Abstract The interaction among the tooth wear, dynamic loads, and its corresponding frequency spectrum variation in a spur gear pair is investigated in the dissertation. A mathematical model for the dynamic responses of a profile shifting involute gear pair is derived. For simplicity, a two-step mesh stiffness model is proposed to approximate the load sharing and the time-varying stiffness effects in a mating gear pair. The analytic solutions for the dynamic responses of this simplified dynamic model are derived in both time and frequency domains. The effect of the tooth wear on the spectrum variation has been illustrated analytically. The amplitude and frequency modulations introduced from the periodic load fluctuation have also been discussed. In order to characterize the time-varying mesh stiffness, frictional coefficient, damping ratio, temperature rise and load sharing effects between engaged teeth, a computational algorithm with the quasi-linear iteration procedure is developed to include above instantaneous parameters in the teeth engagement process. The tooth wear equation proposed by Flodin and Andersson (1997) is employed to simulate the mild wear process for an engaging gear pairs. The interactions between the tooth wear and the dynamic loads for the Steel/Steel, POM/POM, Nylon/Nylon and Steel/Nylon gears pair have been studied numerically. Numerical examples indicate that the proposed models are valid for gear pairs with different materials.

L’influence de l’incorporation d’un produit bio sourcé comme adjuvant dans les matériaux cimentaires tant à l’état frais qu’à l’état durci a été étudiée. La présence du bioproduit ne provoque pas de modifications sur les résistances mécaniques et sur la microstructure des pâtes de ciment (ATG/ATD et DRX). Des essais de caractérisation du réseau poreux de mortiers et pâtes cimentaires ont montré un effet du bioproduit sur la qualité de la peau des échantillons. Un protocole de réalisation et de conservation d’échantillons de pâte cimentaire a été mis au point afin de permettre différents essais sur des surfaces identiques dans le cas du projet « substances extracellulaires pour les bétons » impliquant des partenaires microbiologistes. L’étude de l’évolution de l’angle de contact dynamique d’une goutte d’eau posée sur des pâtes de ciment a montré que la présence du bioproduit favorise l’étalement au détriment de la pénétration de celle-ci au sein du matériau, en modifiant la tortuosité des capillaires de la matrice cimentaire. Une méthode d’analyse d’évolution de l’angle de contact en fonction du diamètre de la goutte a été développée et validée avec des données de la littérature. Cette technique originale a permis une détermination précise des angles d’avancée et de recul sur des substrats poreux. / The influence of the incorporation of a product organically sourced in cementitious materials (at fresh and hardened state) was studied. The presence of the bioproduct does not cause changes on mechanical strength and on cement past microstructure (TGA / DTA and XRD). Porous network characterization tests on mortar and cement paste showed an effect of bioproduct on the quality of skin samples. A protocol of realization and conservation of cement paste samples was developed in order to allow various tests on same surfaces for the microbiologists partners of the « extra cellular substances for concrete » project. The study of the evolution of the dynamic contact angle of a drop of water placed on cement pastes showed that the presence of the bioproduct favored at the expense of spreading the penetration of water within the material, modifying the tortuosity of the capillaries of the cementitious matrix. An analytical method of drop behaviour (contact angle versus diameter) was developed and validated with literature data. This original technique allowed an accurate determination of the angles of advance and retreat on porous substrates.

