abstract / Pharmacology and Pharmacy / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Errata slip inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Errata slip inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Chemical Engineering)--Vanderbilt University, Dec. 2006. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Pharmacy and Dept. of Chemistry. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2004. / "A dissertation in pharmaceutical sciences and chemistry." Advisor: Ashim K. Mitra. Typescript. Vita. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 22, 2006; title from "catalog record" of the print edition. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-188). Online version of the print edition.

Submitted by GUILHERME NUNES LUCENA null (guilherme_nunes7@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-17T13:42:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final-CD.pdf: 3721142 bytes, checksum: e52f98f99b251e2672bb3539739035b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-18T14:13:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucena_gn_me_araiq.pdf: 3721142 bytes, checksum: e52f98f99b251e2672bb3539739035b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T14:13:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucena_gn_me_araiq.pdf: 3721142 bytes, checksum: e52f98f99b251e2672bb3539739035b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) são polímeros ou redes de coordenação que possuem estrutura aberta contendo poros potencialmente disponíveis. Por serem cristalinos, porosos, leves e possuírem valores elevados de área específica e considerável estabilidade térmica, essa nova classe de compostos vem sendo estudada em diversas áreas como armazenamento e separação de gases, catálise heterogênea, drug delivery, sensores químicos, entre outras. A possibilidade de construção desses materiais porosos usando bioelementos e ligantes orgânicos biocompatíveis ou com atividade biológica deu origem aos BioMOFs (Biocompatible Metal-Organic Frameworks). Esses compostos, além das características já descritas anteriormente, possuem baixa ou nenhuma citotoxicidade frente a células humanas, sendo adequados então para serem investigadas em drug delivery. Desta forma, objetiva-se neste trabalho realizar a síntese, caracterização e avaliação do potencial em drug delivery de BioMOFs baseados no ligante adenina e íons zinco (II). Na primeira etapa do trabalho foi investigado o efeito de alterações nas condições de síntese de um sistema já estudado na literatura (BioMOF-1 e BioMOF-100), incluindo pH e razão CTAB:Zn. Medidas de difração de raios-X do pó e ressonância magnética nuclear no estado sólido mostraram que, de uma maneira geral, as mudanças nesses parâmetros levaram à formação de um mesmo produto, o BioMOF-1. No entanto, medidas de fisissorção de N2 e fotoluminescência evidenciaram um material com porosidade e luminescência, respectivamente, distintas das observadas em seus análogos. Incrementos no pH da síntese diminuíram nucleação dos cristais do BioMOF-Zn levando a obtenção de cristais de até 31,11 µm em pH 6,75. A presença do surfactante CTAB também influenciou a nucleação dos cristais de BioMOF-Zn, sendo possível obter partículas de até 46,73 µm com o uso da razão CTAB:Zn igual a 1. Experimentos de fisissorção de N2 revelaram a natureza micro e mesoporosa do BioMOF-Zn, com diâmetros de porode 5,70 nm e área específica de 350,71 m2 g-1. Esse composto também apresenta forte emissão no visível em 465 nm quando excitado com radiação UV (λex = 365 nm). Ensaios de drug delivery mostraram que o BioMOF-Zn tem alta capacidade de adsorção de diclofenaco de sódio (1,78 g do fármaco por grama de material em 7 dias de encapsulamento). Aliado a isto, o perfil de liberação do diclofenaco em tampão PBS pH 7,4 (56% após 48 horas) revela que este material pode ser considerado um promissor candidato a carregador de fármacos aniônicos em sistemas de drug delivery. / Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are coordination polymers that have an open structure, containing potentially void porous. Being crystalline, porous, light and have high values of specific area and a considerable thermal stability, this new class of compounds has been studied in various fields such as storage and separation gas, heterogeneous catalysis, drug delivery, chemical sensors, among others. The possibility of construction of porous materials using bioelements and biocompatible organic ligands with biological activity provided the called BioMOFs (Biocompatible Metal-Organic Frameworks). Moreover, these class of materials has a low or none citotoxicity against human cells, being suitable to be investigated in drug delivery systems. Thus aim of this study is synthesis, characterization and evaluation potential of drug delivery of BioMOFs based on adenine linker and zinc (II). In the first stage of the work was investigated the effect of changes in conditions of synthesis of a system have reported, the BioMOF-1 and BioMOF-100, including pH and CTAB:Zn ratio. Powder x-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements showed that in general, changes in these parameters led to the formation of a single product, the BioMOF-1.However, nitrogen adsorption and photoluminescence measurements showed a material with porosity and luminescence, respectively, different of the analogues it. Increase in pH of the synthesis decreased nucleation of BioMOF-Zn crystals, leading to obtaining crystals of up 31,11 µm at pH 6,75. The presence of CTAB surfactant also influenced BioMOF-Zn crystals nucleation, it is possible to obtain particles of up to 46,73 µm using the CTAB:Zn ratio equal to 1. Nitrogen adsorption studies showed a micro and mesoporous nature of BioMOF-Zn, with average pore size of 5.70 nm and BET surface area of 350 m2 g -1. These material also shows stronger emission in visible at 465 nm upon excited with UV ligth (λex = 365 nm). Drug delivery experiments showed that BioMOF-Zn has a high capacity for adsorption of diclofenac (1,78 drug per gram of material). Allied to this, the release profile of diclofenac in PBS buffer pH 7,4 (56% after 48 hours)reveals that this material it is a promising candidate for anionic molecules carrier in drug delivery systems. / CNPq: 830856/1999-4

