The synthesis route for the preparation of polyurethane using 100% sustainable materials was proposed. Lignin, one of the most abundance biomass on Earth, was used as one raw material, while the other one used is soybean oil. The reaction occurs in 3 steps, and is done in 2 different pot reactions. Briefly, purchased epoxidized soybean oil is carbonated to synthesize carbonated soybean oil. Then carbonated soybean oil was reacted with coupling agent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to produce urethane monomers. Finally, prepared urethane monomers were polymerized with lignin to produce sustainable polyurethane. Molecular structures were intensively analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. In addition, mechanical properties of prepared polyurethane were analyzed in order to evaluate its performance and compare with the polyurethanes available commercially. Our results indicated that the highest tensile strength achieved was 1.4 MPa, which is slightly below the typical tensile strengths of processible polyurethane. Chemical properties of all the intermediates and products and implications for future research are discussed.

Surfaces/interfaces are considered as one of the key factors that determine performance, and ultimately the application, of materials. In many cases, surface/interface modifications are required for desired properties, such as adhesion and wettability. Organosilanes have been widely used to alter surface/interfacial properties for many materials including metals, glass, and polymers, etc. However, controllable processes for surface/interfacial modification are desired. This thesis aims to explore controllable paths for surface/interfacial modifications on siloxane or hydrocarbon-based materials using organosilanes. Further understanding about the methodologies for quantification of functional groups located at surfaces/interfaces is also within the scope of this thesis. In this thesis, a comprehensive study of PDMS surface modification using thioalkylsilane coupling agents is described. An equilibrium silanization allowed the introduction of thiols on silicone elastomer surfaces under control and without damaging the surface. Two different titration methods for testing thiols in solution were developed and improved for quantification of thiol groups located at air-solid interfaces. The thiol-functionalized silicone could be further modified with maleic anhydride and/or with a variety of polymers and surfactants in a single step or two steps. A long term, stable hydrophilic surface was obtained after these modifications. In this thesis, the modification of hydrocarbon-based materials is also described. A method based on the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction was used to convert lignin into value-added chemicals, including monomeric/oligomeric aromatics and lignin composites. For the hard wood lignin, reduction of the ether bonds and silylation with hydrosilanes led to nearly complete fragmentation. The monomeric/oligomeric aromatics decomposed from hard wood lignin are easy to process as demonstrated by their excellent solubility in various solvents. Alternatively, softwood, which does not have an ideal structure for fragmentation, is effectively employed as “green filler” in silicones for lignin-based elastomer/foams. The partial (interfacial) reduction of hydrosilanes at lignin interfaces results in covalent linkage sbetween lignin and siloxane network, improving the interfacial miscibility. The softwood lignin, thus plays dual roles as a crosslinking and reinforcing agent. Formulations were readily developed to prepare silicone foams/elastomers by controlling processing parameters and methods. Lignin-based silicone elastomers could be obtained with additional solvent and casting in an open mold; lignin-based silicone foams could be molded in a volume-confined mold after extrusion. