鋼鐵製品將不再有沖退稅優惠，於九十三年元月一日起，關稅稅率已降為零，沖退稅案件將相對逐漸減少。 為了配合關務現代化的趨勢，以緩和漸進的方式，機動調降關稅，逐步取消外銷品沖退稅乃財政部既定政策，惟為提昇我國外銷品競爭力，研究如何配合財政部慎重考量全面取消沖退稅之時機？以降低或減少國內經濟之衝擊。 業經財政部以公告取消退稅無法辦理退稅之貨品項數為5,144，占稅則總貨品項數之六成。但根據「外銷品沖退原料稅辦法」第十八條規定「外銷品沖退之原料稅，應於進口放行之翌日起一年六個月內辦理退稅，得於期限屆滿前一個月向財政部申請展延，其展延以一年為限。」，故沖退稅業務在實務上尚需有二年六個月的緩衝期限，俾免影響廠商權益。 由於國內經濟不景氣，企業經營日益艱困，此時若驟然全取消退稅，將影響我國外銷產品之競爭力，對我國貿易之拓展及國內經濟之發展均為不利之因素，且嚴重影響景氣，不利 陳總統「拼經濟」之政策，況且根據京都公約亦允許退稅制度存在。故財政部將彙整經濟部農委會、工業局等農工主管單位意見後，再慎重考慮全面取消退稅之時程，以降低對廠商之不利影響程度。 / Duty Drawback for Export Products carried out completely in 1955 facilitated the growth of export products, the development of economy, and the establishment of so-called Taiwan miracles. In the 1960’s during the termination of American financial aid , our political and financial issue was still in the state of insufficient foreign currencies; therefore ,the government tried to encourage the development of export-orientated industries using high customs duties and strict import control. Duty Drawback for Export Products, the main customs duty policy at that time, caused local export industries to reduce production costs for competing with the international market. During the peak time of Duty Drawback, 1980’s, application for Duty Drawback came a lot since export products increased considerably and customs duty rate were still in the climax. For example, application for Duty Drawback was about 600,000 cases in 1984. The amount of Duty Drawback reached up to NT$28.6 billion, almost occupying 1/3 of the total annual import duty, NTD$91.7 billion. It is obvious that manufacturers depended on Duty Drawback badly and that some abuses and troubles were caused. First, reviewers were insufficient and labor dispatch was difficult. A lot of labor was required to handle import and export affairs about those 600,000 cases of Duty Drawback. Second, abuses in fake export and true tax refunds were found. Some manufacturers passed local materials off as import materials or make an untrue report on material amount for tax refund. Third, manufacturers were not willing to upgrade their industries and resources were wasted. It was impossible at that time for the Ministry of Finance to cancel Duty Drawback for Export Products. If tax refunds were canceled, our competitiveness of the export products would be influenced substantially because of considerable imports, high customs duty rate of materials, and unfounded basic material industries. Another substitute solution is to cancel tax refunds step by step and simplify the administrations of tax refunds. These measures after carried out helped a lot to improve the tax refund business. Application was reduced to about ¾ cases from 600,000 in 1984 to 110,000 in 2003. The amount of Duty Drawback was reduced greatly form NT$28.6 billion in 1984 to NT$4.25 billion in 2003. The administrative time was shortened from two months in 1984 to ten working days now. The tax refund business was improved considerably. Manufacturers reduced their dependence on the tax refund system; on the other hand, Customs’ burdens on labor and material resources were decreased a lot. The cancellation of Duty Drawback for Export Products is our government’s fixed policy, but “when and how” will be decided strategically by senior officials of the Ministry of Finance. The Customs will continue simplifying the business of tax refund and enforcing administrative efficiency to serve people before Duty Drawback for Export Products is not completely canceled. We have already participated in the World Trade Organization (WTO). To insist in the freedom and fairness of trade and stabilize the trade development, the necessary trend is to exempt from import material customs or reduce the rate step by step. How are the regulating status of the Duty Drawback for Export Products and the influences upon export manufacturers? It should be discussed deeply. According to statistics, export products required for import material customs and tax refund are as follows: steel, traffic devices, TV, machines, nonferrous base metals, etc. According to our WTO negotiations, 0-to-0 customs duty solution is applied and most steelworks are not included in this preferential Duty Drawback. The customs duty rate has been reduced to zero and application for Duty Drawback will gradually decreased relatively since January 1st, 2004. To coordinate