Porous Carbon Blacks with specific surfaces of up to 1475 m²/g were examined and characterized by ¹²⁹Xe NMR spectroscopy. Graphite is regarded as a not-porous reference. The porosity of Carbon Blacks can be divided in three categories: inter-aggregate, intra-aggregate and intra-particle pores. A reciprocal behavior of the chemical shift to the middle pore radius has been found. Here the pressure and temperature dependence of the chemical shift are to be considered and only with pressures over 8-12 bar a characteristic limit value is reached. The diffusion coefficient of the intra-porous xenon atoms was determined with the help of the PFG NMR spectroscopy and lies with ambient temperature and a pressure from 10 to 12 bar within the range of 3·10^-9 to 3·10^-8m²/s. The adsorption in micro-porous Carbon Blacks can be described by the pore filling theory of Dubinin and co-workers.

In Germany the procurement, distribution und transplantation of cadaveric human organs is understood as a public task. The institutionalization of a specific law on transplantation fall in with a picture of a growing government intervention in all parts of human life, which original had been organized individually by the members of society itselves. From a classical liberal point of view and in consideration of the principle of subsidiarity the institutionalization of a specific law on transplantation is wether a deserving process nor it had been necessarily implemented. The statistic data of organ donation in germany show that the expected increase of the number of available cadeveric organs as an assumed positive result of the new transplantation act - failed to appear so far. Moreover we have to notice that the politicians who are responsible for an adequate implementation of the legal conditions haven`t attended to their duties. As long as the official policy only accept altruistic motivation as an incentive to donate cadaveric organs the status quo won`t change. In these circumstances a slowly reduce of government intervention maybe leeds to a better policy on organ donation. This kind of policy should give people the chance to help themselves in using other incentives than the motive of altruistic help.

Mein Grund, das Thema Menschen- und Buergerrechte zu waehlen, ist ein aktueller: das Besorgnis erregende Wiederaufleben nationalistischen Ungeistes im vereinigten Deutschland. Die sich haeufenden antisemitischen Anschlaege und rassistischen Gewalttaten, sowie die dabei des Oefteren zu beobachtende Gleichgueltigkeit der Umwelt, lassen daran zweifeln, dass die Menschenrechte in der Bundesrepublik bereits zum Gemeingut aller Buerger und Buergerinnen geworden sind. Das ist umso bestuerzender als das Bekenntnis zur Unantastbarkeit der Menschenwuerde und zu den unverletzlichen Menschenrechten in unserem Grundgesetz eine Reaktion auf das menschenverachtende Regime der Nationalsozialisten gewesen ist. Glaubten wir doch, dass die Erinnerung an, die Reue ueber und die Verantwortung fuer Auschwitz zu einem Grundelement der politischen Kultur in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland geworden sei.

Vorlesungen anlaesslich der Mercator-Professur 1999.

The high degree of automation in industrial manufacturing and in many areas of the daily life requires as well as the continuous rising need for information of the society an technical measurement monitoring of various process and environmental parameters. Sensors convert the instantaneous value of a physical measured variable on basis of physical or chemical effects into an equivalent electrical signal. They build the interface between a technical system and its environment. Magnetic field sensors, like the sensor elements Hall-Element and magneto-resistor which are based on galvanomagnetic ef-fects, react to a magnetic interaction with the item under test or cause such an interac-tion. The starting point of the present study is built by the treatment of the components of galvanomagnetic sensor systems as shape elements out of defined material, which are used as information carrier by modification of the constructional parameters. The variation of number, arrangement and/or geometrical shape results in one- or multidi-mensionally structured system components, which allow the generation of defined sen-sor system topologies with custom-designed information content. Within the framework of this work different new sensor systems were developed, which open a broader appli-cation scope to the galvanomagnetic sensor technology by structured components and which permit the application of these sensors within purviews of the measuring tech-nique, which are dominated so far by sensors on basis of other, usually optical effects. If the allocation of a sensor signal to the structure of a system component is reproducible and biunique, then the principle of the structure variation also admits a purposeful cod-ing of defined discrete information. For this a beginning for the development of magnetic structure codes for the identification technology forms the conclusion of this thesis.

This work explains a method for optoelectronic integration of an heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) and a waveguide electroabsorption modulator (EAM). For this the epitactical layers of the individual devices based on III/V-semiconductors are merged into each other. The method has the advantage to reuse layers and results in a layer stack, which is easier to process technologically. Additionally to the manufacturing of the individual devices HBT and EAM, this integration enables a multifunctional device, which works in the optical and electronic regime simultaneously (HBT-EAM). This corresponds to an EAM with integrated amplifier. Presented are epitaxy, technological processing and measurement results.

The main point of this thesis is the validation of SA-ICP-MS for routine analysis in the steel industry. Therefor a new interface-system is build up in order to measure transient siganls from the continuos ablation process of the spark device. Further more the coupling of an ETV oven for slurry analysis and a Laser Ablation for isitope ratio determination is discriebed. Some fundamental aspects in formation of interference in ICP-MS are pointed out at the end of this thesis.

In the past, regional integration in Asia has basically been limited to market-driven economic integration and private networking. Policy-driven or institutional co-operation and integration have been very limited. The Asian financial crisis as well as the introduction of the Euro has contributed to a change in this pattern. A growing awareness of the advantages of regional co-operation is discernible among Asian states. The Chiang Mai initiative and numerous regional trade agreements are the most visible results of this growing awareness. Nevertheless it is to be doubted that this awareness will transform into concrete and higher level institutional integration among Asian states within the near future. The paper summarises the progress achieved so far in regional co-operation and integration and discusses the main factors favouring and limiting future perspectives.

In the present thesis the development of an analytical method for the determination of trace amounts of iron in dichlorosilane by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a modified autoprobe unit is described. An conceived gas inlet system enabled a nearly contamination free and constant gas injection. The analytical method is optimized and the iron concentration in dichlorosilane is quantitatively determined.

In the field of radiological diagnostics, especially for the computed tomography a large number of photodetector elements (so called Pixels) is needed to assemble a large-area X-Ray-sensitive detector. These pixels should provide very high sensitivity, a very large dynamic range and a high signal-to-noise-ratio. Moreover, an in-pixel digitization of the signals is desired. To meet these specifications, a digital CMOS-Pixel comprising a special type of photodiode and a single-loop sigma-delta-modulator was developed, theoretically analyzed, fabricated and characterized. A matrix of 4x4 digital CMOS-pixels with each of them consuming an area of 1mm² has been fabricated. For further signal processing the concept of a multichannel decimation filter is presented.