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Ziel der Arbeit war die Synthese von Derivaten des Azobenzols mit Silananker zur Darstellung photoschaltbarer Oberflächen. Dies ist ein Ansatz zum Aufbau photoschaltbarer Oberflächen, bei der nur ein Reaktionsschritt an der Oberfläche benötigt wird und keine weitere Oberflächenreaktion zur Funktionalisierung der Oberfläche gebraucht wird, wie sie in der Literatur beschrieben werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Vorschrift zur Synthese photoschaltbarer Organosilane mit unterschiedlichen Endgruppen beschrieben. Dieses Verfahren basiert auf der Darstellung photoschaltbarer Organothiole auf Goldoberflächen. Die Charakterisierung der synthetisierten Verbindungen erfolgt mittels 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, DC und GC-MS. Die analytische Kontrolle der Edukte und der weiteren synthetisierten Zwischenstufen mit endständigen funktionellen Gruppen und aller photoschaltbaren Organosilane zeigt, dass alle photoschaltbaren Organosilane erfolgreich synthetisiert werden, jedoch mit unterschiedlicher Reinheit. Auf Grund der Silanankergruppe wird jede dieser Verbindungen kovalent auf eine SiO2-Oberfläche gebunden. Die Schichtdicke wird mittels Ellipsometrie bestimmt und eine weitere Charakterisierung erfolgte durch die Bestimmung des Kontaktwinkels verschiedener Flüssigkeiten. Die Synthese der Derivate des Azobenzols mit Silananker erfolgt in mehreren Stufen. Im ersten Schritt erfolgt die Darstellung eines Farbstoffs durch ein in para-Stellung substituiertes Anilin über die Azokupplung. Im zweiten Schritt wird eine Alkylkette durch eine nukleophile Substitution mit 11-Brom-1-undecen bzw. 6-Brom-1-hexen erreicht und im dritten Syntheseschritt wird eine Silanankergruppe mittels Hydrosilylierung angebunden. Die Beschichtung von SiO2-Oberflächen wird durch den Prozess der Self-Assembled Monolayer erreicht. Dabei werden monosubstituierte Organochlorsilane verwendet, da diese im Gegensatz zu Trichlorsilanen bessere Monolayer ausbilden. Es werden verschiedene endständige funktionelle Gruppen eingeführt, so dass mit steigender Kettenlänge immer dickere bzw. dichtere Schichten gebildet werden. Die unterschiedliche Ausbildung eines Oberflächenfilms eines photoschaltbaren Azofarbstoffes nach der ersten bzw. zweiten Synthesestufe mit endständiger C10-Kette als funktionelle Gruppe an einer Wasser-Luft-Grenzfläche wird mit der Brewster-Winkel-Mikroskopie in Kombination mit einem Langmuir-Pockels-Trog gezeigt. Der höhere Platzbedarf für die cis-Konfiguration im Gegensatz zur trans-Konfiguration wird nach Bestrahlung der Oberfläche aus den aufgenommenen Schubflächen-Isothermen bestimmt. Die für die Photoisomerisierung benötigten scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergien werden mittels Arrhenius-Gleichung an Hand der UV-/VIS-Spektren bestimmt und diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese nicht nur abhängig von dem Substituenten R, sondern auch von den verwendeten Lösungsmitteln sind, wobei diese Abhängigkeit auf der Grundlage der verschiedenen Reaktionsmechanismen der Photoisomerisierung erörtert wird. Bei allen Farbstoffen wird eine trans-/cis-Konfigurations-änderung der chemischen Verbindung bei Bestrahlung mit Licht entsprechender Wellenlängen in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln beobachtet. Die nachfolgende Rückreaktion (cis-/trans-Konfigurationsänderung) wird nur bei denjenigen Farbstoffen beobachtet, die einen hohen Extinktionskoeffizienten in Lösung besitzen. Die Beeinflussung der Benetzbarkeit wird während der Konfigurationsänderung auf diesen photoschaltbaren Oberflächen durch Kontaktwinkelmessungen untersucht. Diese wird durch die Bildung einer homogenen Oberfläche beeinflusst. Die Homogenität der Oberfläche zeigt die Hysterese, die abhängt von den funktionellen Gruppen der synthetisierten photoschaltbaren Organosilane. Die trans-/cis-Konfigurationsänderung auf einer Oberfläche erfolgte durch Bestrahlung der Oberfläche mit UV- bzw. blauem Licht. Die Einführung einer Alkylkette (C5 bzw. C10) als funktionelle Endgruppe führt zum Teil zu einer Verbesserung der Homogenität der Oberfläche. Durch Mischbeschichtungen von photoschaltbaren und nicht-photoschaltbaren verbessert sich die Änderung des Kontaktwinkels bei der Bestrahlung der photoschalbaren Oberflächen nicht, so dass auch andere Lösungsansätze z.B. die Verwendung anderer Oberflächen, die Erhöhung der Konzentration der photoschaltbaren Verbindungen an der Oberfläche oder der Einsatz hydrophiler Endgruppen in der Diskussion berücksichtigt werden.