This research utilizing full thickness human abdominal skin was designed to assess the in vitro percutaneous penetration of benzocaine by 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one (Azone) , dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 2-pyrrolidone (2-P) under conditions of constant thermodynamic activity in the vehicle. The solubilities of benzocaine in Azone and 80/20, 60/40 and 40/60 V/V DMSO/water systems were found to be 254.17, 533.00, 68.60 and 2.51 mg/ml respectively. All three adjuvants demonstrated a significant but concentration- dependent enhancement of benzocaine penetration. On the basis of comparative analysis of the steady-state fluxes, Azone was most effective at the level of 5% V/V when drug concentration was twice the saturation solubility _jn the 20/80 PG/water gel. At higher Azone levels, any penetration enhancement effects were strongly negated by a corresponding decrease in skin/vehicle partitioning. Azone appeared to enhance penetration of benzocaine molecules by directly reducing the barrier function of the stratum corneum. DMSO-induced enhancement of benzocaine penetration was observed over 40/80% V/V DMSO. Pretreatment studies strongly suggested that enhancement by DMSO is due to a significant but temporary effect on the epidermal barrier. The moderate enhancement of benzocaine penetration shown by 80% 2-P in water could be due to a decrease in diffusional resistance of stratum corneum brought on by a slow interaction between the stratum corneum and 2-P.

The purpose of this project was to fabricate biodegradable ophthalmic inserts for controlled delivery of pilocarpine and evaluate them by both in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Emphasis was placed on the use of an inexpensive material as a drug carrier and on the ease of fabrication of the device. Based on these criteria, absorbable gelatin was selected to fabricate a matrix system. Absorbable gelatin can be obtained by either thermal treatment or chemical crosslinking of gelatin. In the first part of this project, we fabricated an insert using Gelfoamᴿ, an absorbable gelatin sponge obtained by thermal treatment. A prolonged in-vitro release of pilocarpine from the device was achieved through pharmaceutical modification by embedding a retardant in the pores. The devices impregnated with polyethylene glycol monostearate (PMS) and cetyl esters wax (CEW) were found to be most effective. The in-vivo evaluation of the devices indicated that pharmaceutical modification of Gelfoamᴿ is an effective means of improving the biological activity of pilocarpine without altering the biodegradability of the biopolymer backbone. The CEW device produces a substantial improvement in drug bioavailability and an increase in the duration of biological effect over that from the two commercial formulations, the eyedrop and the gel. In the second part of the project, we fabricated absorbable gelatin inserts through chemical crosslinking of gelatin. The effect of selected fabrication variables on profiles of the in-vitro release of pilocarpine and the dynamic water uptake by the crosslinked gelatin devices was investigated. These results were further substantiated by the measurement of the degree of crosslinking of gelatin. The in-vivo study indicated that the modification of the structure of gelatin by crosslinking is another simple and effective way of improving bioavailability and extending the duration of effect of pilocarpine incorporated in the biopolymeric device. In addition, altering the degree of crosslinking of gelatin allows a variation of the biodegradation time of the polymer.

The effect of triacetin in combination with common cosolvents on the solubility of phenytoin and diazepam was studied. The cosolvents were PEG 400 and propylene glycol. In addition, the data were used to test the following model: UNFORMATTED EQUATION FOLLOWS: log Sᵈ(c,p,w) = log Sᵈ(w) + f(c)σᵈ(c) + [Sᵖ(w)10(f(c)σᵖ(c))/D(p)] σᵈ(p). UNFORMATTED EQUATION ENDS. The term on the left side of the equation is the solubility of a drug in the ternary system. This is related to the aqueous solubility of the drug, the solubility of the drug in a completely miscible organic solvent (CMOS), and the solubility of the partially miscible organic solvent (PMOS). This model was proposed by Gupta et al. (1989) and predicts the solubility of a ternary system composed of a CMOS and PMOS. The results indicate the triacetin does increase the solubility of the two poorly water-soluble drugs. There is good correlation between the observed and predicted increase in the solubility of the drugs.

The multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRP(human)Mrp (rat) are ATP-dependent transporters responsible for the efflux of a wide range of substrates, including endogenous compounds e.g. bilirubin, drug metabolites e.g. paracetamol glucuronide and fluorescent dyes e.g. 5 (and 6)-carboxy-2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein (CDF). Mrp1-6 (<i>abccl-6)</i> are expressed in rat liver, with Mrp2 being expressed at the highest level. Isolation of hepatocytes by <i>in situ</i> collagenase perfusion causes bile canalicular disruption and internalisation of Mrp2. Cells cultured in a sandwich configuration of Matrigel or collagen (Type 1) showed bile canalicular reformation at different days in cell culture, depending on the extracellular matrix and time of overlay. We have developed a method for quantifying Mrp-mediated efflux in hepatocytes cultured in a sandwich configuration of collagen (Type 1). This method is unique in its ability to distinguish between sinusoidal efflux, canalicular efflux and diffusion in intact hepatocytes. Alternative <i>in vitro</i> models of Mrp2-mediated efflux include the vesicular (direct and indirect methods) and the ATPase assays. We have used these assays to identify atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin as substrates of human and rat MRP2/Mrp2. A close correlation was seen between the kinetic parameters of transport of the Mrp2 substrate; CDF determined in sandwich cultured rat hepatocytes using the method above (Km = 3.5 – 9.9 μM), vesicle preparations (Km = 37.9 μM) and membrane preparations (Km = 18.7 μM). We also present data to implicate the nuclear receptors, PXR, CAR and FXR in the regulation of <i>abcc2</i> and <i>abcc3</i> and PXR and CAR in <i>abcc1</i> gene regulation. <i>Abcc2 </i>and abcc5<i> </i>are also up-regulated in response to a toxic insult to the cell, probably via Nrf2 activation, suggesting a role in cell defence.