The performance of PEM fuel cells (PEMFC) relies on the proper control and management of the liquid water that forms as a result of the electrochemical process, especially at high current densities. The liquid water transport and removal process in the gas flow channel is highly dynamic and many of its fundamental features are not well understood. This thesis presents an experimental and theoretical investigation of the emergence of water droplets from a single pore into a microchannel. The experiments are performed in a 250 µm × 250 µm air channel geometry with a single 50 µm pore that replicates a PEMFC cathode gas channel. A droplet manipulation platform is constructed using a microfluidics soft lithographic process to allow observation of the dynamic nature of the water droplets. Flow conditions that correspond to typical operating conditions in a PEMFC are selected. A test matrix of experiments comprised of different water injection velocities and air velocities in the gas microchannel is studied. Emergence, detachment and subsequent dynamic evolution of water droplets are analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Quantitative image analysis tools are implemented and applied to the time-resolved images to document the time evolution of the shape and location of the droplets, characteristic frequencies, dynamic contact angles, flow regime and stability maps. Three different flow regimes are identified, slug, droplet, and film flow. The effects of the air flow rate and droplet size on the critical detachment conditions are also investigated. Numerical simulations using Volume-of-Fluid method are presented to investigate the water dynamics in the droplet flow. The focus of the modeling is on methods that account for the dynamic nature of the contact line evolution. Results of different approaches of dynamic contact angle formulations derived empirically and by using the theoretically based Hoffmann function are compared with the static contact angle models used to date. The importance of the dynamic formulation as well as the necessity for high numerical resolution is highlighted. The Hoffmann function implementation is found to better capture the salient droplet motion dynamics in terms of advancing and receding contact angle and periodicity of the emergence process. To explore the possibility of using the pressure drop signal as a diagnostic tool in operational fuel cells that are not optically accessible, a flow diagnostic tool was developed based on pressure drop measurements in a custom designed two-phase flow fixture with commercial flow channel designs. Water accumulation at the channel outlet was found to be the primary cause of a low-frequency periodic oscillation of pressure drop signal. It is shown that the flow regimes can be characterized using the power spectrum density of the normalized pressure drop signal. This is used to construct a flow map correlating pressure drop signals to the flow regimes, and opens the possibility for practical flow diagnostics in operating fuel cells. / Graduate

The present research work mainly focuses on the fabrication of 0.85PMN-0.15PT thin film relaxor ferroelectrics for energy harvesting applications. Chapter 1 gives a brief review about why energy harvesting is required and the different ways it can be scavenged. An introduction to relaxor ferroelectrics and their characteristics structural features are discussed. A brief introduction is given about charge storage, electrocaloric effect , DC-EFM and integration over Si substrate is discussed. Finally, the specific objectives of the current research are outlined. Chapter 2 deals with the various experimental studies carried out in this research work. It gives the details of the experimental set up and the basic operation principles of various structural and physical characterizations of the materials prepared. A brief explanation of material fabrication, Microstructural and physical property measurements is discussed. Chapter3 involves the optimization process carried out to contain a phase pure PMN-PT structure without any pyrochlore phase. The optimization process is an important step in the fabrication of a thin film as the quality of any device is determined by their structural and Microstructural features. XRD, SEM, AFM were used to characterize the observed phase formation in these films. The optimizing domain images of polycrystalline 0.85PMN-0.15PT thin films on La0.5Sr0.5CoO3/ (111) Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates deposited at different oxygen partial pressures are presented. The oxygen pressure has a drastic influence on the film growth and grain morphology which are revealed through XRD and SEM characterization techniques. The presence of oxygen vacancies have found to influence the distribution of polar nanoregions and their dynamics which are visualized using domain images acquired by DC-EFM In Chapter 7 the piezoelectric response of 0.85PMN-0.15PT thin films are studied due to the electric field induced bias. From this the d33 value is calculated. d33 value is an important parameter which determines whether a material is suitable for device application (PZT). But, for a device fabrication it is important to integrate them with Si wafer which is not a straightforward work .Hence, buffer layers are used to obtain a pure perovskite PMN-PT film. We have deposited 0.85PMN-0.15PT thin films of 500 nm on a SOI wafer and tried to investigate their piezoelectric application. Chapter 8 summarizes the present study and discusses about the future work that could give more insight into the understanding of the0.85PMN-0.15 PT relaxor ferroelectric thin film.