with the modernization of customs affairs and reduce customs duties randomly in an easeful and gradual manner, the Ministry of Finance’s fixed policy is to cancel Duty Drawback for Export Products step by step. Now we have to focus on the right time to completely cancel Duty Drawback in coordination with the Ministry of Finance in order to reduce or decrease the influence upon our local economy. There are 5,144 items that the Ministry of Finance announced to cancel Duty Drawback, occupying 60% of total product items of the tax regulations. According to Article 18 specified in the “Regulations Governing the Duty Drawback on Raw Materials for Export Products”, “An application for refund of duties and taxes on export products shall be submitted for export within one year and six months from the date following the day on which the said raw materials were released after import. Manufacturers may apply to the Ministry of Finance for extension within one month after the expiry of the time limit. Each extension shall not exceed the maximum period of one year.” The buffer time limit for two years and six months is practically required for the tax refund business to ensure the manufacturers’ rights and interests. Due to local economic depression and waning business management, the competitiveness of our export products will be influenced if the Duty Drawback is cancelled completely and suddenly. The expansion of our trade, development of local economy, and prosperity will be influenced seriously. President Chen’s policy on “Strive for Economy” may not be succeeded. The Kyoto Convention also allows the existence of the tax refund system. The Ministry of Finance will gather opinions from the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Council of Agriculture, Industrial Development Bureau, and other agricultural or industrial units and then consider the cancellation schedule of the overall tax refund affairs to reduce unfavorable influence upon manufacturers.

Strong objections appeared in the Czech Republic, especially in the automotive industry, against the EU-Korea Free Tra de Agreement right after its adoption in October 2009. There were fears that the Agreement would endanger Czech competitiveness in the European market while new opportunity for Czech exporters in the Korean market would be limited. The thesis aims to analyze the impacts of the Agreement on the Czech sensitive sectors as the author does not agree with the results of the very first Czech country specific analysis made by the Association for International Affairs (AMO) that neglects any important endangering effects of the Agreement. The crucial difference between this paper and the study made by AMO is that the author considers Czech competitiveness in the European market as a decisive criterion while AMO analysts analyze the impacts on the Czech market only. They do not consider Czech exports to the EU member states and potentially strengthening competition in the European market for Czech producers. In the thesis the sensitive sectors are defined using the data from the International Trade Centre (ITC), the Czech statistical office, and the UN COMTRADE. Hariss index is used to measure restrictiveness of the rules of origin for the very first time in the EU-Korean FTA context, the methodology of the European Commission is utilized to estimate potential savings in effect of duty drawback, and a qualitative analysis of the non-tariff barriers is applied. The author points at a decisive function of non tariff barriers that plays even more important role in terms of liberalization then tariff reduction itself. Regarding the automotive industry, the thesis shows that Czech competitiveness within heading 8703 (cars) will not be endangered in effect of the Agreement while there might be some difficulties within heading 8708 (parts & accessories for motor vehicles). The Czech Republic does not perform any revealed competitive advantage in trade of services. The arguments of Czech car makers against the Agreement about the trade within heading 8703 are not admitted. However further research is needed to analyze if the Agreement will have harmful effects on Czech competitiveness in the European market within heading 8708. The Agreement will not bring up any notable opportunity for Czech exporters in the Korean market.

