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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Etudes expérimentales et numériques des matériaux cimentaires sous sollicitations hydro-mécaniques / Experimental and numerical investigations of cementitious materials under hydro-mechanical loadings

Soleilhet, François 13 March 2018 (has links)
Les matériaux cimentaires sont les plus utilisés dans les ouvrages du génie civil. Que ce soit dans les domaines de l'habitation, des transports ou bien encore de l'énergie, ils sont utilisés massivement et doivent faire face à un environnement varié et parfois agressif. Le béton, particulièrement lorsqu'il est armé, est un matériau qui de part son fonctionnement est amené à fissurer. Outre l'aspect visuel qui peut attirer l'attention des utilisateurs, la fissuration impacte, en premier lieu la résistance mécanique mais aussi la durabilité de l'ouvrage. Une meilleure caractérisation de cette fissuration (quantité, trajet, tortuosité) est donc un enjeu majeur. Pour répondre à cette problématique, il est nécessaire de prédire le comportement à long terme des ouvrages. Néanmoins, cette tâche reste ardue. La grande hétérogénéité du matériau combinée aux sollicitations multiples (thermique, chimique, hydrique, mécanique) rend l'œuvre complexe. Si on s'intéresse plus spécifiquement aux sollicitations hydriques, on constate que toute structure tend à s'équilibrer avec son milieu ambiant entraînant un phénomène de dessiccation. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de prendre en compte les effets de cette dessiccation dans la détermination des propriétés mécaniques et du comportement macroscopique des ouvrages en béton (à l'échelle de l'échantillon de laboratoire) afin de mettre en place un cadre de modélisation éléments finis prédictif prenant en compte la dessiccation et les phénomènes associés. Conventionnellement, lorsque les propriétés mécaniques du béton sont caractérisées, les contraintes internes ne sont pas considérées et les phénomènes de dessiccation ne sont pas pris en compte. Néanmoins, le gradient hydrique entre la surface et le cœur d'une structure en béton peut mener à un état de contrainte hétérogène et engendrer une micro-fissuration conséquente. Dans certains cas (durabilité, étanchéité), ce phénomène peut-être d'une importance majeure. Bien qu'il semble remarquable, l'impact du séchage et de la micro-fissuration sur les propriétés mécaniques n'est que peu étudié. De plus, les résultats obtenus sont parfois contradictoires ce qui ne permet pas de dégager de consensus. Il est notable que dans la description du phénomène, trois facteurs prépondérants peuvent être dégagés. L'un d'eux, la pression capillaire, améliore la résistance du matériau et les deux autres, le gradient hydrique ainsi que l'incompatibilité de déformation entre la pâte et les granulats, vont diminuer les caractéristiques mécaniques à long terme. Peu d'études comparent l'influence de la dessiccation sur les propriétés mécaniques en mettant en regard les résultats obtenus suivant les différentes méthodes de caractérisations standards. Ce travail de thèse développe, des campagnes expérimentales investiguant les effets de la dessiccation sous humidité relative, température et temps de dessiccation variés. Il se poursuit par la mise en place du cadre de simulation numérique s'appuyant sur les expériences réalisées. Ces dernières sont modélisées mécaniquement en tenant compte du processus de dessiccation. La prise en compte du retrait de dessiccation, du développement du fluage propre et de dessiccation ainsi que l'apport de la pression capillaire permet de retrouver les résultats expérimentaux mécaniques. De ces simulations mécaniques, des faciès et des ouvertures de fissure sont extraits du modèle continu en se basant sur la théorie de la bande de fissuration. Enfin, des outils d'identification sont développés dans ce cadre afin de déterminer les propriétés des différents modèles numériques. / Cementitious materials are the most used material in civil engineering fields. Whether in the areas of housing, transport or energy, they are used heavily and have to face a varied and sometimes aggressive environment. Concrete, especially when it is reinforced, is a material which by its operation is caused to crack. In addition