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Stiff, ultra-lightweight thermal-formed polyimide panels considered in this dissertation are examples of next generation gossamer structures that resolve some of the technology barriers of previous, membrane-dominated gossamer designs while maintaining their low mass and low stowage volume characteristics. The research involved statically and dynamically characterizing and modeling several of these panels to develop validated computer models which can be used to determine the effects of changing manufacturing parameters and scalability. Static characterization showed substantial local nonlinear behavior that was replicated by new physics-based finite element models, and global linear bending behavior that was modeled using classical shell finite elements incorporating effective properties in place of bulk material properties to represent the unique stiffening structure of these panels. Dynamic characterization was performed on individual panels using standard impact hammer and accelerometer testing, enabling successful extraction of several structural natural frequencies and mode shapes. Additionally, the three dimensional time history of the surface of the panels was rendered from video data, and temporal filters were applied to the data to examine the frequency content. These data were also correlated to the shell element numerical models. Overall, the research contributes to the total knowledge base of gossamer technologies, advances stiff panel-based structures toward space qualification, and demonstrates their potential for use in apertures and other spacecraft.

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Afin de limiter les impacts environnementaux, les industries du transport (automobile, aéronautique, etc.) cherchent à alléger leurs produits. Cette recherche de gain de masse peut conduire à l'utilisation des adhésifs dans la réalisation des structures assemblées. Dans les situations de crash, les joints de colle introduits peuvent jouer un rôle critique sur la tenue globale de l'assemblage. Par conséquent, la maîtrise de leur comportement mécanique devient un point clef de développement. Notamment en vue du « virtual testing », il est essentiel de disposer de lois de comportement fiables dans le but de fournir des outils de calcul prédictifs à l'ingénieur. Les travaux de thèse portent sur le développement d'une démarche expérimentale permettant de caractériser le comportement mécanique d'adhésifs sous sollicitations dynamiques combinées. Le développement d'une éprouvette Arcan et d'un dispositif de sollicitation dédiés à la caractérisation des adhésifs en dynamique constituent le coeur du travail de thèse. Après une phase de validation, le moyen d'essais développé a été utilisé afin de caractériser le comportement dynamique de trois adhésifs structuraux. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à des essais « structures » de type TAST. En parallèle de ces travaux expérimentaux, une ouverture sur la modélisation numérique des adhésifs est proposée. La stratégie de modélisation se base sur l'utilisation d'éléments cohésifs et d'une loi de comportement développée suivant la méthode de l'état local. L'identification des paramètres matériaux est réalisée par méthode directe et inverse à partir des résultats issus d'essais Arcan. La stratégie de modélisation développée a été transposée à des essais TAST et simple recouvrement. Les prédictions faites par les modèles sont proches des résultats expérimentaux validant ainsi l'approche numérique mise en oeuvre. / In order to limit environmental impacts, the transport industries (automotive, aeronautics, etc.) are seeking to reduce the weight of their products. This search for mass gain can lead to the use of adhesives in the manufacturing of assembled structures. In crash situations, introduced bonded joints can play a critical role in the overall strength of the assembly. Consequently, their mechanical behaviour becomes a key development point. Especially for virtual testing, it is essential to have reliable behaviour laws in order to provide predictive computing tools to the engineer. The thesis work focuses on the development of an experimental approach to characterize the mechanical behaviour of adhesives under combined dynamic loadings. The development of an Arcan specimen and a test rig dedicated to the dynamic characterization of adhesives is the core of the thesis work. After a validation step, the developed test mean was used to characterize the dynamic behaviour of three structural adhesives. The results obtained were compared with "structural" TAST tests. In parallel of this experimental work, a first study on the numerical modelling of adhesives is proposed. The modelling strategy relies on the use of cohesive elements and a behaviour law developed according to the local state method. The identification of material parameters is carried out by direct and inverse methods from the results of Arcan tests. The modelling strategy developed has been transposed to TAST and single lap joint tests. The predictions made by the models are close to the experimental results and therefore validate the implemented numerical approach.

A interação dinâmica resultante do impacto de esferas de aço contra chapas de alumínio é estudada através da representação numérica de testes experimentais, os quais imitam freqüentes colisões de pequenos fragmentos contra a fuselagem de aeronaves. Importância é dada à modelagem do comportamento visco-plástico do material da chapa, o que conduz à proposição de uma modificação no método de caracterização dinâmica mecânica de material, realizado através de um equipamento denominado Barra de Hopkinson. Adicionalmente, a influência de possíveis erros na seleção de parâmetros de simulação, relacionados ao contato, amortecimento estrutural e principalmente ao material, é discutida através de análises numéricas de sensibilidade. Testes de impacto foram conduzidos de forma a se obter a velocidade balística das chapas. O deslocamento máximo permanente das chapas a baixas velocidades também foi medido. O método de caracterização dinâmica de material proposto é então avaliado pela comparação dos resultados de simulações numéricas frente aos dados experimentais obtidos nos testes de impacto. As predições de deslocamento máximo permanente, para testes sem perfuração da chapa, e de velocidade balística, para testes de perfuração total, indicaram uma boa concordância numérico-experimental, respeitadas as observações realizadas acerca dos parâmetros envolvidos. / Dynamic interaction present on impact of steel spheres against aluminum panels is studied through a numerical model of experimental tests, which reproduce common collisions of small debris against airplane fuselages. This thesis emphasizes the panel-material visco-plastic behaviour modeling, which leads to a modification of the material dynamic characterization method, based on a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Influence of possible errors in some numerical simulations parameters, related to contact, structural damping and material behaviour is also discussed by sensitivity numerical analyses. Impact tests were conducted to obtain the ballistic velocity of the panels. Also, the final maximum plate deformation at low velocities was measured. The proposed dynamic characterization method is explored by comparing the numerical simulation and the impact tests. The predicted maximum impact point displacement, for no perforation cases, and the ballistic velocity, for total perforation tests, present a good numerical-experimental agreement, bearing in mind the observations about the various used parameters.