This research concerns the development and characterization of methylene bis (p-cyclohexyl isocyanate/butanediol) (HMDI/BD) based polyurethanes used in connection with surface-active anti-microbial polyurethanes. Previously studied polyurethanes having an isophorone diisocyanate/butanediol (IPDI/BD) hard block contaminated water during dynamic contact angle (DCA) analyses. This contamination by unknown species confounds results from biocidal studies and jeopardizes the use of the polyurethane as a matrix polyurethane. By contrast, polyurethanes with methylene bis (p-cyclohexyl isocyanate)/butanediol hard block showed no contamination during DCA analysis. For this reason, further study of HMDI/BD/PTMO polyurethanes was conducted. HMDI/BD polyurethanes were synthesized with 15-50wt% hard block and a soft block of PTMO-2000 or PTMO-1000 where PTMO-2000 is poly (tetramethylene oxide) with a molecular weight of 2000g/mol and PTMO-1000 has a molecular weight of 1000g/mol. Characterization was performed with FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy to verify polyurethane composition as well as hard block percentage. Thermal characterization was performed with modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). From MDSC, the glass transition temperatures of the soft and hard block for polyurethanes with PTMO-2000 as the soft block were -80°C and 86°C, respectively. For corresponding polyurethanes containing PTMO-1000 as the soft block, the measured Tgs for the soft and hard segments were -55°C and 65°C, respectively. The disparity between the respective soft and hard segment Tgs of these polyurethanes of differing soft block molecular weights is due to increased phase mixing that causes an increase in soft block Tg and a decrease in hard block Tg for the PTMO-1000 polyurethanes. From dynamic contact angle analyses of HMDI/BD/PTMO polyurethanes, the advancing and receding contact angles gradually decreased with each cycle but approached 80° and 60°, respectively. Results from force-distance curves with flamed glass slides obtained before and after immersion of the polyurethane coatings indicated that no water contamination occurred. Tensile tests demonstrated that hard block percentage, soft block molecular weight, and the amount of chain extender influences mechanical properties. For example, increasing hard block weight percentage increases the modulus. HMDI/BD(30)/PTMO-2000 (PU-1), HMDI/BD(25)/PTMO-2000, (PU-2) and HMDI/BD(35)/PTMO-2000 (PU-10) exhibited the best elastomeric properties. As the final outcome, lack of contamination and good mechanical properties made PU-2 and PU-9 (HMDI/BD(50)/PTMO-1000) suitable candidates as polyurethane matrices for polymer surface modifier evaluation.

A soldagem a ponto por resistência é o processo mais usado na montagem de estruturas, tais como: automóveis, caminhões, aviões, vagões de trem, etc. Como exemplo, na montagem das carrocerias de automóveis são necessários em média 5.000 pontos de solda. Segundo a ANFAVEA a produção em 2010 no Brasil ultrapassou 3,5 milhões de automóveis, ou seja, aproximadamente 17,5 bilhões de pontos de solda por ano. Estes fatos evidenciam a importância deste processo de soldagem na montagem de carroceria devido a sua eficiência, rapidez e facilidade na automação. Além disso, o comportamento da soldagem a ponto por resistência é extremamente importante para a qualidade de toda a estrutura soldada. O presente trabalho será voltado para a avaliação e estudo da soldabilidade de chapas de aço de 0,8 mm, revestidas e não revestidas com zinco, na indústria automotiva, comparando-se dois equipamentos de soldagem com dois tipos de corrente de soldagem: corrente alternada (CA) e corrente contínua de média freqüência (CC). Foram feitos diagramas de soldabilidade: corrente (kA) x tempo (ms) com força constante e corrente (kA) x força (kgf) com tempo (s) de soldagem constante e localizada suas respectivas áreas comuns. Em seguida foram feitos diagramas em terceira dimensão (3D) com os três principais parâmetros (força, corrente e tempo) e localizado um ponto otimizado. Posteriormente foram analisadas, nos pontos otimizados, as dimensões geométricas do ponto através da macrografia, a resistência mecânica com ensaio de tração e, durante a soldagem, a resistência dinâmica e a energia elétrica dinâmica. Foram seguidos como requisitos técnicos para qualificação de soldagem conforme norma. Os resultados mostraram que, a soldagem em CC apresentou-se melhor em chapas sem revestimento se comparada com a soldagem em CA. E a soldagem em CA apresentou-se melhor em chapas com revestimento de zinco se comparada com a soldagem em CC. A queima do revestimento de zinco e a rugosidade superficial das chapas não afetaram a formação do ponto de solda. As durezas nas regiões da ZAC e no ponto de solda apresentaram-se maiores em chapas sem revestimento. Todos os pontos de solda com os parâmetros otimizados, encontrados pelo método apresentado neste trabalho, foram aprovados conforme norma. / Resistance spot welding is highly used in the structures assembly, such as: cars, trucks, planes, trains, etc. For example, 5.000 weld spots are necessary in an auto-body assembly. According to ANFAVEA, Brazilian production in 2010 overtook 3.5 millions of cars, in order words, around 17,5 billions weld spot per year. This fact evidences the importance of this welding process due to its efficiency, rapidity and easiness in the automation. Moreover, the resistance spot welding behavior is highly important for all the welded structure quality. This work aimed to study the weldability of zinc non-coated and zinc coated steel sheets of 0,8 mm thickness for automotive industry, comparing two welding equipments with two kinds of current: alternating current (AC) and medium frequency direct current (DC). The weld lobes are presented: current (kA) x time (s) with constant force (kgf) and current (kA) x force (kgf) with constant welding time. After, lobes in third dimension (3D) with the three main parameters were done (force, current and time) and located the great point. Afterwards, the great points were characterized using, optic metallografly, mechanical resistance with tensile-shear test and, during welding, the dynamic resistance and dynamic energy. The describe techniques were followed as technical requisites according to the standard. The results showed that the welding in DC presented better performance in uncoated sheets when compared to the AC welding. And the AC welding presented better performance in zinc coated sheets when compared to DC welding. Zinc coating burning and sheets surface roughness did not affect the spot weld formation. The hardness in the HAZ regions and in the spot weld was higher in uncoated sheets. All spot welds with the optimized parameters, found by the method presented in this work, were approved according to the standard.