to the visual aspect that can attract the attention of users, cracking impacts, primarily the mechanical strength but also the durability of the structure. A better characterization of this cracking (quantity, path, tortuosity) is therefore a major issue.To answer this problem, it is necessary to predict the long-term behavior of structures. Nevertheless, this task remains arduous. The great heterogeneity of the material combined with multiple stresses (thermal, chemical, hydric, mechanical) makes the work complex. If one is interested more specifically in the hydric solicitations, one finds that any structure tends to equilibrate with its environment causing a phenomenon of drying.The aim of this thesis is to take into account the effects of drying on the mechanical properties and the macroscopic behavior of concrete structures (at the laboratory sample scale) in order to set up a predictive finite element modelling framework taking into account drying and associated phenomena. Conventionally, when the mechanical properties of concrete are characterized, internal stresses are not considered and drying phenomena are not taken into account. Nevertheless, the hydric gradient between the surface and the core of a concrete structure can lead to a state of heterogeneous stress and generate a consequent micro-cracking. In some cases (durability, tightness), this phenomenon may be of major importance.Although it seems remarkable, the impact of drying and micro-cracking on mechanical properties is poorly studied. In addition, the results obtained are sometimes contradictory which does not allow to reach consensus. It is notable that in the description of the phenomenon, three overriding factors can be identified. One of them, the capillary pressure, improves the resistance of the material and the two others, the water gradient as well as the incompatibility of deformation between the paste and the aggregates, will decrease the mechanical characteristics in the long term.Few studies compare the influence of desiccation on mechanical properties by comparing the results obtained using different standard characterization methods. This thesis work develops experimental campaigns investigating the effects of drying under relative humidity, temperature and drying time varied. It continues with the implementation of the numerical simulation framework based on the experiments carried out.These are modelled mechanically taking into account the drying process. Taking into account the withdrawal of desiccation, the development of clean creep and desiccation as well as the contribution of the capillary pressure makes it possible to recover the experimental mechanical results. These mechanical simulations, facies and crack openings are extracted from the continuous model based on the crack band theory. Finally, identification tools are developed in this context to determine the properties of different numerical models.
2

Efeito da liofilização sobre a estrutura e a atividade enzimática da L-asparaginase de Escherichia coli / Effect of freeze-drying on the structure and the enzymatic activity of the L-asparaginase de Escherichia coli

Silva, Regiane da 15 August 2002 (has links)
As L-asparaginases bacterianas (L-asparaginase amidohidrolase, E.C.3.S.1.1) são enzimas de alto valor terapêutico devido ao seu uso no tratamento de leucemia linfocítica aguda. A L-asparaginase da Escherichia coli por ser uma enzima periplásmica com alta afinidade, é particularmente efetiva em certas terapias de câncer infantil. Muitos agentes terapêuticos recentes são proteínas e peptídeos que surgiram do design molecular de drogas e tecnologia de DNA recombinante. Numerosos estudos têm demonstrado que aditivos preservam a estrutura e a atividade biológica de cada molécula destas proteínas. Entretanto, o mecanismo de proteção, pelo qual estes aditivos funcionam, não tem sido totalmente elucidado. O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar detalhadamente o efeito da liofilização sobre a estrutura e a atividade enzimática da L-asparaginase, tanto em células íntegras de Escherichia coli, como na enzima purificada. Até recentemente a maneira para se avaliar o comportamento de um aditivo e o comportamento da água na estabilização de uma proteína durante a liofilização consistia na