A juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom) tree-ring width chronology has been developed from the western-most forest of the Qilian Mountains. Our analyses demonstrate both temperature and precipitation have significant effects on tree growth and that both should be considered in climate reconstruction. Thus a regional drought history (A.D. 1855–2001) is reconstructed by calibrating with a linear interpolation through four Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) grid values nearest the sampling site. Our reconstruction extends the drought history of this area and also reveals that the most severe drought occurred in the 1920s. In the context of the drought history of western China, this extreme drought between 1925–1931 is consistent over a large surrounding region of Northwestern China. Multi-taper spectral analysis reveals the existence of significant 40- to 46-year, 29-year, and 2.1- to 3-year periods of variability. Overall, our study provides reliable information for the research of past drought variability in the Qilian Mountains, Northwestern China.

The characterization of natural climate variability is important in order to understand the climate response to natural forcings and to identify anthropogenic influences. The aim of this thesis is to reconstruct climate changes in the southwest of France, a region which is characterised by recurrent drought periods, where high resolution proxy records of the last millennia were lacking.The reconstruction is based on multiple proxies from two continental archives: speleothems and tree rings. Their combination can make use of the strengths of each archive while compensating their weaknesses. There are two principal objectives: first, to gain a better understanding of the climatic and non-climatic influences on each proxy; and second, to reconstruct drought periods in the past.The oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of speleothem fluid inclusions and tree ring cellulose is controlled to a large extent by the δ18O of precipitation, which can serve as a tracer of the atmospheric circulation. In order to interpret these proxies in terms of climate, it is necessary to understand how the climate signal becomes recorded in the proxy, and which processes modify the original signal during the formation of the archive.Measurements of δ18O in precipitation, cave drip water, and fluid inclusions in modern speleothem samples from Villars Cave demonstrated that the isotopic composition of cave drip water corresponds to the pluri-annual average precipitation. The speleothem fluid inclusions, in turn, preserve the isotopic composition of the drip water. Based on this calibration, it is possible to reconstruct drip water isotope variability using fluid inclusions in a more than 2000 year old stalagmite, which has been dated by laminae counting, as well as U-Th and 14C measurements. Changes in the cave environment, e.g. the vegetation cover, are indicated by other proxies from the same stalagmite (stable isotopes in calcite and trace element concentrations), but these changes do not seem to impact the fluid inclusion δ18O significantly.The isotopic composition of tree ring cellulose from Quercus spp. in the study area is strongly influenced by climate conditions during the summer. However, non-climatic influences on the isotopic composition of cellulose are identified. They are linked to the age of the trees and to site hydrology, and must be accounted for in the sampling and analytical procedures. Crossdated cores from living trees and timber wood in historic buildings near Angoulême are used to build an annually resolved chronology of cellulose δ18O. Significant correlations with meteorological data enable a calibration and a reconstruction of drought periods since 1360 AD.Lastly, this thesis explores a novel approach of integrating oxygen isotope records from speleothem fluid inclusions and tree ring cellulose from closely located sites to reconstruct both high- and low-frequency variability of droughts in the past.