A soldagem a ponto por resistência é o processo mais usado na montagem de estruturas, tais como: automóveis, caminhões, aviões, vagões de trem, etc. Como exemplo, na montagem das carrocerias de automóveis são necessários em média 5.000 pontos de solda. Segundo a ANFAVEA a produção em 2010 no Brasil ultrapassou 3,5 milhões de automóveis, ou seja, aproximadamente 17,5 bilhões de pontos de solda por ano. Estes fatos evidenciam a importância deste processo de soldagem na montagem de carroceria devido a sua eficiência, rapidez e facilidade na automação. Além disso, o comportamento da soldagem a ponto por resistência é extremamente importante para a qualidade de toda a estrutura soldada. O presente trabalho será voltado para a avaliação e estudo da soldabilidade de chapas de aço de 0,8 mm, revestidas e não revestidas com zinco, na indústria automotiva, comparando-se dois equipamentos de soldagem com dois tipos de corrente de soldagem: corrente alternada (CA) e corrente contínua de média freqüência (CC). Foram feitos diagramas de soldabilidade: corrente (kA) x tempo (ms) com força constante e corrente (kA) x força (kgf) com tempo (s) de soldagem constante e localizada suas respectivas áreas comuns. Em seguida foram feitos diagramas em terceira dimensão (3D) com os três principais parâmetros (força, corrente e tempo) e localizado um ponto otimizado. Posteriormente foram analisadas, nos pontos otimizados, as dimensões geométricas do ponto através da macrografia, a resistência mecânica com ensaio de tração e, durante a soldagem, a resistência dinâmica e a energia elétrica dinâmica. Foram seguidos como requisitos técnicos para qualificação de soldagem conforme norma. Os resultados mostraram que, a soldagem em CC apresentou-se melhor em chapas sem revestimento se comparada com a soldagem em CA. E a soldagem em CA apresentou-se melhor em chapas com revestimento de zinco se comparada com a soldagem em CC. A queima do revestimento de zinco e a rugosidade superficial das chapas não afetaram a formação do ponto de solda. As durezas nas regiões da ZAC e no ponto de solda apresentaram-se maiores em chapas sem revestimento. Todos os pontos de solda com os parâmetros otimizados, encontrados pelo método apresentado neste trabalho, foram aprovados conforme norma. / Resistance spot welding is highly used in the structures assembly, such as: cars, trucks, planes, trains, etc. For example, 5.000 weld spots are necessary in an auto-body assembly. According to ANFAVEA, Brazilian production in 2010 overtook 3.5 millions of cars, in order words, around 17,5 billions weld spot per year. This fact evidences the importance of this welding process due to its efficiency, rapidity and easiness in the automation. Moreover, the resistance spot welding behavior is highly important for all the welded structure quality. This work aimed to study the weldability of zinc non-coated and zinc coated steel sheets of 0,8 mm thickness for automotive industry, comparing two welding equipments with two kinds of current: alternating current (AC) and medium frequency direct current (DC). The weld lobes are presented: current (kA) x time (s) with constant force (kgf) and current (kA) x force (kgf) with constant welding time. After, lobes in third dimension (3D) with the three main parameters were done (force, current and time) and located the great point. Afterwards, the great points were characterized using, optic metallografly, mechanical resistance with tensile-shear test and, during welding, the dynamic resistance and dynamic energy. The describe techniques were followed as technical requisites according to the standard. The results showed that the welding in DC presented better performance in uncoated sheets when compared to the AC welding. And the AC welding presented better performance in zinc coated sheets when compared to DC welding. Zinc coating burning and sheets surface roughness did not affect the spot weld formation. The hardness in the HAZ regions and in the spot weld was higher in uncoated sheets. All spot welds with the optimized parameters, found by the method presented in this work, were approved according to the standard.

