The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of crack use among adolescents living in a large southwestern city, and to study relationships between crack use and marijuana use. This included investigating reasons as well as associated circumstances for both crack use and marijuana use; and whether marijuana use would predict crack use. High school seniors (N = 269) were asked to disclose information about their marijuana (and hashish) use and non-use, and crack use and non-use. Preliminary computation of the results revealed only 2.6% of respondents indicating crack use; thus statistical analysis of that data was not warranted. Computation of the results indicated 34% of respondents reporting marijuana use; therefore, the focus of the study shifted to marijuana exclusively, resulting in a final sample size of n = 92. Two specific phenomena were investigated: crack use and marijuana use. Discriminant analysis of the data was performed to (1) measure differences in frequencies (indicated as "seldom" and "occasionally") of respondents' marijuana use a predicted by particular circumstances and reasons for its use; and (2) to measure whether students' marijuana use would predict crack use. Statistical significance using Chi square and canonical correlation was calculated for each set of variables. Chi square (5) = 46.10 yielded significance (p <.001) for five of nine circumstances as predictors of marijuana use: "At a party" was the best discriminating variable. Chi square (4) = 36.73 yielded significance (p <.001) for four of thirteen reasons as predictors of marijuana use; "To get high" was the best discriminating reasons variable. The study succeeded in determining several drug-related attributions: (1) there is one-third less prevalence of crack use among adolescents in the area being researched than is reported nationally; (2) there is about the same prevalence of marijuana use as nationally reported; (3) there are specific associated circumstances which predict frequency of marijuana use; and (4) there are specific associated reasons which predict frequency of marijuana use. Finally, although it is not data-based, marijuana appears to be a predictor of crack use, i.e., all seven crack users reported having used marijuana prior to crack use.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-18T18:10:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Anna Katarina FINAL.pdf: 2948770 bytes, checksum: 392bc3d70926b6cba74aa56175980b7c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T18:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Anna Katarina FINAL.pdf: 2948770 bytes, checksum: 392bc3d70926b6cba74aa56175980b7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / CAPES / A presente tese de doutorado teve como proposta investigar os discursos do sujeito sobre si mesmo, bem como de sua família e profissional assistente, a partir das mudanças corporais que advém da experiência do abuso do crack. Se e como o sujeito usuário de crack em uso abusivo percebe seu corpo. Fisicamente, os ‘noiados’, como são chamados os usuários de crack, tem os dedos e lábios queimados por causa do consumo da substância, falta ou apodrecimento dos dentes e magreza, na maioria das vezes, excessiva. O estudo tem como escopo teórico a Psicanálise, que fornece subsídios para a discussão sobre as toxicomanias, o movimento repetitivo de consumo, o autoerotismo e busca de um gozo mortífero, além de reflexões sobre a metáfora paterna e o nó borromeu lacaniano. O local de realização da pesquisa foi o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas Recanto dos Guararapes, situado em Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que aborda a história de um usuário de crack, a partir de entrevistas realizadas com o mesmo, fora do momento de consumo, na referida instituição, bem como com os demais participantes. Ele recebe o nome de Sísifo, com sua pequena pedra de crack, uma metáfora ao mito em que o sujeito empurra uma enorme pedra até o topo de uma montanha para vê-la rolar e voltar a seguir e, assim, repetindo o mesmo ato. Os resultados e discussões partem da exposição do caso de Sífifo que iniciou o consumo de crack há cerca de 10 anos, ainda faz uso da substância e está há um ano em tratamento no CAPS. Os trechos de fala dos participantes, em destaque as de Sísifo, debatem o autoerotismo presente no consumo e a noção de busca por um gozo absoluto, conduzido pela pulsão de morte, que apagaria a percepção da automutilação e do masoquismo visíveis no corpo depreciado após o consumo. Ainda, algumas falas deixam escapar uma relação muito próxima do sujeito que “tem medo de crescer” e sua mãe, o que pode contribuir para a recorrência do corpo fragilizado nesta relação com a figura materna, o que permite reflexões sobre uma fragilidade na inscrição do Nome-do-Pai e o corpo necessitando de cuidados, assim como o corpo infantil. Por fim, partindo da ideia do afrouxamento do nó borromeu e sobressalência do Real, o sujeito, após o uso abusivo, traz em seu discurso a proximidade com a temática da morte e se auto denomina pelo