Synthetic membranes have a high separation efficiency, small footprint, low energy consumption and ease of operation, making them an attractive alternative to traditional separation operations. For this reason, membranes have been extensively studied for the treatment and recycling of bitumen-containing wastewaters. Such wastewaters include petroleum produced water, residual pipeline cleaning solutions and contaminated water from oil spills. Ceramic membranes are preferred in these applications over polymeric membranes because they are highly resistant to solvents and can be operated at high temperatures over a wide range of pH. Fine clays and silicates, coated with bitumen, are significant foulants for membrane filtration systems. These foulants possess acidic, basic and amphoteric groups, leading to the presence of both positive and negative surface charges. Ceramic membranes in aqueous media have a pH dependent surface charge. It was hypothesized that these surface charges are responsible for the high fouling of ceramic membranes that is observed when treating wastewaters containing bituminous fines. The overall objective of this research was to reduce fouling and increase the lifetime of ceramic membranes in treating oil sands produced water; an example of a wastewater containing bituminous fines. This goal was achieved through the surface modification of the ceramic membrane’s selective layer, as well as by the implementation of a novel in-place steam regeneration technique. All membrane filtration tests were performed with field samples of oil sands produced water that were supplied to CanmetMINING (NRCan) by three Canadian oil sands companies. Organosilanes are silicon-based monomers that can possess a wide array of chemical functionality due to their organic moieties. They are capable of reacting with oxide surfaces, and have seen extensive use as surface modification agents for ceramic membranes in various applications. To maintain desirable hydrophilic properties without surface charges, highly hydrophilic and non-ionic polyethylene oxide (PEO) based organosilanes were identified. These PEO-silanes were then used to modify ceramic membranes of several different selective layer materials, and the thermal stability of the silane layer was studied using FTIR, SEM, zeta potential and contact angle measurements. The modification procedure with PEO-silanes was first applied to lab-scale membrane disks, and subsequently to commercial scale multilumen membrane tubes that were tested in a pilot-scale system at CanmetMINING. Results obtained from both sets of experiments were promising and demonstrate that ceramic membranes can be surface modified in a way that successfully renders them fouling resistant to the bituminous fines present in these wastewaters. Upon surface modification, foulants were more readily released from the membrane surface, resulting in an enhanced flux and separation performance. A novel steam regeneration technique was also applied as a means of bituminous fouling alleviation. This technique was tested in the CanmetMINING pilot-scale system and consisted of periodically injecting steam into the membrane lumen feed channels during operation. Direct steam injection rapidly heated foulant cake layers, and water droplets in the saturated steam caused surface abrasions that ultimately resulted in the scouring of bitumen away from the membrane surface. Membrane fluxes when steam regeneration was active were up to 4 times higher when compared to tests where only traditional permeate backflushing was used. The fouling remediation techniques developed in this work have broad potential applicability in ceramic membrane filtration systems aimed at treating all wastewaters containing bituminous compounds, such as process waters in general and contaminated water from oil spills.

91 f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-08T12:13:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Diego Rodrigues de Carvalho.pdf: 2794055 bytes, checksum: cfc0af13bcf03c16764abe0783871d7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-06T14:47:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Diego Rodrigues de Carvalho.pdf: 2794055 bytes, checksum: cfc0af13bcf03c16764abe0783871d7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-06T14:47:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Diego Rodrigues de Carvalho.pdf: 2794055 bytes, checksum: cfc0af13bcf03c16764abe0783871d7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CAPES / Apesar das zeólitas serem amplamente utilizadas como catalisadores em indústrias químicas e petroquímicas, elas apresentam a desvantagem de limitar a difusão de moléculas volumosas em seus canais. O transporte lento dos reagentes e produtos ao longo dos microporos das zeólitas resulta em um longo tempo de residência, o que favorece reações indesejáveis. Com o intuito de superar este problema, foi estudado neste trabalho o efeito do tipo de organossilanos (fenilaminopropil- trimetoxisilano, fenil-trimetoxisilano e aminopropil-trietoxissilano), bem como o efeito do tempo de pré-cristalização de