Este trabalho analisa o impacto do Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (ICMS) e do Imposto de Importação (II), assim como a influência dos estoques operacionais e de segurança, na solução de problemas de localização em âmbito global, envolvendo vários elos da cadeia de suprimentos. Foi proposta uma metodologia e um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira Mista que minimiza os custos operacionais, levando em conta o melhor aproveitamento do benefício fiscal drawback, os créditos referentes ao ICMS e o custo de estoque total da cadeia. As conclusões obtidas após a implantação do método e do modelo matemático em quatro grandes empresas transnacionais do segmento agrícola, com altos volumes de crédito de ICMS, mostram que os impostos são mais representativos do que os custos logísticos na definição de uma rede logística para esse tipo de empresa e que os estoques de segurança afetam diretamente o resultado da otimização. Os resultados mostram, ainda, a necessidade de se considerar pelo menos quatro elos da cadeia para problemas do tipo aqui analisado e que o estoque operacional, as restrições de capacidade de armazenagem e o custo financeiro estão fortemente correlacionados com a quantidade de Centros de Distribuição. Conclui-se que a legislação do ICMS impõe, para uma melhoria no fluxo de caixa, um aumento significativo nos custos logísticos. As principais contribuições da metodologia adotada são (1) o tratamento dos custos do estoque operacional e de segurança, (2) a inclusão da capacidade de armazenagem, (3) a avaliação do impacto do crédito de ICMS não utilizado sobre o custo total e sobre o fluxo de caixa das empresas e (4) o processo de concorrência para coleta de preços. O modelo desenvolvido é principalmente útil para empresas que operam no segmento de agronegócio e/ou são exportadoras, por conta da influência dos créditos de ICMS não aproveitados. A metodologia permitiu melhorias no fluxo de caixa da ordem de US$ 22 milhões em uma das empresas, equivalentes a 5% de seu custo total. / This work studies the impact of taxes and the influence of cycle and safety stocks on a global network design with several echelons. The proposed methodology and Mixed Integer Linear Programming model aimed to minimize the operational costs, taking into consideration the taxes involved and the chain inventory value. The approach has been implemented in four large agribusiness transnational companies with high level of credit of a State tax showing that, for this type of company, taxes are more significant than logistic cost for facility location decisions. Another conclusion is that the supply chain must be modeled with four echelons at least for problems such as the ones herein studied and that cycle stock, storage capacity and the financial cost have a high correlation with the amount of Distribution Centers. The results show also the direct impact of safety stock on the network design optimization. It is concluded that tax legislation imposes a significant increase in the logistics costs for a cash flow gain. The main contributions of this methodology are (1) the treatment of total inventory cost and (2) storage capacity, (3) the analysis of these factors and tax on companies cash flow management and (4) the bidding approach to gather logistic costs. The math model is especially useful for agribusiness and/or exporting companies that have a high level of tax credit. The methodology has brought cash flow improvements of about US$ 22 million in one of the companies, or 5% of its total cost.

Este trabalho analisa o impacto do Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (ICMS) e do Imposto de Importação (II), assim como a influência dos estoques operacionais e de segurança, na solução de problemas de localização em âmbito global, envolvendo vários elos da cadeia de suprimentos. Foi proposta uma metodologia e um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira Mista que minimiza os custos operacionais, levando em conta o melhor aproveitamento do benefício fiscal drawback, os créditos referentes ao ICMS e o custo de estoque total da cadeia. As conclusões obtidas após a implantação do método e do modelo matemático em quatro grandes empresas transnacionais do segmento agrícola, com altos volumes de crédito de ICMS, mostram que os impostos são mais representativos do que os custos logísticos na definição de uma rede logística para esse tipo de empresa e que os estoques de segurança afetam diretamente o resultado da otimização. Os resultados mostram, ainda, a necessidade de se considerar pelo menos quatro elos da cadeia para problemas do tipo aqui analisado e que o estoque operacional, as restrições de capacidade de armazenagem e o custo financeiro estão fortemente correlacionados com a quantidade de Centros de Distribuição. Conclui-se que a legislação do ICMS impõe, para uma melhoria no fluxo de caixa, um aumento significativo nos custos logísticos. As principais contribuições da metodologia adotada são (1) o tratamento dos custos do estoque operacional e de segurança, (2) a inclusão da capacidade de armazenagem, (3) a avaliação do impacto do crédito de ICMS não utilizado sobre o custo total e sobre o fluxo de caixa das empresas e (4) o processo de concorrência para coleta de preços. O modelo desenvolvido é principalmente útil para empresas que operam no segmento de agronegócio e/ou são exportadoras, por conta da influência