que chamo de Nomes-do-Morrer, utilizando significantes próximos da morte e ligados a própria morte. Sugere–se, então, uma clínica borromeana e intervenções que envolvam reflexões sobre o corpo do sujeito usuário de crack e que convoque cada vez mais o Outro, dando espaço de fala aos mesmos, partindo da noção de sujeito como constituído pela linguagem. / The present doctoral thesis aimed to investigate the subject´s speeches about itself, as well as its family and professional assistants, from the body changes that come from the crack abuse experience. If and how does the subject who uses crack abusively perceive its own body? Physically, the “junkies”, as the crack cocaine users are called, have burnt fingers and lips due to the consumption of the substance, missing or rotten teeth and thinness, in the majority of cases, excessive. The study has as theoretical scope the psychoanalysis, which provides subsidies for a discussion about addictions, the movement of repetitive consumption, autoeroticism and the pursuit of adeadly jouissance, besides reflections on the paternal metaphor and the borromean knot of Lacan. The research was conducted at the Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs Recanto dos Guararapes, located in Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, Brazil. This is a case study about the story of a crack cocaine user, through interviews made with the subject, during moments of non-consumption, at the above mentioned institution, as well as the other participants. He is known as Sísifo, with his small crack rock, a metaphor for the myth in which the subject pushes a huge stone until the top of a mountain, to watch it roll back and forth and, thus, repeating the same act. The results and discussions start from the display of Sísifo´s case, who started using crack for about 10 years, still uses the substance and has been in treatment for a year at CAPS (Psychossocial care center – PCC). The speech excerpts of the participants, highlighted the Sisyphus, debate the auto eroticismpresent consumption and the notion of search for an absolute joy, driven by the death drive, which erases the perception of visible self-mutilation and masochism depreciate body after consumption. Still, some lines let out a very close relationship of the subject who "are afraid to grow" and her mother, which may contribute to the recurrence of the frail body in this relationship with the mother figure, which allows reflections on a weakness in the application of name of the Father and the body in need of care as well as the child's body. Finally, based on the idea of loosening the knot Borromean and overjet of the real, the subject after the abuse, brings in his speech the proximity to the theme of death and calls himself by what I call Names-the-Dying using significant near death and linked her own death. It is suggested, therefore, a Borromean clinic and interventions involving reflections on the body of the subject crack user and to convene increasingly Other, giving speech to the same space, based on the notion of the subject as constituted by language.

EEG biofeedback (neurotherapy) has been demonstrated as effective in the treatment of alcoholism, as evidenced by Peniston and Kulkosky's research efforts. These neurotherapy pioneers evaluated the efficacy of alpha-theta brain wave biofeedback as a treatment for chronic alcohol abuse, citing 80% abstinence rates as measured by improvements in psychopathology, serum beta endorphin levels, and long-term alcohol abstinence. Most research with alpha-theta EEG biofeedback has addressed alcohol addiction. Cocaine is now considered to be the most common drug problem of patients entering treatment for drug abuse. To date, only one controlled study has been published that researched alpha-theta neurofeedback in the treatment of "crack" cocaine addiction. The present study was an extension of a 4-year EEG-biofeedback treatment outcome project underway at a faith-based homeless mission in Houston, Texas, with male "crack" cocaine addicts. Changes in personality, attention, and impulsivity were measured following 30 sessions of a non-individualized EEG -biofeedback protocol. Experimental subjects received a variant of the Peniston-Kulkosky alpha-theta protocol for 30 sessions while controls received all elements of the experimental protocol except the EEG biofeedback. Assessment measures included the MMPI-2 and the IVA. Although experimental subjects showed greater mean improvement on most MMPI basic scales and all IVA Attention related measures, results indicated no significant differences between control and experimental groups. The present study did not result in significant differences between control and experimental groups on attentional or personality variables in crack cocaine addicts. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

