Inaug.-diss.--Königsberg i Pr. / Vita. "Literatur-Verzeichnis": 3d leaf after title.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1917. / "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago Libraries, Chicago, Illinois." "Reprinted from the Botanical gazette, Vol. LXVIII, No. 1 July, 1919." "Literature cited": p. 51-53.

The Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, is using a comprehensive scientific payload to explore rocks and soils in Gale crater, Mars. Recent investigations of the Bagnold Dune Field provided the first in situ assessment of an active dune on Mars. The Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X-ray diffraction instrument on Curiosity performed quantitative mineralogical analyses of the <150m size fraction of the Namib dune at a location called Gobabeb. Gobabeb is dominated by basaltic minerals. Plagioclase, Fo56 olivine, and two Ca-Mg-Fe pyroxenes account for the majority of crystalline phases along with minor magnetite, quartz, hematite, and anhydrite. In addition to the crystalline phases, a minimum similar to 42wt % of the Gobabeb sample is X-ray amorphous. Mineralogical analysis of the Gobabeb data set provides insights into the origin(s) and geologic history of the dune material and offers an important opportunity for ground truth of orbital observations. CheMin's analysis of the mineralogy and phase chemistry of modern and ancient Gale crater dune fields, together with other measurements by Curiosity's science payload, provides new insights into present and past eolian processes on Mars.

Please read the abstract before the references of this document. / Dissertation (MSc (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

We performed large eddy simulation of the flow over a series of two- and three-dimensional dune geometries at laboratory scale using the Lagrangian dynamic eddy-viscosity subgrid-scale model. First, we studied the flow over a standard 2D transverse dune geometry, then bedform three-dimensionality was imposed. Finally, we investigated the turbulent flow over barchan dunes. The results are validated by comparison with simulations and experiments for the 2D dune case, while the results of the 3D dunes are validated qualitatively against experiments. The flow over transverse dunes separates at the dune crest, generating a shear layer that plays a crucial role in the transport of momentum and energy, as well as the generation of coherent structures. Spanwise vortices are generated in the separated shear; as they are advected, they undergo lateral instabilities and develop into horseshoe-like structures and finally reach the surface. The ejection that occurs between the legs of the vortex creates the upwelling and downdrafting events on the free surface known as “boils”. The three-dimensional separation of flow at the crestline alters the distribution of wall pressure, which may cause secondary flow across the stream. The mean flow is characterized by a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices, with core radii of the order of the flow depth. Staggering the crestlines alters the secondary motion; two pairs of streamwise vortices appear (a strong one, centred about the lobe, and a weaker one, coming from the previous dune, centred around the saddle). The flow over barchan dunes presents significant differences to that over transverse dunes. The flow near the bed, upstream of the dune, diverges from the centerline plane; the flow close to the centerline plane separates at the crest and reattaches on the bed. Away from the centerline plane and along the horns, flow separation occurs intermittently. The flow in the separation bubble is routed towards the horns and leaves the dune at the tips. Barchan dunes induce two counter-rotating streamwise vortices, along each of the horns, which direct high-momentum fluid toward the symmetry plane and low-momentum fluid near the bed away from the centerline. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-05-27 18:58:48.969

