The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and bound on the northeast by Eritrea and Djibouti, on the east and southeast by Somalia, on the south-west by Kenya and on the west and north-west by Sudan. In a 2003 report, the Ethiopia Central Statistical Authority (2003:24) estimated the population of Ethiopia to be 71,066,000. The Ethiopian economy is mainly based on agriculture, which contributes 47% to GNP and more than 80% of exports and employs 85% of the population. Ethiopia nowadays governs under a federal system and due to the governance system there are nine regional states in the country, which are composed of specific ethnic groups. The regional states, which have a significant degree of autonomy, are Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somalia, Benshangul-Gumaz, Gambela, Harar and the Southern Nations, nationalities and peoples, which comprise about 41 ethnic groups. Hence, the structure of the police service in the country follows the characteristics of the federal system. Accordingly, the regional states have their own police service, which is responsible to the regional states and at the federal government level, the Federal Police Service (FPS) is responsible to federal government. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and bound on the northeast by Eritrea and Djibouti, on the east and southeast by Somalia, on the south-west by Kenya and on the west and north-west by Sudan. In a 2003 report, the Ethiopia Central Statistical Authority (2003:24) estimated the population of Ethiopia to be 71,066,000. The Ethiopian economy is mainly based on agriculture, which contributes 47% to GNP and more than 80% of exports and employs 85% of the population. Ethiopia nowadays governs under a federal system and due to the governance system there are nine regional states in the country, which are composed of specific ethnic groups. The regional states, which have a significant degree of autonomy, are Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromia, Somalia, Benshangul-Gumaz, Gambela, Harar and the Southern Nations, nationalities and peoples, which comprise about 41 ethnic groups. Hence, the structure of the police service in the country follows the characteristics of the federal system. Accordingly, the regional states have their own police service, which is responsible to the regional states and at the federal government level, the Federal Police Service (FPS) is responsible to federal government. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Policing)

This convergent parallel mixed methods study based on Social Ecological Model investigated substance abuse among undergraduate university students at one of the universities in Ethiopia. For quantitative strand of study, data was collected from 422 randomly selected undergraduate students. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17. For qualitative strand, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 17 purposefully selected participants directly involved with students abusing substances. The findings revealed that factors at individual, interpersonal, institutional, community and societal levels affect substance abuse among university students. The study also uncovered loopholes in the policies, guidelines, and programme implementations in the prevention, control, and management of substance abuse at the university. Based on the findings, the researcher developed guidelines based on the findings of the study, the critical literature review, and the inputs from the experts who reviewed the guidelines. The researcher assumes that implementation of the guidelines will reduce substance use and substance abuse among university students. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Background - Khat is a mild stimulant plant chewed by a limited segment of the population mainly in the eastern parts of Ethiopia for social facilitation and religious purposes. In recent decades, the use of khat has spread to all parts of the country and its social, economic and political impact has increased significantly at national level. In cities like Addis Ababa, the traditional purposes are superseded and it is now chewed mainly for recreational purposes. Following this development, many people have raised concerns on the potentially adverse socioeconomic and psychological effects of khat on the current generation, particularly the youth. The main issues raised are the misuse of income, the waste of productive time on chewing khat, and the adverse consequences on family cohesion and health. Those who argue in favor of khat cite its positive impact on increasing productivity, high economic returns and traditional values. These arguments on khat are not based on substantiated evidence and this research attempted to answer this question by assessing the ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ socioeconomic and psychological effects of khat on the chewers living in Addis Ababa. Drug control policies intersect with much of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Ethiopia has not yet developed a policy on khat. This research intends to make its contribution to the development of the policy by highlighting the socioeconomic and psychological effects on the chewers. Objective –To assess the effects of khat on the income; use of time/time management/; productivity, and psychological well-being of chewers in the city of Addis Ababa. The study is related to policies of Ethiopia in relation to the production, marketing and consumption of khat. It makes policy recommendations based on the assessed costs and benefits. Methodology - The study, using snowball sampling, was conducted in 2018 with 84 khat users. The data collection methods employed were structured questionnaire focus group discussions, narrations of life stories and interviews with key informants. An extensive literature review was also conducted. Result – Respondents reported the diversion of financial resources to purchase khat compromising other personal and family needs and a waste of working hours on chewing khat. There were mixed results found on its effects on productivity. Users also reported that khat made them vulnerable to other addictions such as alcohol, cigarettes and hard drugs and to a number of social and psychological problems. Conclusion - Khat has a significant adverse impact on income and the efficient use of time of chewers. The findings on the effect on productivity are inconclusive. The reported physical and psychological effects on productivity need to be scientifically proven. Chronic use of khat is detrimental to mental health and leads to other serious health consequences. It distorts social and family relationships and inhibits the ability of the chewer to significantly execute his/her social responsibilities. It hurts the self-esteem of the chewers and makes them lose a sense of purpose in their lives. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a national policy on khat. However, a comprehensive study should be conducted to exploit the potential benefits of khat (mood lifting and medicinal values) by using khat in a modest and controlled way. The social and economic interest of the suppliers; its religious and cultural significance, and environmental impacts should also be considered. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)