Rationale: Nicotine (NIC) potently increases operant responding for non-NIC reinforcers, and this effect may depend on drug-mediated increases in incentive motivation. According to this hypothesis, NIC should also potently increase approach to Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli associated with rewards. Objective: The present studies explored the effects of NIC on Pavlovian-conditioned approach responses. Method: To do so, liquid dippers were used to deliver an unconditioned stimulus (US; 0.1 ml sucrose) after presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS; 30 s illumination of a stimulus light) - both the CS and US were presented in receptacles equipped to monitor head entries. Results: In experiment 1, the CS and US were presented in the same receptacle, but NIC pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg base) did not increase conditioned approach responses. Delivery of the sucrose US was then shifted to receptacle in a different location. All rats learned to approach the new US location (goal-tracking) at similar rates. Approach to the CS receptacle (sign-tracking) declined for saline-pretreated rats, but NIC pretreatment increased sign-tracking. In experiment 2, NIC pretreatment increased sign-tracking when the CS and US were spatially separated during acquisition. In experiment 3, NIC pretreatments were replaced with saline, but the effect of NIC persisted for an additional 24 test sessions. Conclusion: The findings suggest that NIC increases incentive motivation and that this effect is long-lasting, persisting beyond the pharmacological effects of NIC.

Elements from differential association and importation theory were incorporated into a contextual model to explain drug abuse inside prison. Data came from self-administered questionnaires given to more than 1,000 inmates in 30 different correctional institutions throughout Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the impact of correctional context on individual behavior. Results indicated that drug abuse inside prison varies across different correctional institutions. The effect of prior street-drug use on drug abuse in prison also varied across contexts. Moreover, an aggregate measure of crowding explained both drug abuse in prison as well as the effect of prior street-drug use on substance abuse in prison.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER IN EDUCATION in the Department of Educational Psychology of the Faculty of Education at the University of Zululand, 2009. / The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of substance abuse amongst secondary school learners. This was achieved via a literature study and an empirical study. In the light of the findings certain recommendations which can assist educators, principals, parents and the Department of Education to plan and take action in order to combat drug abuse and addition amongst secondary school learners, were formulated. Schools have always had and will always have significant influence on learner’s lives and must therefore be the focus of any effective implementation of arresting strategies. The secondary school community has in the past and to a certain extend in the present not treated the increasing use of drugs as a priority. This could possibly be because of the many types of legitimate drugs that are available, and which are said to cure, prevent or slow down diseases and enable people to lead longer, healthier and happier lives. Antibiotics have improved the treatment of infections and vaccines have prevented the spread of diseases such as measles, while analgesics have lessened or eliminated pain. However, it should be the harmful and illegal drugs that parents and the community should be made aware of. Illegal and harmful drugs infiltrate all levels of society, asking no name, title or gender. They come in many names and forms and they will negatively impact on health, sanity, families and finally people’s lives. The literature study found that that substance abuse affected the physical, psychological (cognitive and affective), social and normative development of the secondary school learner. For the purpose of the empirical investigation, a self-structured questionnaire for educators was utilized. The data obtained from the completed questionnaires was processed and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. The findings confirmed that substance abuse has a negative effect on the development of the secondary school learner. The following are some of the recommendations that were made: • The Department of Education must develop a practical formal policy on the use of drugs in school in collaboration with Sanca, the National Department of Health, the Police Service and other relevant stakeholders. • Sufficient human and financial resources must be made available by the Department of Education for the Training, supervision and monitoring of the drug policy in all school. • The Department of Education in collaboration with teacher unions, principal forums, school management teams, education organization and Sanca must conduct workshops for the educators in which the following aspects, concerning drugs abuse will receive attention:  Reasons why learners use drugs.  How to identify learner drug abusers.  Procedures to follow when a learner is suspected of being a drug user.