sementes e de cristalização da zeólita, nas propriedades de zeólitas beta, a fim de obter um método de preparação eficiente para a obtenção desses sólidos. As amostras foram preparadas pela funcionalização de sementes da zeólita com organossilanos, a fim de diminuir ou prevenir o crescimento de cristais da zeólita beta. Dois grupos de amostras foram preparados: (i) variando o tempo de pré-cristalização das sementes e de cristalização da zeólita e (ii) alterando o tipo de organossilanos. As amostras foram caracterizadas por difração de raios X, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, área superficial específica e porosidade, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X e espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de 27Al e 29Si. Notou-se que o tempo de pré-cristalização das sementes e de cristalização da zeólita não afeta significativamente o tamanho do cristal. Por outro lado, o menor tempo de précristalização das sementes levou à sólidos com a maior área superfícial específica e área microporos, mas com a menor quantidade de alumínio. Na amostra com o maior tempo de cristalização, não foi notada a adsorção do organossilano na zeólita. A funcionalização das sementes com organossilanos levou à produção de um sólido com menor tamanho de partícula e mais alumínio na rede zeolítica, em comparação com amostras não funcionalizadas. A amostra mais promissora foi sintetizada com o tempo de pré-cristalização de um dia e um período de cristalização de dois dias utilizando o fenil-aminopropil-trimetoxisilano, pois apresentou um menor tamanho de cristal, maior área de microporos e maior área externa. / Salvador

Two research projects are described: studies of the synthesis of alpha-amino-alpha-alkylsilanes, the synthetic precursor of silanediol-based protease inhibitors, and the synthesis and stability evaluation of silanediol amino acids with an unprecedently unhindered silanediol group. Two methods were investigated as approaches to alpha-amino-alpha-alkylsilanes. First, a silicon-substituted aziridine was chosen as the precursor of an alpha-amino-alpha-alkylsilane via ring opening reactions with carbon nucleophiles. Silyl-substituted aziridines 2-24 and 2-30 were prepared via direct lithiation/silylation of aziridine and employed as substrates for ring opening reactions. In spite of many attempts to ring open these silylaziridines and prepare ?-amino-?-alkylsilanes, optimization of the reaction conditions were unsuccessful. Secondly, alpha-chloro-alpha-benzylsilane 3-12 was prepared as the precursor of an alpha-amino-alpha-alkylsilane via lithiation/benzylation. The alkylation at carbon alpha to silicon to give chloromethylsilane 3-14 was successful when using n-butyllithium for lithiation, which could be explained by the steric encumbrance inherent in the structure. Several attempts for nucleophilic displacement of chloride to obtain alpha-chloro-alpha-benzylsilane 3-11 were unsuccessful possibly due to the steric effect as well as the electronic effect of silicon on the alpha carbon which made the chloride less reactive toward nucleophilic substitution. The silanediol amino acid 4-1 was synthesized originally as a potential arginase inhibitor. Although the expected biological activity was not observed, the studies on silanediol-siloxane distribution of the silanediol amino acid revealed the unique properties of this compound. Under basic conditions, the silanediol amino acid was mainly stable in monomeric form. As the pH decreased, the silanediol amino acid gave a mixture of siloxanes which consisted of a variety of stereoisomers. With available instrumental techniques, monomer, dimers and trimers of the silanediol amino acid were identified. / Chemistry

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est la modification de surface de deux supports inorganiques (nanoparticules mésoporeuses de silice, nanoparticules de carbonate de calcium) par greffage molécules organiques (organosilanes et phosphonates).Des nanoparticules mésoporeuses de silice (MSN) de type MCM-41 ont été synthétisées par micro-émulsion directe et greffées dans des conditions douces par l'isocyanatopropyle trichlorosilane. Ensuite, la réactivité de la fonction isocyanate a été testée par post-modification en utilisant plusieurs nucléophiles aminés. La synthèse, le greffage et la post-modification ont été caractérisés par plusieurs méthodes physico-chimiques. Des MSN fonctionnalisées en surface par un agent de couplage photolabile ont également été élaborées et testées sous irradiation UV, dans la perspective de préparer des nanovalves pour la délivrance photo-contrôlée de médicaments.La modification de surface de nanoparticules de carbonate de calcium (calcite) par formation de monocouches phosphonates a été étudiée. Les conditions réactionnelles ont été optimisées pour favoriser le greffage en évitant la dissolution du carbonate de calcium et la précipitation de phases de phosphonate de calcium. Des monocouches denses ont été obtenues avec différents acides phosphoniques en milieu organique et en milieu aqueux. L'utilisation d'esters phosphoniques (diéthyl esters) a également été explorée. Les nanoparticules modifiées ont été caractérisées par différentes techniques (spectroscopies RMN et IR, DRX, analyse élémentaire, microscopie électronique, test de mouillabilité) afin d'identifier la nature des espèces de surface. / The objective of this thesis is the surface modification of two inorganic supports (mesoporous silica nanoparticles, calcium carbonate) by grafting organic molecules (organosilanes and phosphonates derivatives).Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) of MCM-41 type were synthesized by direct micro-emulsion and grafted under mild conditions using isocyanatopropyltrichlorosilane. Then, the reactivity of the isocyanate function was tested by post-modification using several amino nucleophiles. Synthesis, grafting and post-modification steps have been characterized by several physicochemical methods. MSN surface functionalized with a photolabile coupling agent have also been developed and tested under UV irradiation, with a view to prepare nanovalves for photo-controlled drug-delivery.The surface modification of nanoparticles of calcium carbonate (calcite) by phosphonate monolayers was investigated. The reaction conditions were optimized to favor grafting and prevent the dissolution of calcium carbonate leading to the precipitation of calcium phosphonate phases. Dense monolayers were obtained with different phosphonic acids in organic and aqueous media. The use of phosphonic esters (diethyl esters) was also explored. The modified nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques (NMR and IR spectroscopy, XRD, elemental analysis, electron microscopy, wettability testing) to identify the nature of the surface species.

Au cours de cette étude, il a été question de développer une méthodologie d’élaboration et d’évaluation de la qualité de l’interface fibre-matrice au sein d’un composite à matrice polyamide 12 renforcé par du verre. Un modèle macroscopique a été élaboré dans un premier temps sous forme d’un assemblage lame de verre/film polyamide 12, et plusieurs promoteurs d’adhésion, principalement des organosilanes, de fonctionnalités différentes et compatibles avec la matrice polyamide ont été testés. La qualité du greffage a pu être caractérisée grâce à des techniques d’analyses physico-chimiques adaptées (AFM, PM-IRRAS, mouillabilité,…), et la performance adhésive des assemblages a pu être évaluée par des tests mécaniques spécifiques (pelage, clivage). Dans une seconde étape, le protocole de dépôt décrit à l’échelle macroscopique a été adapté à l’échelle des fibres de verre, plus particulièrement à l’échelle mésoscopique des fibres optiques. Des essais mécaniques spécifiques à l’échelle microscopique (fragmentation) ont été réalisés afin d’évaluer la performance adhésive de l’interface dans les assemblages concernés. Une étude focalisée sur la compréhension des mécanismes interfaciaux a également été réalisée afin de clarifier la nature des interactions établies à l’interface fibre-matrice. Grâce aux différentes techniques de caractérisation physico-chimiques il a été possible de mettre en évidence l’influence de différents paramètres expérimentaux, tels que la durée du greffage, la densité de greffage et la chimie des surfaces traitées, sur la cristallisation de la matrice à l’interface. La dernière partie de ce travail de thèse concerne le passage à l’échelle du semi-produit sous forme de rubans. Des analyses des propriétés de l’interface ainsi que des caractéristiques mécaniques ont été réalisées. / During this study, the aim was to develop a methodology to elaborate and evaluate the quality of the fiber-matrix interface in a glass fiber reinforced polyamide 12 composite.At first, a macroscopic model was developed using a glass slide/polyamide 12 film assembly. Several organosilane adhesion promoters with different features and compatible with the polyamide matrix were tested. The grafting quality was characterized through appropriate physico-chemical analytical techniques (AFM, PM-IRRAS, Wetting…), and the adhesive performance of the assemblies was evaluated by specific mechanical tests (Peel test, Wedge test). In a second step, the deposition procedure described in macroscopic scale has been adapted to the glass fibers’ scale, more particularly to optical fibers. Specific mechanical tests were performed (fragmentation test) to assess the adhesive performance at the interface of the concerned assemblies.A study focused on the understanding of the interfacial mechanisms was also conducted to clarify the nature of the interactions established at the fiber-matrix interface. Thanks to the different physico-chemical characterization techniques, it has been possible to demonstrate the influence of various experimental parameters such as the surface treatment time, the grafting density and the chemistry on the treated surfaces on the crystallization of the matrix at the interface. The last part of this work concerns the transition to the semi-scale form of ribbons. The analysis of the interface’s properties and the mechanical characteristics has been investigated.