dos créditos de ICMS não aproveitados. A metodologia permitiu melhorias no fluxo de caixa da ordem de US$ 22 milhões em uma das empresas, equivalentes a 5% de seu custo total. / This work studies the impact of taxes and the influence of cycle and safety stocks on a global network design with several echelons. The proposed methodology and Mixed Integer Linear Programming model aimed to minimize the operational costs, taking into consideration the taxes involved and the chain inventory value. The approach has been implemented in four large agribusiness transnational companies with high level of credit of a State tax showing that, for this type of company, taxes are more significant than logistic cost for facility location decisions. Another conclusion is that the supply chain must be modeled with four echelons at least for problems such as the ones herein studied and that cycle stock, storage capacity and the financial cost have a high correlation with the amount of Distribution Centers. The results show also the direct impact of safety stock on the network design optimization. It is concluded that tax legislation imposes a significant increase in the logistics costs for a cash flow gain. The main contributions of this methodology are (1) the treatment of total inventory cost and (2) storage capacity, (3) the analysis of these factors and tax on companies cash flow management and (4) the bidding approach to gather logistic costs. The math model is especially useful for agribusiness and/or exporting companies that have a high level of tax credit. The methodology has brought cash flow improvements of about US$ 22 million in one of the companies, or 5% of its total cost.

El objetivo principal de este proyecto de investigación es determinar las razones que influyeron en la disminución de las exportaciones peruanas de -shirt durante el periodo 2013-2018 hacia el mercado de Estados Unidos. Para esto, se requiere demostrar la viabilidad si es que los objetivos establecidos como la variación de la tasa del Drawback y el alto costo de la Mano de Obra fueron las razones principales de esta disminución en la exportación textil. Para esto, se realizó una investigación Cualitativa-Descriptiva con un diseño de investigación de Teoría Fundamentada con el propósito de recolectar información basada en conocimientos, opiniones y hechos reales de las exportaciones de T-shirt. Las técnicas de investigación que se utilizaron fueron la Entrevista a Profundidad y la Revisión documentaria, a través de 20 preguntas a exportadores. Así mismo, se utilizó el programa Atlas Ti que permitió poder analizar y codificar adecuadamente las entrevistas. Según los resultados se determinó que el alto costo de la Mano de Obra y la variación de la tasa del Drawback influyeron en la disminución de las exportaciones de T-shirt. Asimismo, surgieron otras razones, las cuales se obtuvieron a través de la información a posteriori. Finalmente, entre las recomendaciones se considera en brindar más apoyo por parte del Gobierno a los empresarios exportadores textiles para que puedan internacionalizarse con mayor facilidad y lograr ser más competitivos. / The main objective of this research project is to determine the reasons that influenced the reduction of Peruvian exports of the Textile Sector, specifically of the product T-shirt during the period 2013-2018 to the U.S. market. For this, it is required to demonstrate viability if the objectives established as the variation of the Drawback rate and the high cost of labor were the main reasons for this decrease in textile exports. For this, a Qualitative - Descriptive research was conducted with a Theory Based research design with the purpose of collecting information based on knowledge, opinions and real facts of T-shirt exports. The research techniques used were In-Depth Interview and Documentary Review, through 20 questions to exporters. Also, the Atlas Ti program was used, which allowed the interviews to be properly analyzed and coded. The results showed that the high cost of labor and the variation in the Drawback rate were the reasons that influenced the decline in exports of T-shirt to the U.S. market. Also, other reasons arose, which were obtained through a posteriori information. Finally, among the recommendations, it is considered to provide more support from the Government to textile exporting businessmen so that they can internationalize more easily and become more competitive. / Tesis

In several countries drawback is a tool for promoting non-traditional exports. However, this custom procedure can not be used by all producers-exporters companies because its use involves strict compliance of the conditions approved by customs law. In the peruvian case, the level of use of drawback is more intensive in certain industries, providing a support for the competitiveness of companies which should be strategically used. / En diversos países el drawback es un mecanismo de promoción de las exportaciones no tradicionales. Sin embargo, este régimen aduanero no puede ser utilizado por todas las empresas productoras-exportadoras pues su acogimiento implica el estricto cumplimiento de las condiciones aprobadas en la legislación aduanera. En el caso peruano, el nivel de utilización del drawback es más intensivo en determinadas industrias, lo que constituye un apoyo para la competitividad de las empresas que debería ser estratégicamente utilizado.

