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Degradation product toxicity is a critical quality issue for a small group of useful drug products--e.g. lidocaine, isoniazid, chlorhexidine, gabapentin. In the traditional risk assessment approaches, a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) derived from animal data is determined with the use of generic (and arbitrary) uncertainty factors to obtain an acceptable daily intake. The effects of compound-specific biological complexities and pharmacokinetics are typically not part of the risk calculations. The selection of uncertainty factors that account for interspecies or intraspecies difference concerning biokinetics and biodynamics has also generally failed to consider chemical-specific mechanism information or pharmacokinetics data. The use of combining in-vitro biopharmaceutical characterization methods and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling has undergone extensive study and validation for predicting clinical drug blood level time profiles. The rationale for the proposed research is that a PBPK modeling utilizing rat to human scaling for target tissue toxicity in combination with the Monte Carlo method for estimating human target exposure distributions provides a rational basis for assessing drug stability safety issues for drug substances that potentially degrade to toxic compounds. PBPK models for rats and humans were developed to simulate drug exposure time profiles after oral administration of model compounds including aniline, p-chloroaniline, 2,6-dimethylaniline, o-toluidine and p-aminophenol. The PBPK models were parameterized using a combination of literature values, computational models and standard in vitro experiments. Microsomal and hepatocyte metabolism studies were used to estimate the metabolic constants, and ultrafiltration was used to measure protein binding. Intestinal permeability was predicted using a set of related compound data to correlate measured Caco-2 permeability with molecular descriptors by multivariate regression. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of PBPK model parameters on plasma level predictions. To evaluate patient population effects on exposure profiles, the PBPK model parameters were varied in meaningful ways using Monte Carlo methods. Based on population PBPK models, distributions of target tissue exposure in rats and humans were simulated and compared to derive human safe dose. As results, rat PBPK model-predicted aniline concentration time profiles were in reasonable agreement with published profiles. Distributions of target tissue exposure in rats and humans were generated and compared based on a criterion. A human reference dose was then selected at a value of 1% criteria. This approach was compared to traditional risk assessment calculations. In conclusion, the PBPK modeling approach resulted in drug degradation product risk specifications that were less stringent than those estimated by conventional risk assessment approach. The PBPK modeling approach provides a rational basis for drug instability risk assessment by focusing on target tissue exposure and leveraging physiological, biochemical, biophysical knowledge of compounds and species.

Orientador: Alviclér Magalhães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T01:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isler_AnaCristina_M.pdf: 9031624 bytes, checksum: 46ef4af84056b43b2f82f7756c9e1ae7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A degradação forçada ou teste de estresse é uma boa estratégia para demonstrar as rotas de degradação e os produtos formados durante a estocagem do fármaco ou do produto formulado. O principal objetivo desse teste é demonstrar a especificidade dos métodos indicativos de estabilidade. Tratam-se de ensaios que visam desafiar e confirmar a especificidade e seletividade da metodologia analítica empregada na quantificação do princípio ativo presente no medicamento e na manutenção dessas característica ao longo do estudo de estabilidade. É comum o emprego de métodos cromatográficos na indústria farmacêutica para análise de impurezas que trabalham através da co injeção de padrões de referência. Esta é uma tarefa simples quando se tratam de produtos de degradação conhecidos e disponíveis em suas formas puras. Entretanto, quando se trata de um medicamento novo, com perfil de degradação ainda não estabelecido, a técnica de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) pode facilitar essa investigação por sua versatilidade em relação aos meios utilizados nas análises e ao preparo da amostra. Considerando que o meio reacional de degradação de um fármaco deve consistir de uma mistura de compostos, esse trabalho foi realizado na tentativa de elucidar estruturalmente o fármaco Rosuvastatina e seus produtos de degradação em diferentes meios de reação, resolvendo sempre que possível e necessário o problema de sobreposição de sinais, através de espectros bidimensionais e sequências de pulso para detecção seletiva, aumentando a sensibilidade e resolução espectral / Abstract: Forced degradation or stress testing is a good strategy to show the routes of degradation and products formed during storage of the drug or the formulated product. The main objective of this test is to demonstrate the specificity of indicative methods of stability. These are tests that aim to challenge and confirm the specificity and selectivity of the analytical methodology used to quantify the active ingredient present in the product and maintenance of the characteristic along the stability study. It is common to use chromatographic methods in the pharmaceutical industry for the analysis of impurities working through co injection of assay standards. This is a simple task when dealing with known and available degradation products in their pure forms. However, when it comes to a new product with degradation profile is not yet established, the technique of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can facilitate such research for their versatility on the resources used in the analysis and sample preparation. Whereas the reaction medium of degradation of a drug should consist of a mixture of compounds, this work was undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the structural of rosuvastatin drug degradation products in different reaction media, whenever was possible and necessary two-dimensional spectra and pulse sequences with selective detection were used to solve the problem of overlapping signals, increase sensitivity and spectral resolution / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestra em Química