No description available.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of crack use among adolescents living in a large southwestern city, and to study relationships between crack use and marijuana use. This included investigating reasons as well as associated circumstances for both crack use and marijuana use; and whether marijuana use would predict crack use. High school seniors (N = 269) were asked to disclose information about their marijuana (and hashish) use and non-use, and crack use and non-use. Preliminary computation of the results revealed only 2.6% of respondents indicating crack use; thus statistical analysis of that data was not warranted. Computation of the results indicated 34% of respondents reporting marijuana use; therefore, the focus of the study shifted to marijuana exclusively, resulting in a final sample size of n = 92. Two specific phenomena were investigated: crack use and marijuana use. Discriminant analysis of the data was performed to (1) measure differences in frequencies (indicated as "seldom" and "occasionally") of respondents' marijuana use a predicted by particular circumstances and reasons for its use; and (2) to measure whether students' marijuana use would predict crack use. Statistical significance using Chi square and canonical correlation was calculated for each set of variables. Chi square (5) = 46.10 yielded significance (p <.001) for five of nine circumstances as predictors of marijuana use: "At a party" was the best discriminating variable. Chi square (4) = 36.73 yielded significance (p <.001) for four of thirteen reasons as predictors of marijuana use; "To get high" was the best discriminating reasons variable. The study succeeded in determining several drug-related attributions: (1) there is one-third less prevalence of crack use among adolescents in the area being researched than is reported nationally; (2) there is about the same prevalence of marijuana use as nationally reported; (3) there are specific associated circumstances which predict frequency of marijuana use; and (4) there are specific associated reasons which predict frequency of marijuana use. Finally, although it is not data-based, marijuana appears to be a predictor of crack use, i.e., all seven crack users reported having used marijuana prior to crack use.

Background: In recent years, there has been an increase in prescription drug abuse, particularly among adolescents and young adults. While substance abuse on college campuses has remained a pervasive public health concern, rates of nonmedical prescription drug use surpass commonly abused drugs. The three most commonly abused prescription drugs (central nervous system (CNS) depressants, opioids, and stimulants) were assessed to identify differences among student characteristics, as well as their relationship with abuse. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to conduct a secondary analysis to explore demographic variables (race, gender, academic performance, living arrangement, alcohol and other drug usage, and affiliation with a fraternity/sorority) and their relationship with nonmedical prescription drug use. Also, this study aims to identify potential strategies and provide suggestions to address nonmedical prescription drug abuse for future interventions. Methods: Data was obtained from the 2009 National College Health Assessment. The study consisted of n = 1,417 undergraduate students attending Virginia Commonwealth University. Initially, overall prevalence rates for past-year illicit use of prescription CNS depressant, opioids, and stimulant use were examined. Bivariate analyses were conducted to identify differences among users and nonusers for each class of prescription drug using Pearson’s Chi-Square test of significance. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine associations between these demographics and illicit use of each prescription drug. Interactions between individual demographics and drug use were also examined. Results: The past year prevalence use of nonmedical prescription central nervous system depressants, opioids, and stimulants use were 4, 11.2, and 8.7% respectively. According to bivariate analyses, nonmedical use was higher among certain college students, however characteristics varied by type of prescription drug. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that students living off campus (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.35) and reported use of alcohol (OR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.21, 12.64) and marijuana (OR = 4.41, 95% CI = 2.28, 8.54) were more likely to use prescription depressants. Students with a GPA of a C or lower (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.17), and reported use of marijuana (OR = 3.25, 95% CI = 2.22, 4.78) were more likely to use prescription opioids. Nonmedical prescription stimulant use was highest among White students (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.28, 3.30) with a GPA of a B or lower (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.28, 3.30) and reported lifetime use of alcohol (OR = 7.96, 95% CI = (2.50, 25.41). Conclusions: The results of this study provide insight into the demographic variables and their relationship with nonmedical prescription drug abuse. The findings have important implications for identifying potential strategies to address nonmedical prescription drug abuse and will assist in the development of targeted and tailored interventions.