Ce rapport présente et analyse les différentes possibilités de modélisation directe et de grande envergure de la forme du fond des voies naviguables. Cette étude est motivée par le fait que dans la modélisation de rivière, les incertitudes quant à la prédiction de la profondeur et du mouvement du lit, peuvent souvent être affectées par sa forme. La forme du fond constitue le facteur dominant dans le transport solide de nombreux cours d´eau qui nécessitent donc d´être entretenus par les autorités compétantes.Des expériences hydrodynamiques et morphodynamiques ont été menées au sein de l´institut fédéral allemand de la recherche et de l´ingénieurie des cours d´eau (BAW). Des mesures en haute résolution ont été effectuées et ont révélé la formation naturelle de dunes tridimensionelles à l´équilibre avec le champ d´écoulement environnant. Le modèle hydrodynamique est calibré sur cette base de données pour modéliser le régime d´écoulement complexe à travers une suite de dunes tridimensionelles. Les résultats de la simulation montrent qu´il est possible de reproduire le champ d´écoulement turbulent mesuré dans la configuration précédemment citée et que le niveau d´eau mesuré et simulé est également en accord avec cette même configuration. La résolution verticale et horizontale du maillage, le coefficient de friction, la forme du lit à petite échelle et la modélisation turbulente sont identifiés comme paramètres sensibles durant le calibrage.La seconde partie de cette thèse se concentre sur les simulations morphodynamiques de ce même canal expérimental mais cette fois avec un lit mobile. La numérisation du fond mesuré en haute résolution montrant la formation et le développement des dunes au fil du temps, est mis à disposition pour la comparaison. La hauteur et la largeur des dunes tout comme le moment de distribution, l´inclinaison et l´aplatissement sont utilisés pour comparer les dimensions des dunes ainsi que leur forme et leur distribution spatiale. Les formules du transport solide, de l´inclinaison, de l´aplatissement, les conditions aux limites et la considération des éléments de rugosité de sous échelle sont les paramètres qui influencent le plus la qualité des résultats. Durant cette étude, une attention toute particulière a été portée sur l´intégration des fluctuations turbulentes dans le calcul de la contrainte de cisaillement du fond. Un nouveau calcul total de cette contrainte est proposé et incorpore les vitesses d´écoulement principales et l´énergie cinétique turbulente fournit par le modèle turbulent. Grâce à cette approche, le modèle numérique est capable de reproduire quantitativement et qualitativement les dimensions de la forme du lit principal mesurée et les moments de forme des dunes physiques. Cela s´avère être la seule façon de reproduire le bon moment de distribution (aplatissement) du champ de dunes.Finalement, le modèle est appliqué à l´échelle du projet et testé sur une portion de l´Elbe (Allemagne). Les simulations morphodynamiques en haute résolution couplées à l´hydrodynamique-3D sont menées durant plusieurs jours sur la portion de rivière choisit d´une longueur de 4 kilomètres. Les formes des dunes préservent les paramètres de forme et la vitesse des dunes est en accord avec celle mesurée. La simulation montre des résultats prométeurs concernant la possibilité d´un usage opérationel du modèle dans l´avenir. Des problèmes locaux et communs comme les stratégies d´entretien tel que les changements dans les sections transversales d´écoulement, les brises lames et le revêtement sont des missions possibles qui peuvent être examinées / In this work the possibilities of direct modelling of large scale bed forms in waterways are highlighted and analysed. It is motivated by the fact that in river modelling, uncertainties in predicting water depth and bed movement can often be attributed to bed forms. Those bed forms are the dominating factor for bed load transport in many river stretches, which need to be maintained by the responsible waterways authorities.Hydrodynamic and morphodynamic experiments have been conducted at the Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute of Germany (BAW). High-resolution measurements have been performed over fixed, naturally formed three-dimensional sand dunes, which are at equilibrium with the surrounding flow field.Using these measured data sets, the hydrodynamic model is calibrated to simulate the complex flow situation over a train of several three-dimensional dunes. Simulation results show that it is possible to reproduce the measured turbulent flow field in the wake of the fixed dunes and that the measured and simulated water levels agree for the chosen configuration. Vertical and horizontal mesh resolution, friction coefficient, small scale bed forms and turbulence modelling are identified as most sensitive parameters during the calibration.The second part of this thesis focuses on morphodynamic simulations of the same experimental flume but with a mobile bed. High resolution measured bottom scans of the dune forms, developing over time, are available for comparison. Dune height and length, as well as the distribution moments, skewness and kurtosis are used to compare the dimensions of the dunes and also their shape and spatial distribution.Bed load transport formulation, skewness and kurtosis formulae, boundary conditions and the consideration of sub-grid scale roughness elements are the parameters which influence the quality of the results the most. A particular focus during the study is the inclusion of turbulent fluctuations in bed shear stress calculation. A new, total bed shear stress calculation is proposed, which incorporates mean flow velocities and turbulent kinetic energy provided by the turbulence model. With this approach, the numerical model is able to reproduce both qualitatively and quantitatively the measured mean bed forms dimensions and the shape moments of the physical dunes. It proves to be the only way to also produce the right distribution moment (kurtosis) of the dune field.Finally, the model is applied to project scale and tested on a stretch of the riverElbe, Germany. High resolution morphodynamic simulations coupled to 3D-hydrodynamics are conducted over several days for the chosen river stretch which is 4km in length. The dune forms preserve form and shape parameters and the dune speed agrees with the measured one. The simulations show promising results concerning the possibility of operational use of the model in the future. Local problems and statements, e.g. maintenance strategies such as changes in flow cross section, groynes and revetments, are possible tasks that can be examined

Surrounded by the ocean, Taiwan is geographically positioned along the rim of the continental shelf and Deep Ocean. Owing to the terrain distribution and geological characteristics of this island, the coastline possesses abundant sand dune resources, which is considered priceless not only as the last natural defense system of the coast but also for the functions it performs in various aspects including tourism attractions, academic contributions, and biological environment. Since the scarcity of ground in Taiwan, high demand of land usage often endangers coastal dunes. Consequently, coastal dunes are facing serious issues regarding rubbish dumping, wastewater accumulation, manmade misuse, development of industrial estate, and barrier flat exploitation. Currently, Taiwanese government has not yet established an ordinance; neither have we advanced policy of coastal dunes protections, nor have we adopted the Seashore Pact. Barely a few enactments scattered in assorted pacts. The argument in this research is primarily centering on Taiwanese coastal dunes, ranging from the functions and values of sand dunes resources to international trends of sand dunes reservations. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to deliberate real conditions and contemporary management mishaps of coastal dunes in Taiwan, in order to further strategize the sustainability and managerial implications.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2009. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.