medida dos parâmetros de atividade após a reidratação, porém atualmente modernas técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de baixa resolução são utilizadas para se entender o comportamento da água nas interações com proteínas. E a Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier apresenta grande potencial no estudo de estabilização de proteínas durante a liofilização. Utilizou-se o cálculo de porcentagem de retenção de atividade para expressar os valores de atividade enzimática estudados. Estes cálculos foram realizados para os sistemas congelados e para os sistemas congelados e liofilizados. Os sistemas foram tratados em velocidades de congelamento diferentes (20°C/min, SOC/min e 2°C/min), sendo em seguida liofilizados por 24 horas. São apresentados resultados sobre o efeito das diferentes velocidades de congelamento e o efeito da liofilização nos diferentes sistemas aditivo-enzima e aditivo-célula. Utilizaram-se os aditivos: sacarose, maltose, lactose, inositol, manitol e trealose testados em diferentes concentrações (30, 90 e 150mM). Para identificar quais as condições e os aditivos que apresentaram uma crioproteção satisfatória. Nos sistemas maltose-enzima e trealose-enzima observou-se um aumento da crioproteção com o aumento da concentração de aditivo. Para os sistemas maltose-enzima, congelados lentamente, os resultados de retenção de atividade foram: 8,67%, 14,02% e 30,80% respectivamente para 30, 90 e 150mM. O sistema enzima-maltose (150mM) congelado rapidamente e liofilizado apresentou a maior retenção de atividade (111,11 %) e também o maior valor de T2 (81µs) nos resultados referentes a RMN. Nos sistemas trealose-enzima nas concentrações de 90 e 150mM apresentaram retenção de atividade 89,93% e 79,74%, respectivamente. / Bacterial L-asparaginase (L-asparaginase amidohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.1) are enzymes of high therapeutic value due to their use in the treatment of lymphocytic acute leukemia. Escherichia coli L-asparaginase is a periplasmic enzyme of high affinity, particularly effective in some kinds of childhood cancer therapies. Several studies have showed that there are specific stabilizing additives preserve the structure and the biological activity of protein molecules (lyoprotectant). However, the protection mechanism for these excipients has not been totally elucidated yet. The aim of this work was investigate the effect of freeze-drying on the enzymatic activity of L-asparaginase using both the purified enzyme as well as intact cells of Escherichia coli. Until recently the way to evaluate the behavior of an addictive one and the behavior of the water in the stabilization of a protein during the freeze-drying consisted of the measure of the activity parameters after the reidratação, even so now modem techniques of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of low resolution have been used to understand the behavior of the water in the interactions with proteins. It is Infrared Spectroscopy for Fourier Transformed it presents a great potential in the study of stabilization of proteins during the freeze-drying. The calculation of percentage of activity retention was used to express the studied values of enzymatic activity. These calculations were accomplished for the frozen systems and for the frozen systems and freeze-dryied. The systems were treated in three speeds of different freezing (20°C/min, 5°C/min and 2°C/min), being the freeze-drying for 24 hours. Results are presented on the effect of the freeze-drying in the different systems addictive-enzyme and addictive-cell. The addictive ones were used: sucrose, maltose, lactose, inositol, manitol and trehalose tested in different concentrations (30, 90 and 150mM), to identify which the conditions and the addictive ones that presented a satisfactory cryoprotection. For the systems enzyme-maltose, frozen slowly, the results of activity retention were: 8,67%, 14,02% e 30,80% to 30,90 e 150mM,respectively . The system enzyme-maltose (150mM) frozen quickly and freeze-dryied presented the largest activity retention (111,11 %) and also the largest value of T2 (81 µs) in the referring results NMR. The systems enzyme-trealose in the concentrations of 90 and 150mM they presented retention of activity 89,93% and 79,74%, respectively.