長久以來，社會科學家在西方社會及香港曾作出多項與濫藥有關的研究，從不同層面，就不同犯罪學理論展開探討。然而，很少的研究會聚焦濫藥行為中男女的差異。正如一直存在的爭議，圍繞在近年的濫藥行為上，性別的差異是否減少了，是的話，原因何在。很多學者都提出關注，女性濫藥情況加劇，可能歸咎於女權開放、更大壓力、青年人的次文化或現今社會執法者的偏見。 / 這研究有系統地探究及解釋過去二十四年香港女性濫藥的趨勢及性別差距，是否女性濫藥加劇情況比男性快。我查看了香港警隊的拘捕記錄、藥物濫用資料中央檔案室記錄及禁毒處六次對學生服用藥物情況調查。再用「單根檢定法」分析數據，確認有關數據在反映性別差距的可靠性。 / 有些學者及傳媒都留意到近年女性濫藥增加趨勢比男性快，但原因仍待討論，因為此現象可能由警方加強打擊導致。當今有兩個相爭的說法，「規範性方法」相信增加是事實的，其中的「自由女權主義」相信性別平等會導致女性獲得更大自由和機會，所以濫藥也增多，「社會女性主義」提出現今女性要兼顧工作與家庭，壓力大時需要濫藥減壓。更有學者相信近年濫藥是娛樂活動的一部份，故被「正常化」。「社會建構方法」提出罪案率的上升並非真實，只是刑事司法體制制度化所致，因為當警隊加強執法，對輕微案件都不放過時，更多人會被拘捕。我今次的研究，運用了時間序列迴歸的分析法驗証這兩個相爭說法。 / 根據警方及藥物濫用資料中央檔案室的記錄，我發覺女性濫藥確有上升，性别差距亦收窄。雖然男女在吸食精神毒品的增加步伐相同，但女性吸用海洛英的下降比男性慢。警方記錄的濫用藥物性別差距，沒有像對學生服用藥物情況所發現的收窄。這顯示警方的拘捕行動，可能受多個因素影響。 / 理論上，我的研究沒有發現強烈証據支持男女平等會增加女性濫藥。反之，我發現女性承受的社會壓力愈大，濫藥愈多。我的研究亦間接上支持「正常化」的論點，因為青少年濫用精神科藥物確屬一個次文化。另外，我亦發現當刑事司法體制愈制度化，濫藥的性別差異相應減少。 / 這是在香港首個用量性研究方法進行的相關研究，當中使用高等定量時間序列迴歸方法分析，集中研究女性濫藥情況及性別差距，測試西方的「規範性方法」及「社會建構方法」在不同文化的套用性，結果指出這兩個相爭的說法事實上是相輔相成。實際上，我提出了當今女性面對的問題，她們的需要及應該得到的支持。最後我亦討論了此研究的不足之處，主要我全依賴官方數字，未有實地研究。日後的研究，應結合質性研究，加強對個別濫藥者的了解，包括他們的個人背景及濫藥的原因。 / Drug use is of longstanding research interest in sociology. Many studies of the subject have been conducted in Western contexts and in Hong Kong from social and economic perspectives, at the macro and micro levels, and in connection with numerous criminological theories. However, relatively few studies of drug use have focused on gender differences or on the changing patterns of abuse in relation to gender over time. There is ongoing debate over the issue, including the question of whether the gender gap in drug use has changed over time and, if so, in what ways and why. Currently, there is increased concern about the behavior of female drug users, with many scholars arguing that female drug use may increase or become more visible in modern societies due to women's liberation, heightened strain, the spread of youth subcultures, and/or biased law enforcement. / This study systematically examines and explains the trends in female drug use, and the gender gap in that use, in Hong Kong in the past two and a half decades to determine whether drug use among female has increased at a faster pace than that among male, meaning the gender gap is narrowing, or whether the two groups are undergoing parallel trends, meaning the gender gap is stable. The study's methods were as follows. I reviewed and compared Hong Kong Police (Police) arrest records, the records maintained by the Central Registry of Drug Abuse (CRDA), and the results of six self-report surveys. I then used the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test, a time series technique, to test the statistical reliability of the patterns identified in the gender gap in drug use. / Some scholars and the media in Hong Kong have noticed that drug use among females is on the rise and that the rate of the increase in their drug use has exceeded that of males in recent decades. However, the question of whether there has been a real change in the rate of female drug use needs to be addressed, as the figures they cite may reflect the more proactive policing of minor offences. Two competing approaches offer different views. The "normative approach" posits that there has been a real increase in female drug use. Liberal Feminism sees this rise as resulting from greater gender equality, as females now enjoy greater freedom and more opportunities. Socialist Feminism takes the view that more females are now using drugs to cope with the social strain and stress they suffer from the need to both work and take care of their families. Furthermore, some scholars posit that drug use is a result of "normalization," that is, it is now more accepted as part of leisure and recreation. The "social constructionist" approach posits that changes in crime rates do not reflect real rises in crime, but are the result of the formalization of the criminal justice system. In the case of female drug use, this approach suggests that the police are now less tolerant toward female drug use, and increased enforcement renders their drug use more visible. In this study, I employed advanced quantitative time series regressions to test these competing theoretical explanations. / The Police and CRDA records indicate that female drug use has been increasing, with females now taking more psychotropic drugs. The gender gap in drug use appears to be narrowing. Both males and females have seen an increase in psychotropic drug use, but female use of heroin has not declined as much as male. The self-report surveys show that girls' use of psychotropic drugs has increased two times more than boys', but the gender gap trend shows instability. The Police and CRDA records show girl drug use to be increasing at a faster rate than the self-report survey data do, but the Police records do not show the gender gap in drug use to be narrowing to the extent that the self-report survey data do, suggesting that arrests may be guided by different policing factors and priorities. / With regard to theoretical explanations, my analysis does not produce strong support for