The prevalence of crack use among illicit drug users has dramatically increased in Canada over the past decade. The sharing of crack pipes and other crack use paraphernalia is common among users of crack cocaine and is associated with unique negative health harms and costs (Haydon & Fischer, 2005). This thesis explores the phenomenon of crack pipe sharing among crack users in Victoria, British Columbia. The study uses data from in-depth interviews with thirteen self-reported crack users who regularly share crack pipes. Interviews explored the experiences of participants around crack pipe sharing, focusing on contextual, social and environmental factors that influenced the sharing of pipes. Crack pipe sharing is presented as a largely social act around which shared meanings have emerged. The findings illustrate the social context of crack pipe sharing, which is mediated by informal rules and etiquette, as well as distinct sanctions and consequences for deviating from the generally accepted norms around sharing pipes. Further, three distinct dimensions of crack pipe sharing are proposed - mutual, distributive and receptive sharing - each associated with various costs and benefits, and framed by relations of status and power. The results of this study also demonstrate that crack pipe sharing serves a number of real and distinct purposes in crack users’ lives, providing economic, control and social functions. My findings illustrate that, despite the various health and social harms related to crack pipe sharing, sharing pipes makes sense in the reality and lived experience of the participants.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Alan R. Lang, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 15, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 111pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral pesquisar o sentido da experiência de usuários de crack no contexto político/social contemporâneo e como objetivos específicos: compreender os sentidos produzidos pelos usuários de crack em suas experiências com essa droga e analisar o contexto político/social em que ocorre a experiência de uso do crack. A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa, a partir da perspectiva fenomenológica existencial e política/social. Em um primeiro momento fizemos uma análise documental em textos produzidos pela imprensa escrita nos anos 2012/2013. Procuramos analisar a concepção de uso, dependência, sentido/significado, além dos aspectos políticos/sociais implicados no uso de crack. Em outro momento, utilizando como instrumento a narrativa a partir de Walter Benjamin, com pergunta disparadora, entrevistamos seis usuários de crack, que discursaram livremente sobre sua experiência com essa substância. Os sujeitos participantes foram selecionados a partir de consultórios particulares de médicos e/ou psicólogos, além de agentes redutores de danos. A amostra foi, portanto, intencional, e não buscou generalizações das experiências. Foi solicitada aos profissionais que colaboraram na seleção da amostra a observação de vários modos de uso: ocasional, recreativo e dependência, que pode ser: leve, moderada e grave. Acreditamos que cada um desses modos implica na inserção social do usuário e, portanto traz questões políticas. A pesquisadora tomou como postura, ao dirigir-se ao campo, a hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer, de diálogo constante com os textos e sujeitos participantes. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da obra de Arendt em seu aspecto político/social. / This work aimed to study the meaning of the experience of crack/cocaine users in contemporary political/social context. We had planned our research in direction of the followed specific objectives: create an understanding of the meanings produced by crack/cocaine users on his/her experiences with this substance; analyze the political/social context in which their crack/cocaine experiences occurs; and propose perspectives of attention to the crack/cocaine user considering the meaning and the social/political context. The methodology was qualitative from the existential phenomenological perspective. At first, we made a documentary analysis of the newspaper texts produced in years 2012/2013. We analyzed the design of use, dependence, sense/meaning, beyond those involved in the political/social use of crack/cocaine aspects. Second, applying the narrative of Walter Benjamin and utilizing a prompt ask, we interviewed six crack/cocaine users who spoke freely about their experience with the substance. The subjects were selected from the private practices of physicians and/or psychologists, as well as harm reduction agents. Choose of the sample was therefore intentional, and not directed to generalizations of the experiences. Professionals collaborate in the selection observing the distinct modes of use: casual, recreational and dependence, this last that could be mild, moderate and severe. We considered that each of these modes implies the social integration of the user and therefore could emerge political issues. The researcher took as posture a constant dialogue with the texts and study subjects, to this, addressing the philosophical hermeneutics of Gadamer. Data analysis were performed based on the work of Arendt in his political/social aspect.