Les couplages croisés sont des réactions très étudiées et ont même fait l’objet d’un prix Nobel. Ces réactions consistent à coupler une espèce organométallique nucléophile avec une espèce électrophile et sont la meilleure façon de former une nouvelle liaison peu ou pas polarisée telle qu’une liaison C–C ou C–S. Cependant, leur mise en place emploie souvent des nucléophiles forts limitant ainsi leur sélectivité et leur tolérance. D’abord, les organosilanes sont des nucléophiles attrayants grâce à leur abondance, leur sélectivité, leur stabilité, leur tolérance aux groupements fonctionnels, leur faible toxicité, leur manipulation facile et leur faible coût. Toutefois, leur faible nucléophilie peut représenter un défi à surmonter lors de leur utilisation. Ensuite, pour une économie d’atome maximale, le dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) représente la meilleure source de carbone et de fonction ester ; et le dioxyde de soufre (SO₂), la meilleure source de soufre et de fonction sulfone. Dans ce manuscrit sont relatées plusieurs nouvelles réactions de couplage des organosilanes pour la synthèse directe d’esters à partir du CO₂ et de sulfones à partir du SO₂. Une étude théorique et expérimentale a été réalisée pour permettre la mise en place de la réaction de couplage du CO₂ avec un arylsilane et un halogénure d’alcane, catalysée par un complexe de cuivre(I). Les caractères plus nucléophile et plus électrophile du SO₂ ont été exploités pour son couplage, sans catalyseur, avec des arylsilanes et des halogénures d’alcanes et pour son couplage, pallado-catalysé, avec des allylsilanes et des halogénures d’aryles, communément appelé le couplage de Hiyama sulfonylant. / Cross coupling reactions are well studied reactions and their development was awarded a Nobel price. These reactions aim at coupling organometallic nucleophiles and electrophiles compounds and are the best way to form a little to none polarized bond such as C–C and C–S bond. They however make use of strong nucleophiles, decreasing their selectivity and tolerance. On one hand, among all available nucleophiles, organosilanes are very attractive because of their abundance, selectivity, stability and tolerance towards functional groups, they are also less toxic, easy to handle, and cheap. Their use though is a challenge because of their lower reactivity. On the other hand, for the sake of increasing the atom economy of a reaction, carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the best source of carbon and ester functional group; and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is the best source of sulfur and sulfone functional group. In this manuscript, we herein report several coupling reactions between organosilanes giving a direct access to esters from CO₂ and to sulfones from SO₂. Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to develop a coupling reaction between arylsilanes, CO₂ and alkyl halides catalyzed by a copper(I) complex. SO₂ being more electrophilic and more nucleophilic, is used in a catalyzed less coupling reaction with arylsilanes and alkyl halides and in a coupling reaction with allylsilanes and aryl halides catalyzed by a palladium(II) complex, known as sulfonylating Hiyama coupling.