No description available.

In this dissertation physical phenomena relevant to (i) an interface formed between two fluids and a solid phase (wetting line) and (ii) an interface between three fluids (triple contact line) were investigated. In the former case, the wetting line (WL) phenomena which encompass the wetting line energy (WLE) or pinning, the wetting line velocity (WLV), and the contact angle hysteresis, were studied using a micropump based on electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). In the latter case, the interfacial phenomena such as the air film lubrication effect and the liquid free surface deformation were taken into account to explain the dual equilibrium states of water droplets on liquid free surfaces. EWOD was implemented to devise a pumping method for a continuous flow in a microchannel. An active micropump with a simple layout and no moving parts is designed and fabricated which has on demand flow on/off capability. The micropump is based on droplet/meniscus pressure gradient generated by EWOD. By altering the contact angle between liquid and solid using an electric field a pressure gradient was induced and a small droplet was pumped into the channel via a uniform flow rate. A surface tension based propellant method was introduced as a low power consumption actuation method in microfluidic devices. For an initial droplet volume of 0.3µL and a power of 12nW a constant flow rate of 0.02µL/sec was demonstrated. Sample loading on-demand could be achieved by regulating an electric potential. Unexpectedly, the flow rate of the pump was found to be constant in spite of the changes in the droplet’s radius, which directly affects the pump’s driving pressure. iv The WL phenomena were studied in details to unravel the physical concept behind the micropump constant flow rate during the operation. An interesting observation was that the shrinking input droplet changes its shape in two modes in time sequence: (i) in the first mode its contact angle decreases while its wetting area remains constant due to the pinning, (ii) in the second mode the droplet’s WL starts to move while its contact angle changes as a function of its velocity. Contact angles were measured for the droplet advancing and receding WLs at different velocities to capture a full picture of contact angle behavior due to pinning and WLV effects. These results are also relevant to the meniscus inside the channel. The changes on the contact angle caused by the presence of EWOD at the bottom of the channel were studied in detail. The EWOD based micropump was used as a platform to study the contribution of the pinning and WLV effects on its constant flow rate. The effects of the WLE on the static contact angle and the WLV on the dynamic contact angle in the pump operation were investigated. Also the effect of EWOD voltage on the magnitude and uniformity of the micropump flow rate was studied. Dynamic contact angles (as a function of pinning and WLV) were used to accurately calculate the pressure gradient between the droplet and the meniscus and estimate the flow rate. It was shown that neglecting either of these effects not only results in a considerable gap between the predicted and the measured flow rates but also in an unphysical instability in the flow rate analysis. However, when the WLE and WLV effects were fully taken into account, an excellent agreement between the predicted and the measured flow rates was obtained. v For the study of the TCL between three fluids, aqueous droplets were formed at oil-air interface and two stable configurations of (i) non-coalescent droplet and (ii) cap/bead droplet were observed. General solutions for energy and force analysis were obtained and were shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations. Further the energy barrier obtained for transition from configuration (i) to (ii), was correlated to the droplet release height and the probability of non-coalescent droplet formation. Droplets formed on the solid surfaces and on the free surface of immiscible liquids have various applications in droplet-based microfluidic devices. This research provides an insight into their formation and manipulation.

No description available.