La caractérisation de la variabilité naturelle du climat est importante pour comprendre la réponse de celui-ci aux forçages naturels et pour identifier les influences anthropiques. L'objectif de cette thèse est de reconstituer les changements climatiques dans le sud-ouest de la France, une région qui se caractérise par des périodes de sécheresse récurrentes, où les reconstitutions millénaires basées sur des « proxies » à haute résolution font défaut.La reconstruction est basée sur plusieurs proxies dans deux archives continentales : les spéléothèmes et les cernes d'arbre. Leur combinaison permet de tirer avantage de leurs points forts tout en compensant leurs faiblesses. Il y a deux objectifs principaux : d’une part de mieux comprendre les influences climatiques et non climatiques qui s’exercent sur chaque proxy ; et, d'autre part, de reconstituer les périodes de sécheresse dans le passé.La composition isotopique en oxygène (δ18O) des inclusions fluides des spéléothèmes et de la cellulose des cernes d’arbre est contrôlée dans une large mesure par le δ18O des précipitations, qui peut servir de traceur de la circulation atmosphérique. Pour interpréter ces proxies en termes de climat, il est nécessaire de comprendre comment le signal climatique est enregistré dans le proxy, et quels processus modifient ce signal lors de la formation de l'archive.Les mesures de δ18O dans les précipitations, l'eau d’infiltration, et les inclusions fluides dans des échantillons de spéléothèmes modernes de la Grotte de Villars démontrent que la composition isotopique de l'eau d’infiltration dans la grotte correspond à une moyenne pluriannuelle des précipitations, et que les inclusions fluides des spéléothèmes préservent la composition isotopique de cette eau d’infiltration. Sur la base de cette calibration, il est possible de reconstituer les variations de la composition isotopique de l'eau d’infiltration à partir de celles des inclusions fluides d’une stalagmite vieille de plus de 2000 ans, datée par comptage de lamines, et par des mesures U-Th et 14C. Des changements dans l'environnement de la grotte, par exemple du couvert végétal, sont indiqués par d'autres proxies de la même stalagmite (les isotopes stables dans la calcite et les concentrations d'éléments traces), mais ces changements n'ont pas d'incidence significative sur le δ18O des inclusions fluides.La composition isotopique de la cellulose des cernes d'arbre de Quercus spp. dans la zone d'étude est fortement influencée par les conditions climatiques estivales. Cependant, des influences non-climatiques sur la composition isotopique de la cellulose sont identifiées ; elles sont liées à l'âge de l'arbre et à l'hydrologie du site, et doivent être prises en compte dans l'échantillonnage et dans les procédures analytiques. Grace à l’inter-datation de carottes d’arbres vivants et de poutre de bâtiments historiques des environs d'Angoulême, une chronologie de δ18O dans la cellulose à résolution annuelle a été établie. Des corrélations significatives avec les données météorologiques permettent une calibration des données isotopiques et une reconstruction des périodes de sécheresse depuis 1360 AD.Enfin, cette thèse explore une nouvelle approche intégrant les enregistrements isotopiques de l'oxygène dans les inclusions fluides des spéléothèmes et dans la cellulose des cernes d’arbre de sites proches pour reconstruire la variabilité à la fois haute et basse fréquence des sécheresses dans le passé. / The characterization of natural climate variability is important in order to understand the climate response to natural forcings and to identify anthropogenic influences. The aim of this thesis is to reconstruct climate changes in the southwest of France, a region which is characterised by recurrent drought periods, where high resolution proxy records of the last millennia were lacking.The reconstruction is based on multiple proxies from two continental archives: speleothems and tree rings. Their combination can make use of the strengths of each archive while compensating their weaknesses. There are two principal objectives: first, to gain a better understanding of the climatic and non-climatic influences on each proxy; and second, to reconstruct drought periods in the past.The oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of speleothem fluid inclusions and tree ring cellulose is controlled to a large extent by the δ18O of precipitation, which can serve as a tracer of the atmospheric circulation. In order to interpret these proxies in terms of climate, it is necessary to understand how the climate signal becomes recorded in the proxy, and which processes modify the original signal during the formation of the archive.Measurements of δ18O in precipitation, cave drip water, and fluid inclusions in modern speleothem samples from Villars Cave demonstrated that the isotopic composition of cave drip water corresponds to the pluri-annual average precipitation. The speleothem fluid inclusions, in turn, preserve the isotopic composition of the drip water. Based on this calibration, it is possible to reconstruct drip water isotope variability using fluid inclusions in a more than 2000 year old stalagmite, which has been dated by laminae counting, as well as U-Th and 14C measurements. Changes in the cave environment, e.g. the vegetation cover, are indicated by other proxies from the same stalagmite (stable isotopes in calcite and trace element concentrations), but these changes do not seem to impact the fluid inclusion δ18O significantly.The isotopic composition of tree ring cellulose from Quercus spp. in the study area is strongly influenced by climate conditions during the summer. However, non-climatic influences on the isotopic composition of cellulose are identified. They are linked to the age of the trees and to site hydrology, and must be accounted for in the sampling and analytical procedures. Crossdated cores from living trees and timber wood in historic buildings near Angoulême are used to build an annually resolved chronology of cellulose δ18O. Significant correlations with meteorological data enable a calibration and a reconstruction of drought periods since 1360 AD.Lastly, this thesis explores a novel approach of integrating oxygen isotope records from speleothem fluid inclusions and tree ring cellulose from closely located sites to reconstruct both high- and low-frequency variability of droughts in the past.