A interação dinâmica resultante do impacto de esferas de aço contra chapas de alumínio é estudada através da representação numérica de testes experimentais, os quais imitam freqüentes colisões de pequenos fragmentos contra a fuselagem de aeronaves. Importância é dada à modelagem do comportamento visco-plástico do material da chapa, o que conduz à proposição de uma modificação no método de caracterização dinâmica mecânica de material, realizado através de um equipamento denominado Barra de Hopkinson. Adicionalmente, a influência de possíveis erros na seleção de parâmetros de simulação, relacionados ao contato, amortecimento estrutural e principalmente ao material, é discutida através de análises numéricas de sensibilidade. Testes de impacto foram conduzidos de forma a se obter a velocidade balística das chapas. O deslocamento máximo permanente das chapas a baixas velocidades também foi medido. O método de caracterização dinâmica de material proposto é então avaliado pela comparação dos resultados de simulações numéricas frente aos dados experimentais obtidos nos testes de impacto. As predições de deslocamento máximo permanente, para testes sem perfuração da chapa, e de velocidade balística, para testes de perfuração total, indicaram uma boa concordância numérico-experimental, respeitadas as observações realizadas acerca dos parâmetros envolvidos. / Dynamic interaction present on impact of steel spheres against aluminum panels is studied through a numerical model of experimental tests, which reproduce common collisions of small debris against airplane fuselages. This thesis emphasizes the panel-material visco-plastic behaviour modeling, which leads to a modification of the material dynamic characterization method, based on a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Influence of possible errors in some numerical simulations parameters, related to contact, structural damping and material behaviour is also discussed by sensitivity numerical analyses. Impact tests were conducted to obtain the ballistic velocity of the panels. Also, the final maximum plate deformation at low velocities was measured. The proposed dynamic characterization method is explored by comparing the numerical simulation and the impact tests. The predicted maximum impact point displacement, for no perforation cases, and the ballistic velocity, for total perforation tests, present a good numerical-experimental agreement, bearing in mind the observations about the various used parameters.

Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier le comportement mécanique d’un fil de para-aramide en sollicitation longitudinale et dynamique. Pour ce faire, nous avons conçu un nouveau dispositif expérimental permettant de réaliser ces essais à l’aide d’un canon à gaz : le Dispositif de Traction par Impact sur Fil (DTIF). Ce dispositif a subi de nombreuses modifications dans le but d’obtenir des conditions d’essais optimales. Celui-ci est associé à un dispositif de mesure par laser permettant d’obtenir le profil de vitesse du projectile ainsi que les courbes caractéristiques de Force-Déformation du fil testé. La validité de la mesure est confirmée par comparaison aux résultats obtenus avec un vélocimètre à effet Doppler, dispositif permettant de mesurer directement et de façon précise le profil de vitesse du projectile. Plusieurs campagnes d’essais sont réalisées, à la fois dans le but d’identifier les caractéristiques dynamiques d’un fil seul, et dans le but de caractériser l’influence de l’arrangement structural d’un tissu sur le comportement dynamique d’un fil. Cette étude révèle l’intervention de trois principaux paramètres structuraux, qui sont la surface de contact inter-fils totale, le nombre de points de liage et les pressions inter-fils transverses et latérales au sein du tissu, influant sur quatre principaux critères de rupture du fil, qui sont les défauts de structure et les phénomènes d’hystérésis au sein du filament, les concentrations de contraintes ainsi que les forces de frottement au niveau des interactions entre le fil testé et le reste de la structure tissée. / This work aims at studying the mechanical behavior of a para-aramid yarn in dynamic and longitudinal load. To that end, we designed a new experimental device to achieve these tests with the use of a gas gun: the Tensile Impact Test for Yarn (TITY). This device met numerous modifications in the aim to reach optimal test conditions. It is associated with a measurement device using laser and allowing obtaining the velocity profile of the projectile and the Strength-Strain characteristic curves of the tested yarn. The validity of the measure is confirmed by comparing our results with those obtained with a laser Doppler vélocimètre, device allowing measuring directly and precisely the velocity profile of the projectile. Many test campaigns are performed. Both in the aim to identify the dynamic parameters of a single and virgin yarn, and in the aim to characterize the impact of the fabric structural arrangement on the dynamic behavior of a yarn. This study reveals the intervention of three main structural parameters, which are the total inter-yarns contact surface, the number of binding points and the transvers and lateral inter-yarns pressures, having an impact on four main yarn break criteria, which are the structural defects and hysteresis phenomena inside the filament, stress concentrations and frictional forces concerning the interactions between the tested yarn and the rest of the fabric.