歐盟廣泛地與世界各國簽訂優惠貿易協定，透過優惠貿易待遇的給予來促進與各國間政治與經貿的緊密連繫。而對於生產者而言，要適用這些貿易優惠的前提就是透過遵循歐盟優惠性原產地規則而使產品取得原產產品身分，無論是以完全取得或是經過充分作業或加工而產生實質轉型的方式。 本論文主要的研究目的，在於分析個別歐盟優惠貿易協定下關於累積規定、微量條款、出口退稅禁止等關鍵條文，與附錄清單就產品「實質轉型」標準規定的法律義涵，以及其隱含的政經意義；並就該意義進一步推衍出對於台灣的生產者，在眾多的歐盟優惠性協定法律架構下，存在個別規則適用難易程度具有差別且該差別將對生產成本有所影響之事實。而本論文另一重點則是就法規與生產稟賦搭配後得推衍出原則性之評估方法來評比出個別優惠性原產地規則在適用上之優劣順序，以協助台灣廠商未來考慮使用此項貿易優惠來進軍歐盟市場時，在國際投資之佈局上可以納入考量或作為參考，以選擇出最有利的受惠國或區域作為生產資源配置之基礎。 為使法律層面與實務上之運作加以結合，本論文進一步以台灣的成鞋廠商做為研究觀察之對象，檢視其是否會因為適用歐盟優惠性原產地規則而改變投資模式，另亦將與鞋廠商實際訪談所得之結論與推演出原則性評估方法加以比較，進一步檢討該評估方法之適用能力與情形，並提出應隨不同情況而加以修正相關假設之注意。 關鍵詞：歐盟優惠性原產地規則；原產地規則；原產產品；實質轉型；累積規定；微量條款；出口退稅禁止；附錄清單；生產稟賦；國際投資；成鞋。 / Europe Union (EU) broadly sign the preferential trade agreements with the other countries in the globe, and through the conferring of the preferential trade treatments, EU attempts to build up the tight political and economic bonds worldwide. The premise for producers who want to enjoy these trade preferences is to make sure that their product are qualified and recognized as “original product” in those beneficiary countries either by following the regulation of standard of “wholly obtained” or “sufficiently working or processing” stipulated in each preferential Rule of Origin (ROO). The main subject of this thesis is to analyze the legal meaning and the underlined policy purpose of the critical provisions in each EU preferential ROO, such as “cumulation”, “general tolerance rule”, “no-drawback rule”, and the standard of “sufficiently working or processing” of a product (substantial transformation) stipulated in the List Rules (in the Annex part) attached in each preferential trade agreement. And from those meaning Author reasons out the fact that the level of difficulty concerning applying and using these preferential ROO are different and the difference has its influence on cost of producing. Author also infers the basic method to assess the level of difficulty of these ROO while combining analyzing the ROO provisions and endowment in the beneficiary countries. This method is to assist those Taiwanese producers who have willing to use the EU preferential ROO to make their product qualified as “original product” with the minimized producing cost when entering into EU market, that is, to help producers cherry pick the beneficial countries (or area) for making investments distribution and deploying concerned producing resources and still have their the products entitled as “original product”. To combine the legal dimension and the producer’s operation in practice, Author further chooses Taiwanese footwear producers as observed subject of using the ROO and see if they would change their mode of investment thereafter. Author compares the conclusion derived from interviewing footwear producers with the basic assessment method, and further examines the applicability of the method and the potential correction of hypothesis under certained situations. Key words: EU preferential Rule of Origin, Rule of Origin, original product, substantial transformation, cumulation, general tolerance rule, no-drawback rule, List Rules, endowment, international investment, footwear.