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Akrasia and Addiction in the age of Social MediaEngström, Benjamin January 2023 (has links)
The concept of weakness of will, or Akrasia, relates to questions regarding the rationality of our choices. Philosophers such as Richard Holton and Alfred Mele have spearheaded the debate since the turn of the century, but quite recently arguments put forth by Nick Heather and Edmund Henden have catapulted the question into a subgenre between the medical, psychological, and philosophical fields. N. Heather argues that it can be useful to categorize addiction as a certain weakness of will meanwhile E. Henden argues against this point. In discussions around topics such as addiction and behavioral psychology, a natural part of the conversation surrounds questions regarding freedom of choice. What constitutes addiction and how does it begin? Do those who are addicted have free will, and in turn, can they be held accountable for their choices? These are some of the questions that materialize when delving into this topic that feasibly might get answered in this paper. However, a lot of the discussion regarding addiction seems to rely quite heavily on the clinical aspects of substance dependency, which can be counterproductive to the discussion as it diverges from philosophy into neurobiological medicine and clinical psychology. Furthermore, substance addictions tend to have a direct effect on habituation and motivation which bypasses certain cognitive systems. To avoid falling into these pitfalls, this paper sets out to examine a rising phenomenon through the same lens: Social Media Addiction (SMA). Since that would fall under behavioral disorder within the spectrum of addiction and therefore not have the same properties as a drug-induced addiction, this article aims to investigate if it exhibits the defining characteristics of akratic action and investigate if SMA fulfills these. In this paper, a comparison between SMA and regular addictions is made in order to identify the differences and similarities. There is a larger discussion around the topic of what acratic core action is and when it is applicable in the case of addiction but also recent arguments for and against classifying addiction as akrasia are presented. Finally, the findings suggest there are cases where addictions can be classified as a form of akrasia which has its own implications and interpretations that are brought up. Limitations of the discussion are brought up and further research is suggested.
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學校人事人員角色衝突之研究─以台北市國民小學為例 / Investigation of role conflict in school personnels - Taipei Primary school as an example王瑞琪, Wang , Ruey Chyi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究之目的在探討國民小學人事人員所遭遇之角色衝突類型、來源與原因,進而提出解決之道。研究之進行,首先針對角色衝突理論進行相關的探討,以建立基本的認識;其次針對影響學校人事人員角色衝突之兩大因素:組織因素與人事制度之設計進行更深入的討論與分析,並提出解決的建議。
另外,本研究經由立意取樣,針對十二位台北市公立國民小學的校長、行政人員、老師以及人事人員進行預擬題綱之深度訪談,分別針對:1.造成學校人事人員角色衝突的組織因素;2.造成學校人事人員角色衝突的人事制度因素;3.學校人事人員角色衝突的類型、來源與原因;4.角色衝突對個人的影響及因應方法,進行深度訪談,並整理、分析訪談結果。
最後,針對上述文獻探討與訪談結果之分析與討論,提出本研究之具體結論及建議,以作為學校人事人員面對角色衝突,及學校、主管機關從事制度改革時之參考。
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