3

Efeito da liofilização sobre a estrutura e a atividade enzimática da L-asparaginase de Escherichia coli / Effect of freeze-drying on the structure and the enzymatic activity of the L-asparaginase de Escherichia coli

Regiane da Silva 15 August 2002 (has links)
As L-asparaginases bacterianas (L-asparaginase amidohidrolase, E.C.3.S.1.1) são enzimas de alto valor terapêutico devido ao seu uso no tratamento de leucemia linfocítica aguda. A L-asparaginase da Escherichia coli por ser uma enzima periplásmica com alta afinidade, é particularmente efetiva em certas terapias de câncer infantil. Muitos agentes terapêuticos recentes são proteínas e peptídeos que surgiram do design molecular de drogas e tecnologia de DNA recombinante. Numerosos estudos têm demonstrado que aditivos preservam a estrutura e a atividade biológica de cada molécula destas proteínas. Entretanto, o mecanismo de proteção, pelo qual estes aditivos funcionam, não tem sido totalmente elucidado. O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar detalhadamente o efeito da liofilização sobre a estrutura e a atividade enzimática da L-asparaginase, tanto em células íntegras de Escherichia coli, como na enzima purificada. Até recentemente a maneira para se avaliar o comportamento de um aditivo e o comportamento da água na estabilização de uma proteína durante a liofilização consistia na medida dos parâmetros de atividade após a reidratação, porém atualmente modernas técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de baixa resolução são utilizadas para se entender o comportamento da água nas interações com proteínas. E a Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier apresenta grande potencial no estudo de estabilização de proteínas durante a liofilização. Utilizou-se o cálculo de porcentagem de retenção de atividade para expressar os valores de atividade enzimática estudados. Estes cálculos foram realizados para os sistemas congelados e para os sistemas congelados e liofilizados. Os sistemas foram tratados em velocidades de congelamento diferentes (20°C/min, SOC/min e 2°C/min), sendo em seguida liofilizados por 24 horas. São apresentados resultados sobre o efeito das diferentes velocidades de congelamento e o efeito da liofilização nos diferentes sistemas aditivo-enzima e aditivo-célula. Utilizaram-se os aditivos: sacarose, maltose, lactose, inositol, manitol e trealose testados em diferentes concentrações (30, 90 e 150mM). Para identificar quais as condições e os aditivos que apresentaram uma crioproteção satisfatória. Nos sistemas maltose-enzima e trealose-enzima observou-se um aumento da crioproteção com o aumento da concentração de aditivo. Para os sistemas maltose-enzima, congelados lentamente, os resultados de retenção de atividade foram: 8,67%, 14,02% e 30,80% respectivamente para 30, 90 e 150mM. O sistema enzima-maltose (150mM) congelado rapidamente e liofilizado apresentou a maior retenção de atividade (111,11 %) e também o maior valor de T2 (81µs) nos resultados referentes a RMN. Nos sistemas trealose-enzima nas concentrações de 90 e 150mM apresentaram retenção de atividade 89,93% e 79,74%, respectivamente. / Bacterial L-asparaginase (L-asparaginase amidohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.1) are enzymes of high therapeutic value due to their use in the treatment of lymphocytic acute leukemia. Escherichia coli L-asparaginase is a periplasmic enzyme of high affinity, particularly effective in some kinds of childhood cancer therapies. Several studies have showed that there are specific stabilizing additives preserve the structure and the biological activity of protein molecules (lyoprotectant). However, the protection mechanism for these excipients has not been totally elucidated yet. The aim of this work was investigate the effect of freeze-drying on the enzymatic activity of L-asparaginase using both the purified enzyme as well as intact cells of Escherichia coli. Until recently the way to evaluate the behavior of an addictive one and the behavior of the water in the stabilization of a protein during the freeze-drying consisted of the measure of the activity parameters after the reidratação, even so now modem techniques of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of low resolution have been used to understand the behavior of the water in the interactions with proteins. It is Infrared Spectroscopy for Fourier Transformed it presents a great potential in the study of stabilization of proteins during the freeze-drying. The calculation of percentage of activity retention was used to express the studied values of enzymatic activity. These calculations were accomplished for the frozen systems and for the frozen systems and freeze-dryied. The systems were treated in three speeds of different freezing (20°C/min, 5°C/min and 2°C/min), being the freeze-drying for 24 hours. Results are presented on the effect of the freeze-drying in the different systems addictive-enzyme and addictive-cell. The addictive ones were used: sucrose, maltose, lactose, inositol, manitol and trehalose tested in different concentrations (30, 90 and 150mM), to identify which the conditions and the addictive ones that presented a satisfactory cryoprotection. For the systems enzyme-maltose, frozen slowly, the results of activity retention were: 8,67%, 14,02% e 30,80% to 30,90 e 150mM,respectively . The system enzyme-maltose (150mM) frozen quickly and freeze-dryied presented the largest activity retention (111,11 %) and also the largest value of T2 (81 µs) in the referring results NMR. The systems enzyme-trealose in the concentrations of 90 and 150mM they presented retention of activity 89,93% and 79,74%, respectively.

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