Tissue engineering the annulus fibrosus (AF) for use in a functional intervertebral disc replacement is a promising alternative to current treatments of degenerative disc disease. Polycarbonate urethane (PU) scaffolds have demonstrated the ability to support AF cell attachment and matrix synthesis and are suitable for tissue engineering the AF. The present study investigates the effects of the physical and biochemical environment on AF cells grown on aligned nanofibrous PU scaffolds. First, the effect of dynamic spinner flask culture and fibronectin pre-coating on tissue formation was analyzed and then the role of scaffold fibre tension on annulus fibrosus cells was examined using a tailored culture system. The results of these studies demonstrated that AF cells are sensitive to differences in biochemical cues at the scaffold surface and their physical environment and respond by altering their cellular responses and, potentially by manipulating their microenvironments, including the physical characteristics of the PU-ADO scaffolds.

Tissue engineering the annulus fibrosus (AF) for use in a functional intervertebral disc replacement is a promising alternative to current treatments of degenerative disc disease. Polycarbonate urethane (PU) scaffolds have demonstrated the ability to support AF cell attachment and matrix synthesis and are suitable for tissue engineering the AF. The present study investigates the effects of the physical and biochemical environment on AF cells grown on aligned nanofibrous PU scaffolds. First, the effect of dynamic spinner flask culture and fibronectin pre-coating on tissue formation was analyzed and then the role of scaffold fibre tension on annulus fibrosus cells was examined using a tailored culture system. The results of these studies demonstrated that AF cells are sensitive to differences in biochemical cues at the scaffold surface and their physical environment and respond by altering their cellular responses and, potentially by manipulating their microenvironments, including the physical characteristics of the PU-ADO scaffolds.

Le développement de méthodes alternatives à la culture in vivo pour l’évaluation de la toxicité des molécules chimiques s’est accéléré ces dernières années, l’objectif étant de limiter l’utilisation d’animaux. Préconisés par l’OCDE (Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques), ces modèles alternatifs visent à mimer les conditions physiologiques en employant des systèmes in vitro ou in silico. Parmi les différents systèmes développés, les biopuces microfluidiques ont prouvé leur contribution à l’amélioration des fonctions cellulaires, ce qui permet des études toxicologiques pertinentes. Les travaux de ce doctorat sont basés sur l’emploi de ces biopuces pour cultiver des hépatocytes (cellules du foie) et portent sur la mise au point d’une méthode d’analyse d’images issues de ces cultures sous microscope au cours du temps. L’acquisition d’images tout au long de l’expérience permet de suivre, après traitement, l’évolution et le comportement des cellules au contact de molécules chimiques et d’évaluer les réponses toxicologiques. Les premiers résultats de ces travaux ont permis l’amélioration du procédé de culture microfluidique adaptée au matériel d’acquisition d’images, la sélection de sondes fluorescentes, et le choix d’un algorithme de traitement des images sur CellProfiler. Cela nous a permis de quantifier et caractériser certaines fonctions biologiques au sein de la biopuce comme l’activité mitochondriale. Le potentiel de cet outil pour évaluer la toxicité de molécule a été testé grâce à l’emploi d’un toxique connu : la staurosporine. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé l’impact de la mise en culture en dynamique sur le comportement des hépatocytes, et la toxicité de la staurosporine visible en biopuce. / The development of alternative methods of in vivo cultures for the toxicological evaluation of chemical molecules has accelerated this last years, in order to limit the use of animals. Recommended by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), these alternative models are designed to mimic the physiological conditions using in vitro or in silico systems. Among the developed systems, microfluidic biochips have proven their contribution to the improvement of cellular functions, which allows relevant toxicological studies. This PhD thesis is based on the use of these biochips for hepatocytes culture and focus on the development of an analysis method for study these cultures under microscope over time using imaging. Image acquisition throughout the experiment enables to analyze, after image processing, the evolution and the behavior of cells in contact with chemical molecules and to evaluate toxicological responses. The first results of this work led to the optimization of the microfluidic cultures under the microscope used to get the image sequences, the selection of fluorescent probes and the development of an image processing system with CellProfiler. These works allowed the quantification and the characterization of some biological functions within the biochip such as the mitochondrial activity. Staurosporine, a well-known toxic, has been used to test the potential of this tool to evaluate the toxicity of molecules. The results showed the impact of dynamic culture on the hepatocytes behavior, and the staurosporine toxicity, in biochip cultures.