A lixiviação de elementos tóxicos presentes nas cinzas de carvão causa contaminação no meio ambiente e é, por isso, motivo de grande preocupação. Ensaios em batelada e em coluna de leito fixo foram realizados para avaliar a estabilização de As, Cr, Mo e Se em cinzas leve de carvão modificadas com orgânosilano (OS) e surfactante de amônio quaternário (SF). As cinzas leve utilizadas foram coletadas na Usina Termelétrica da Figueira, localizada na cidade de Figueira, Estado do Paraná. Nos ensaios em batelada, em primeiro lugar, avaliou-se a influência da relação massa de cinzas/volume de água na concentração dos elementos lixiviados das cinzas não tratadas. Posteriormente, determinou-se o pH, a condutividade e as capacidades de imobilização dos elementos tóxicos presentes nas cinzas após a modificação. As reduções de concentração usando OS foram de 89%, 77%, 42% e 11% para Cr, Mo, As e Se, respectivamente. Quando SF foi utilizado para o tratamento das cinzas, a redução de concentração nos lixiviados foi superior a 60% para todos os elementos. As cinzas tratadas foram caracterizadas em relação ao ponto de carga zero, morfologia, grupos funcionais, mineralogia e hidrofobicidade. As superfícies das cinzas tratadas com OS e SF apresentaram carga superficial positiva em água. A composição mineralógica e a morfologia das cinzas não foram alteradas após o tratamento, enquanto mudanças nos grupos funcionais foram observadas. Esse resultado corroborou com o observado nos testes de hidrofobicidade onde, as cinzas tratadas com OS e SF na proporção 1:10 foram classificadas como material extremamente hidrofóbico e na proporção 1:100 foram classificadas como material fortemente hidrofóbico, confirmando que foi efetivo o tratamento das cinzas com os agentes imobilizadores. Na segunda etapa do estudo foram realizados três ensaios de lixiviação em colunas contendo cinzas de carvão e solo coletado na região da Usina Termelétrica da Figueira. Nos ensaios foram usadas cinzas não tratadas, cinzas tratadas com OS e cinzas tratadas com SF nas diluições de maior efetividade selecionadas pelos ensaios em batelada. Nas colunas foi aplicado um volume de chuva ácida sintética simulando a precipitação que ocorre na região. Na coluna com cinzas tratadas com OS ocorreu redução considerável na concentração de As e principalmente do Cr. Após o tratamento com SF, as concentrações de As e Cr reduziram aproximadamente 30%. Em ambos os tratamentos, as concentrações de Mo e Se também foram reduzidas. Os resultados evidenciaram que tanto o orgânosilano, quanto o surfactante podem ser utilizados como agentes imobilizadores para a retenção de elementos tóxicos presentes em cinzas de carvão. / The leaching of toxic elements in coal ash causes contamination of the environment and is therefore of great concern. Batch and column tests were performed to evaluate the stabilization of As, Cr, Mo and Se in fly ash modified with organosilane (OS) and quaternary ammonium surfactant (SF). The fly ashes used were collected at the Figueira Thermoelectric Plant, located in the city of Figueira, State of Paraná. In the batch tests, first, the influence of ash / volume ratio on the concentration of the leached elements of the untreated ash was evaluated. Subsequently, the pH, conductivity and immobilization capacities of the toxic elements present in the ashes after the modification were determined. The reductions in the concentrations of toxic elements using OS were 89%, 77%, 42% and 11% for Cr, Mo, As and Se, respectively. When SF was used for ash treatment, the concentration reduction in the leachates was greater than 60% for all elements. The treated ash was characterized in relation to zero charge point, morphology, functional groups, mineralogy and hydrophobicity. OS and SF treated ash surfaces showed a positive surface charge in water. The mineral composition an morphology of the ashes was not altered after treatment, while changes in the functional groups were observed. This result corroborated with that observed in the hydrophobicity tests, where ashes treated with OS and SF in the proportion 1:10 were classified as extremely hydrophobic material and in the proportion 1: 100 were classified as strongly hydrophobic material, confirming that the treatment of the ashes with immobilizing agents were efficient. In the second stage of the study three leaching tests were carried out on columns containing coal ash and soil collected in the Figueira Thermoelectric Power Plant region. In the tests, untreated fly ash, OS treated fly ash and SF treated fly ash were used at the most effective dilutions selected by batch tests. In the columns a synthetic acid rain was applied simulating the precipitation that occurs in the region. In the column with ash treated with OS there was a considerable reduction in the concentration of As and especially of Cr. After treatment with SF, concentrations of As and Cr reduced approximately 30%. In both treatments, the concentrations of Mo and Se were also reduced. The results showed that both the organosilane and the surfactant can be used as immobilizers for the retention of toxic elements present in coal ash.