Este trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo geral compreender a experiência da maternidade em usuárias de crack. Como objetivos específicos a descrição de como se deu a experiência nessas mulheres sobre o saber/sentir grávida e a compreensão de como se apresentou o cuidado dos filhos e o cuidado de si. Os sujeitos participantes foram mulheres mães usuárias de crack. A metodologia empregada foi a qualitativa embasada na fenomenológica existencial. Para tanto, foram colhidas as narrativas dos sujeitos participantes, bem como, a narrativa da pesquisadora, frente ao seu afetar-se no encontro com essas mulheres, no seu campo-ação. Foram entrevistadas cinco mulheres. O marco teórico tomou autores como Heidegger, Foucault e Benjamin. A análise dos resultados considerou a hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer. Como resultado apresentou o desvelamento do universo singular das mulheres nas suas experiências com a maternidade. Pudemos apreender o fenômeno de não sentir-se mãe nas suas narrativas. Assim como, o fenômeno do abandono, da rejeição, do estigma, da violência e a relação estabelecida com a substância onde possibilitou refletir sobre a forma ôntica do viver na atualidade. / This research had as main objective to understand the experience of motherhood in crack smokers. Specific description of how was the experience of these women know / feel pregnant and understanding how it presented the child care and self-care goals. The subjects were mothers of women crack users. The methodology was qualitative grounded in existential phenomenology. Thus, we collected narratives of research subjects, as well as the narrative of the researcher, is facing its affect on the meeting with these women, through their action. Five women were interviewed. The theoretical framework authors took as Heidegger, Foucault and Benjamin. The analysis considered the philosophical hermeneutics of Gadamer. As a result presented the unveiling of the unique universe of women in their experiences with motherhood. Could not grasp the phenomenon of mother feel in their narratives. As the phenomenon of abandonment, rejection, stigma, violence and the relationship established with the substance where possible to reflect on the ontic way of living today.

Orientadores: Heloisa André Pontes, Simone Miziara Frangella / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rui_Taniele_D.pdf: 4835603 bytes, checksum: d9436ee20d3827bb9aa16f2554cd6bc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nesta tese, parte-se da figura do nóia, apreendida por mim como uma categoria, a um só tempo, de acusação e de assunção que agrupa apenas um segmento muito particular dos usuários de crack: aqueles que, por uma série de circunstâncias sociais e individuais, desenvolveram com a substância uma relação extrema e radical, produto e produtora de uma corporalidade em que ganha destaque a abjeção. Se da perspectiva das interações concretas trata-se de uma categoria bastante plástica; é instigante o fato de que tal plasticidade some quando se fala publicamente do uso de crack: imediatamente é essa figura que emerge e justifica todo o aparato repressivo, assistencial, religioso, midiático, sanitário e moral. Portanto, é o corpo do nóia que radicaliza a alteridade, na medida em que materializa um tipo social fundado a partir da exclusão. Uma vez nessa condição, evoca limites corporais, sociais, espaciais, simbólicos e morais, bem como impulsiona a criação de gestões assistenciais e policialescas que visam tanto recuperá-lo quanto eliminá-lo. Considerando a permeabilidade das fronteiras corporais e suas conexões com processos sociais e simbólicos, o objetivo central da tese é, portanto, mostrar empiricamente (a partir da etnografia realizada entre os anos de 2008-2010 nas cidades de Campinas e de São Paulo) a potencialidade deste definhamento corporal e da produção desses corpos abjetos. Argumento que tais corpos se constituem na necessária interface com a substância, os espaços de uso, as redes de solidariedade e prestação mútua, os objetos necessários para o consumo, os atores sociais envolvidos no comércio, no consumo e na prevenção de danos decorrentes desse abuso e as políticas urbanísticas, assistenciais, sanitárias e repressivas. Menos que focar nas experiências dos usuários, mas tendo-as em conta, os corpos abjetos aqui em destaque serão observados porque produzem gestões, territorialidades e alteridades / Abstract: The focus of this thesis is the noia, an endemic category of accusation and assumption that comprehends a particular segment of crack users: the ones that, because of several different social and individual circumstances, have kept a radical relationship with the substance - that results in an abject body. If in the domain of the concrete interaction, noia is a plastic category, such plasticity becomes very diffused in the public talks about crack. Around the abject body many agents and practices are created concerning the repression, assistance, religion, media, public health and moral judgment. Thus, the body of the noia radicalizes the otherness, because it creates a social type that is founded from the exclusion - that produces corporeal, social, spatial and symbolic borders. It also promotes the formation of welfare and repressive policies. Considering the permeability of corporal boundaries and its connection with social and symbolic processes, the main purpose of this thesis is to describe the potentiality of these abject bodies, through the ethnography carried out in the period of 2008-2010 in Campinas and São Paulo cities. I propose that these bodies are built from the interface with several factors: substance, drug scenes, networks of solidarity, artifacts, dealers, harm reduction workers and the public policies. The emphasis is not on the users' experiences, but on how these abject bodies produce managements, territorialities and otherness / Doutorado / Antropologia / Doutor em Antropologia Social