the view that greater gender equality has caused the rise in female drug use. Rather, I find strong support for the theory that increased social strain and stress may be the main factor in this rise. To some extent, this study also offers indirect support for the normalization thesis, revealing that young people's use of psychotropic drugs is more related to youth subculture, in which psychotropic drug use is prevalent and acceptable. I also find the greater formalization of the criminal justice system to have contributed to the narrowing of the gender gap in drug use. / The findings of this study have important theoretical implications, as this is the first quantitative research conducted in Hong Kong using advanced times series analysis and focusing on female drug use and the gender gap in drug use to test the competing normative and social constructionist perspectives, thereby extending these Western theories to another culture. The findings illustrate that these perspectives are not actually mutually exclusive, but can be complementary. Practically, the findings shed light on the need to better understand female drug use and to determine what can be done to support them. Finally, the study does have a number of limitations, which are recognized and discussed. Its main limitation is that I relied fully on official data and self-report surveys without conducting field research. Future research incorporating a qualitative approach would enhance our understanding of individual drug users, such as their personal background and reasons of taking drugs. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ng, Ka Sing David. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-237). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.ii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- THE RESEARCH PROBLEM --- p.17 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background of the Study in the Western Societies --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3 --- Background of the Study in Hong Kong --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Objectives and Significance of Study --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- A Theoretical Overview of the Convergence Hypothesis --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Explaining Convergence: The Normative Perspective --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- A Competing Explanation of Convergence: The Social Constructionist Perspective --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1 --- Hypotheses --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sources of Data --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3 --- Measures--The Dependent Variables and Independent Variables --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4 --- Analytic Strategies --- p.87 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- FINDINGS (HYPOTHESES 1 TO 6) --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1 --- Hypothesis 1: The rate of female drug use has been rising according to official data. --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2 --- Hypothesis 2: The gender gap in the rate of drug use has been narrowing according to official data. --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3 --- Hypothesis 3: The rate of female drug use has been increasing according to self-report survey data. --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4 --- Hypothesis 4: The gender gap in the rate of drug use has been narrowing according to self-report survey data. --- p.116 / Chapter 4.5 --- Hypothesis 5: The rate of female drug use has been increasing faster in official data than in self-report survey data. --- p.117 / Chapter 4.6 --- Hypothesis 6: The gender gap in the rate of drug use has been narrowing faster in official data than in self-report survey data. --- p.118 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- FINDINGS (HYPOTHESES 7 TO 9) --- p.135 / Chapter 5.1 --- Descriptive Statistics Regarding Hypotheses 7-9 --- p.135 / Chapter 5.2 --- Regression Results for Hypothesis 7-9 --- p.141 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary of Findings --- p.151 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG USE AMONG GIRLS AND BOYS --- p.163 / Chapter 6.1 --- Descriptive Statistics --- p.164 / Chapter 6.2 --- Evidence from a Time-series Regression Analysis --- p.167 / Chapter 6.3 --- Summary of Findings --- p.169 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION --- p.173 / Chapter 7.1 --- The Study --- p.176 / Chapter 7.2 --- Summary of Descriptive Findings --- p.178 / Chapter 7.3 --- Summary of the Findings Relating to the Theoretical Explanations --- p.184 / Chapter 7.4 --- Theoretical Implications --- p.190 / Chapter 7.5 --- Practical Implications --- p.195 / Chapter 7.6 --- Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Future Research --- p.198 / APPENDIX I --- p.202 / References --- p.227

Thesis. 1976. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaves 72-74. / by Regionald [sic] Joseph Williams. / M.C.P.